PATTERNS AND

NUMBERS IN NATURE
AND THE WORLD

Mathematics in the
Modern World
Pattern

define as: Examples:

▪ Regular
▪ Repeated
▪ Recurring forms or
designs
▪ Identify relationships
▪ Find logical connections
to form generalizations
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1. Which of the figures can be used to continue the
series given below?

From left to right, the arrow rotates each column 45 degrees

clockwise. The right answer is D. 3
2. Which of the figures can be used to continue the
series given below?

The black square moves from left to right in each row. Now you can
look at the movement of the circle in all the squares. It is in the
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clockwise direction from left to right, the correct answer is C.
3. Which of the figures can be used to continue the
series given below?

The first pattern, the first, third, and fifth figure have six in the
upper box common and there is a subsequent increase of one dot
in each of the lower boxes. Thus the seventh box will have five 5
dots in the lower box. The answer is C.
4. Which of the figures can be used to continue the
series given below?

First, you need to determine how are 1 and 2 related. Then

apply the same pattern to the 3rd and 4th figure. The
second indication here is the direction of the arrow. The
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correct answer is A.
5. What number comes next ?

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, .
Each term is two more than the previous term, therefore
the next term will be 11.
Sym m etry
Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across
an object and the resulting parts are mirror images of each
other.

Examples:
▪ Dragonfly
▪ Butterfly
▪ Leonardo da Vinci’s Virtuvian
Man
Symmetry

The dragonfly is symmetric

about the axis indicated by the
line. Note that the left and
right portions are exactly the
same. This type of symmetry
is called bilateral symmetry.
Symmetry

The butterfly is symmetric

about the axis indicated by the
line. Note that the left and
right portions are exactly the
same. This type of symmetry
is also called bilateral symmetry .
Symmetry

Leonardo da Vinci’s
Vitruvian Man shows the
proportion
and symmetry of the
human body.
 Symmetry

▪ There are other types of symmetry depending on

the number of sides or faces that are symmetrical.
▪ Note that if you rotate the starfish you can still
achieve the same appearance as the original
position. This is known as the rotational symmetry .
▪ The smallest measure of angle that a figure can be
rotated while still preserving the original position
is called the angle of rotation .
▪ A more common way of describing rotational
symmetry is by orderof rotation .
Order of Rotation
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n - fold
rotational symmetry) if 1/n of a complete turn leaves the
figure unchanged.
To compute for the angle of rotation, we use the
following formula;

3600
Angle of Rotation =
(∠ of Rotation) n
 Angle of Rotation

▪ Example:
The pattern on the
repeat sixtimes,
snowflake that there is a 6-
indicating
fold symmetry. Using the
formula, the angle of rotation is
60 ◦ .
 HONEYCOMB
▪ Why bees used hexagon in
making honeycomb and not
any other polygons?
Packing Problem
▪ It involve finding the
optimumof filling up a given space
method
such as a cubic or spherical
container. 1
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 Packing Problem (cont.)
▪ Proof: Suppose you have
circles of radius 1 cm, each
of which will then have an
area of 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 . We are then
going to fill a plane with
these circles using square
packing and hexagonal
packing.
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Packing Problems (cont.)

▪ For square packing, each square

will have an area of 4 cm2 . Note
from Figure that for each square,
it can only fit one circle. The
percentage of square’s area
covered by circles will be
area of the circle x ∏ cm2 x100 % = 78.54 %
100 % =
area of the square 4 cm2

1
6
 Packing Problem (cont.)
For hexagonalpacking,we can think of each
hexagon as composed of six equilateral
triangles with side equal to 2 cm.
▪ The area of each triangle is given by
side 2
● √3 (2cm) 2 ● √3
A= =
4 4
4cm2 ● √3
=
4
A = √3 cm2 17
 Packing Problem (cont.)
▪ Thus, the area of the hexagon is 6√3 cm2.
Looking at figure, there are 3 circles that could
fit inside one hexagon, which gives total area
as 3𝜋cm2 . The percentage of the hexagon’s
area covered by circles will be

area of the circle 3𝜋cm2

x 100% = x 100% = 90.69 %
area of the hexagon 6√3 cm2

▪ Comparing the two percentages, we can

clearly see that using the hexagons will
cover a larger area than when using 18
squares.
Tiger’s Stripes and Hyena’s Spot

▪ Patterns exhibited in the external

appearances of animals. The tiger looks
and hyena’s spot, these seemingly
random designs are believed to be
governed by mathematical equation.
▪ According to the theory of Allan Turing
the chemical factors in the cell
determine growth patterns, and
influence factors like hair color. There
are two chemical process: reaction and
diffusion. 19
The Sunflower

▪ Looking at a sunflower,
there
is a definite pattern of
clockwise and
counterclockwise arc of
spirals extending outward
from the of
center flower. the
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The Snail’s Shell

▪ As the snails grow,

shells also their
expand proportionally. This
also
process results in a refined
spiral structure, it is called
as equiangular spiral.

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Flower Petals

▪ Flowers are easily

considered as things of
beauty.
▪ Flowers with five petals are
said to be the most
common.
▪ Number of petals are
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all
Population Growth

Mathematics used to model population

growth with the formula
𝑨 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒕
where A is the size of the population after it
grows, P is the initial number of people, r is
the rate of growth, t is time and e is the
Euler’s constant with an approximately value
of 2.718. 24
Example

▪ The exponential growth 𝐴 = 30 e0.02𝑡

describes the population of a city in the Philippines
model
in
thousands, t years after 1995.
a. What was the population of the city in 1995?
b. What will be the population in 2017?

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Solution (a)

▪ Since our exponential growth model describes the population

t years after 1995, we consider 1995 as t = 0.
𝐴 = 30𝑒 0.02𝑡

𝐴 = 30𝑒 0.02(0)
𝐴 = 30𝑒 0
𝐴 = 30(1)
𝐴 = 30 Therefore, the city
1995 was 30, 25
Solution (b)
▪ We need to find A for the year 2017. To find t, we subtract
2017 and 1995 to get t = 22, which we then plug in to our
exponential growth model.

𝐴 = 30𝑒 0.02𝑡
𝐴 = 30𝑒 0.02(22)
𝐴 = 30𝑒 0.44
𝐴 = 30(1.55271)
would be about 46, 581 in 26
“

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Thanks!

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