AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY

BASIC REFRIGERATION
COMPONENTS AND CYCLE
BASIC AIR-CONDITIONING

WHAT IS REFRIGERATION?
 Air conditioning Refrigeration

Heating, Cooling and dehumidifying Industrial refrigeration,

humidifying operations in air conditioning including food preservation,
and control of air quality As refrigeration system chemical, and process industries

Relationship of the refrigeration and air-conditioning fields.

 WHAT IS REFRIGERATION?

Refrigeration is the ability to move

undesirable heat from an area, to an
area where it is not objectionable.
 BASIC AIR-CONDITIONING

Heat Flows From Hot To Cold?

CONVECTION

CONDUCTION

RADIATION

HEAT FLOWS BY THREE PROCESS

 BASIC AIR-CONDITIONING
Rate Of Heat Flow

1 lb. ice @ 32 F to 1 lb Water at 32 F

= 144 BTU’s per 24 Hour Period

1Ton of Ice = 2 000 lbs x 144

lb s
= 288 000 BTU’s Per 24 Hour Period 0 0
20
288 000 BTU’s Divided By 24 Hour
= 12000 BTU’s Per Hour.

1 Ton of Refrigeration
= A melt Rate of 12 000 BTU’s Per Hour
 Refrigeration
System Components

Refrigeration cycle
BASIC CYCLE
BASIC CYCLE
BASIC CYCLE
 Vapor change to liquid
from the process of heat
condensation.

High temperature and high pressure vapor compress

by compressor

1
The Basic Cycle on the p-H Chart
 Refrigeration
System Components

Compressors
 Vapor Compression Refrigeration

Condensor

Expansion
Device

Compressor

evaporator
 Compressor
Compressor is the heart of the refrigeration system.
Compressor increase the pressure inside the refrigeration
system.This increase in pressure will increase the boiling
temperature of the refrigerant.
Example of compressor type:
1. Reciprocating compressor
2. Rotary compressor
3. Scroll compressor
4. Screw compressor
5. Hermetic compressor
6. Centrifugal compressor
7. Open type compressor
8. Etc.
Reciprocating compressor

Reciprocating compressor:
Compression is done by a reciprocating
(up-down stroke) movement of piston.
Reciprocating compressor
OPEN TYPE COMPRESSOR 10HP (Bitzer)

Piston Ring

Piston

Gasket
Compressor

Rotary compressor:

Compression is done by the rotary

motion of roller/piston. There always
two separated ports (lo press. and
hi press.) divided by the blade (or
valve)
rotor

stator
Crack shaft

Upper cylinder

Roller

Bearing

Lower cylinder
Rotary compressor : mfg process

Crack shaft

rotor

stator

Counter weight

Upper cylinder
Roller

Bearing

Lower cylinder
Rotary compressor : mfg process

Double Roller Casing Single Roller

Crank shaft

rotor

stator

Counter weight

Upper cylinder
Roller/
piston
Bearing

Lower cylinder
Silencer cup
 Rotary compressor
Vane plate
Backer plate

Valve plate

Roller

Crank shaft

START STOP
Scroll Compressor
Scroll compressor:
Compression is done by the
orbiting
Scroll part moving along the fixed
Scroll port.
Fixed scroll

orbiting scroll
Casing Scroll Compressor
Fixed scroll

Orbitting scroll
Olham coupling (DU bearing)

Lower bearing

Crankshaft

Stator

Rotor

Counter
weight
Scroll Compressor
Fixed scroll
Orbiting scroll

Olham Coupling (DU bearing):

This bearing prevent the orbiting scroll
Rotating due to crankshaft rotation.

crankshaft

Olham Coupling (DU bearing)

Scroll compressor
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Scroll compressor
Gas (inlet)

Center of orbiting scroll (outlet)

Fixed scroll
Orbiting Scroll
Hermetic Compressor
Screw compressor – Commercial A/C application
 C

B A

Cross Section of Screw Type Compressor A-Male rotor, B-Female Rotor, Cylinder
 Refrigeration
System Components

Condensors
 Vapor Compression Refrigeration

Condensor

Expansion
Device

Compressor

evaporator
 Condenser
Condenser rejects heat from the refrigeration
system.

To change state of the refrigerant from vapor to

liquid.

The heat discharge by the condenser is larger

than evaporation heat, since the compression
heat in the compressor is added.
 Condenser
The condenser can be classified into type according
to its cooling method
– Water cooled
• Double tube type
• Shell and tube type

– Air cooled
• Cross fin coil type
• Wind fin type
Condenser
Condenser
 Condenser – Cross fin type

• The cross fin type condenser consist of U

shaped copper tube inserted in aluminums fin
to have larger heat transfer area.
 Condenser – Double tube type
• (tube within tube)
• This type adopted in smaller capacity models
of water cooled packaged chillers and air
conditioners.
• Water flow through the inner tube and
refrigerant flows in opposite direction between
inner and the outer tubes.
• The external surface
Water

Refrigerant
Condenser – Wind Fin type
Condenser
Condenser
 Refrigeration
System Components

Evaporators
 Vapor Compression Refrigeration

Condensor

Expansion
Device

Compressor

evaporator
 Evaporator
Evaporator absorbs heat into the system.
Liquid refrigerant entering the evaporator
from the metering device (flow control) is
suddenly under low pressure.
This makes it vaporize (boil) and absorb heat.
At this stage the refrigerant becomes low
pressure and low temperature.
 Evaporator
• There are two main types of evaporators
– Dry system evaporator
• Refrigerant are fed as quickly as is needed to
maintain the desired temperature.
– Flooded type.
• The evaporator is always filled with liquid refrigerant

Note. The type of refrigerant control used

determines the type of evaporator used.
 Evaporator

Split type

Cassette type

Window type
Underceiling/Floor mounted type
 Evaporator
• Water cooling
– Multiple tube-within a tube
– Shell and tube type
• Dry expansion shell / tube type
• Flood shell and tube type
– Air Cooling
• Cross fin type
 Evaporator
Multiple tube-within-a-tube type
• Adopted in smaller capacity unit. Ex; water
chiller
• Several tubes are inserted within single tube
• Refrigerant flow through inner tubes and
water flow on the outside the inner tubes
• Flow of refrigerant and water in opposite
direction.
Evaporator -Multiple tube-within-a-
tube type
 Evaporator
Dry expansion shell and tube type
• This types are adopted in middle and larger capacity
models of water chillers
• Dry expansion shell and corrugated tube type
– Corrugated copper cooling tubes are fixed to the end
plates at both ends by enlarging the tubes ends.
– Encased in a steel shell body.
• The liquid refrigerant is circulated in the cooling
tubes, taking heat from water which flows in contact
with the cooling tubes and evaporators.
Evaporator- Dry expansion shell
and tube type
 Evaporator- Dry expansion shell
and Hi-X tube type

• Same method of
operation and
function as dry
expansion.
• The different is only
on the material of
the pipe used. – Hi-X
copper tube is used.
Evaporator- Flooded shell and
tube
Evaporator- Cross fin coil
 Refrigeration
System Components

Metering Device
 Vapor Compression Refrigeration

Condensor

Expansion
Device

Compressor

evaporator
 EVAPORATOR

CAPILARRY
TUBE

SUCTION LINE

STRAINER LIQUID CONNECTION

CAPILARRY TUBE
 P1
P1 Aplate

P2 Diaphragm
Screen/Filter P3
P2 Acone
To Evaporator

F3

Sensing bulb Free Body Diagram (FBD)

From
Condensor P1.Aplate + P2.Acone = F3

Adjusting
stem
By tightening the adjusting stem (screwing in), the
Spring force F3 will increase the superheat temperature
Meaning : condenser pressure to be higher than before in
order to overcome the spring forces.

• Valve opening degree is determined through the equilibrium of the following three forces.
– P1 – Force exerted upon the diagram by the gas pressure sealed in the sensor tube.
– P2 – Refrigerant evaporation pressure by the evaporator.
– F3 – Force of the superheat adjustment
 ADJUSTMENT

STEM

VALVE

OUT IN

Hand Valve Metering

Device
 FROM CONDENSOR
LIQUID LEVEL

TO EVAPORATOR

High Side float Valve

SUCTION LINE

VAPOR LEVELING
LIQUID LINE
LIQUID

FLOODED EVAPORATOR

Low Side float Valve

Capillary Tube Vapor change to liquid
from the process of heat
condensation.

Split Unit Condensor

Evaporator
1

Split Unit compressor

SCREW COMPRESSOR WATER
CHILLER
ROTARY TYPE WATER CHILLER
Air Conditioning System

Distribution of All-air and Air -water system have number of important components:

1. Air Handling Unit

2. Supply Ductwork
3. Return Ductwork
4. Supply and Return Plenums
5. Ductwork
6. Rectangular metal duct
7. Ductwork Joints
8. Elbows
9. Grilles
10. Metal and fiberglass duct board
 Advantages of dual duct system

1. System with terminal

volume regulation are self
balancing
2. Zoning of central
equipment are not required
3. Instant temperature
response achieved
because availability of cold
and warm air at terminal
unit
4. No seasonal change over
is necessary

Disadvantages

1. Initial cost is usually higher

rather than VAV system.

How it Works?

The dual duct employs two air ducts to supply cold air and warm air to
mixing terminal unit which proportions the cold and warm air response to
a thermostat to provide temperature control for individual in the conditioned
spaces.
 SUPPLY FAN
MOTOR

THREE PHASE
MOTOR
 E.A - air-water system -
Dumper
R.A Duct
RA S.A Terminal R.A Grille
Fan S.A Duct
R.A
Dumper Coil

Fresh SA
Outdoor Air Fan

O.A Filter Water

Damper
Piping
Boiler
HEAT

Cooling
Chilled Water Tower
pump Water Chiller
Condenser Pump
Coil cools the air Supply air For system having Since fresh air To reject the heat To consider the
and remove terminal is good long return air being bring in, the collected by water heating cycle,
moisture from the for providing good duct, a R.A Fan is same amount chiller, cooling connect a boiler
air and cooling the air motion thru required. Also to need to be tower is used with into water piping
coil of AHU by a conditioned overcome the exhausted thru the help of serving the coil,
water chiller. space. friction loses. mechanical condenser pump, heat will flows
dampers. the system could from the water to
Warm air must be also use the the air and from
Supply air transfer
pumped out from evaporative air to the
to the room thru
the conditioned condenser or an conditioned
insulated supply
space, also to air cooled space.
air ducting.S.A
prevent pressure condenser
Fan is required.
built up in the
room.
Cooling tower
Make-up
tank 112 Ton
Air Handling Unit
(AHU)

Chillers Expansion
112 Ton tank

Warm Water Chilled water

500 m³/h

Condenser water pump Chilled water pump

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, MFI

DCS & TES of Science &

technology complex
PEJABAT PENGURUSAN FASILITI UiTM
SHAH ALAM

PPF Main Office

SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY COMPLEX

TOWER 1 TOWER 2

BLOCK 4 BLOCK 5
BLOCK 3

BLOCK 2
BLOCK 1
S&T COMPLEX Podium

Tower Tower
1 2
Blok 1 Blok 2 Blok 3 Blok 4 Blok 5

Dewan Kuliah
Bilik Pensyarah / Pejabat Fakulti

Fakulti Perubatan Fakulti Kej. Elektrikal

Fakulti Kej Mekanikal Fakulti Farmasi
Fakulti Kej. Awam Fakulti Kej. Kimia
Basic water cooled chiller
Air Handling Unit
(AHU)

Make-up Expansion
tank tank
Cooling tower

Warm Water Chilled water

Chillers

Condenser water pump Chilled water pump

 FCU

S&T COMPLEX dcs & tes

FCU

FCU

FCU

AHU

AHU
Chilled water
Heat Exchanger
Cooling tower
Warm Water

PEGP Heat Exchanger

Chillers pump

Condenser water
pump

Ice Cell
BASIC DESIGN OF AIR-CONDITIONING
 Finding the rules of thumb of the conditioned spaces (room)

 For Example : office (general perimeter)

= 48 meter x 52 meter

= 2496 m² to ft²

= 26867.7 ft²

 Base on the Table RULES OF THUMB verify the capacity (Btuh) of

the room .

= 26867.7 ft² x 50 Btuh / ft²

= 1343385 Btuh to TR

= 111.9 TR @ 112 TR
Cooling tower
Make-up
tank 112 Ton
Air Handling Unit
(AHU)

Chillers Expansion
112 Ton tank

Warm Water Chilled water

500 m³/h

Condenser water pump Chilled water pump

Perdana Hall UniKL MFI
PEDANA HALL UniKL MFI – schematic diagram
 PEDANA HALL UniKL MFI

MAKE UP WATER TANK

COOLING TOWER

AIR RETURN
GRILL
AHU ROOM
DUCTING
DIFFUSER

FCU-M
GATE
CDU
VALVE
EXHAUST
DAMPER

AIR INTAKE AHU PERDANA HALL

DAMPER AIR MIXING MEZANNAINE HALL
DAMPER
BALANCING
VALVE

CHILLER ROOM
WATER CHILLER
FCU-GF
CHECK
BUTTERFLY VALVE
VALVE

SUPPLY CHILLED
WATER PUMP (SCHWP)
Cooling tower Make up water Tank

PERDANA HALL

AHU ROOM

CHILLER ROOM

Air ducting
CHILLER ROOM SCHWP: (Supply Chilled Water Pump)

AHU ROOM FCU : Underceiling /Floor mounting unit

CDU

AHU
 PERDANA HALL

FCU: unit Register Grill

FCU: Underceiling /Floor mounting unit Diffuser

supply air
Return air

AHU
FCU:
Underceiling /
Floor mounting unit
AHU ROOM

Air Intake Damper

Blower

Cooling coil

Air intake damper – intake fresh air

Exhaust Damper
Exhaust damper – exhaust air
Mixing air damper – economical and
humidity control

Blower
Mixing Air Damper
Air Intake Damper
CHILLER ROOM
SCHWP1 SCHWP2 COMPRESSER ELECTRICAL BOX EVAPORATOR

CONDENSER

CHECK VALVE RCHWP

CWP
EVAPORATOR

BUTTERFLY VALVE

CHECK VALVE – only allows for 1 flow direction

CWP – Condenser Water Pump pump the condensing water condenser-cooling tower
SCHWP – Supply Chilled water pump supplies chilled water to evaporators (FCU,AHU etc)
RCHWP – Return Chilled water pump returns waters from evaporator
BUTTERFLY VALVE -
 COOLING TOWER

MAKE UP
WATER TANK
COOLING TOWER

GATE VALVE
 EVAPORATOR Plate – guide for the hairpin pipes

Casing
Hairpin pipe – water flows through

Refrigerant in

Return
water

Chilled water
Refrigerant out
Counterflow – Refrigerant and water in apposite flows direction
CENTRIFUGAL WATER PUMPS
Reliable, rugged centrifugal pump is the horizontally split casing or double suction pump. The
pump can be dismantled w/o disturbing the piping.

Disadvantages:
1. Complicated construction
2. Shaft diameter is large in order to keep the first critical speed above operating speed,
therefore the high in entrance losses.

Advantages:
1.Good efficiencies, high discharged pressure
2.Rugged and robust

Usually run at 1150~1750 rpm.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS : MIXED/RADIAL FLOW

Pumps add energy to the liquid by

either of two methods, centrifugal
force or positive displacement.
Centrifugal pumps use a rotating
impeller with multiple vanes as
shown here.  The liquid enters the
impeller axially at the smaller
diameter, called the impeller eye,
and progresses radially between
the vanes until it exits at the outside
diameter.

Close impeller
Application : Water/liqiud supply due to high pressure discharge

<back>
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS : MIXED/RADIAL FLOW

Impeller eye

shaft

casing Ball bearing

impeller
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIA FRANCE INSTITUTE

BASIC AIR-CONDITIONING

WHAT IS SUPERHEAT AND SUBCOOLING?

 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIA FRANCE INSTITUTE

BASIC AIR-CONDITIONING
SUPERHEAT

SUPERHEAT IS THE HEAT

ADDED TO A REFRIGERANT
PAST THE POINT OF VAPOURIZATION

SUBCOOLING

SUBCOOLING IS THE HEAT REMOVED

FROM A REFRIGERANT AFTER IT HAS
REACHED ITS CONDENSATION POINT
BASIC PSYCHROMETRIC
 What is Psychrometric?

A study of moist air which involved the behavior of dry

air and water vapor mixture in various condition
 Sling Psychrometer is an instrument that measures the wet and dry bulb temperatures
of the surrounding air and allows for immediate conversion of these readings to relative
humidity percentage on the slide-rule scale on the case
 Psychrometric Terms

•There are some important terms of psychrometric and the important points are :

Dry Bulb temperature - temperature recorded by thermometer and denoted as DBT

Wet Bulb Temperature - Temperature recorded by thermometer when the bulb is surrounded by
wet cloth and denoted as WBT.
Relative Humidity - is the ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor and denoted in percent @
RH
Moisture Content - a proportion of water vapor per unit mass and denoted in kg/kg
Specific Volume - also called as inversed density, volume per unit mass of dry air and
denoted in m3/kg
Specific Enthalpy - The sum of internal energy and the heat content per unit mass, denoted
as h in kJ/kg
Transition Psychrometric Chart Lines
Transition Psychrometric Chart Lines

Specific Humidity (%)

Transition Psychrometric Chart Lines

Specific Volume (m3/kg)

Transition Psychrometric Chart Lines

Wet Bulb Temp (ºC)

Transition Psychrometric Chart Lines

Dry Bulb Temp (ºC)

Transition Psychrometric Chart Lines

Specific Volume (kg/kg)

Transition Psychrometric Chart Lines

Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

 Transition (changes) on the psychrometric
chart
 Transition (changes) on the psychrometric
chart

Humidifying

Cooling & Humidifying Heating & Humidifying

Cooling Heating

Cooling & Dehumidifying Heating & Dehumidifying

Dehumidifying
 Cooling Process

Cooling coil

C/C
Fresh air, FA Fresh air, FA
Qv = 0.48m3/s=1728m3/h Qv = 0.48m3/s=1728m3/h
28 C/40%RH 21 C/60%RH

21ºC 28ºC
 Heating Process

Heating coil

C/C
Fresh air, FA Fresh air, FA
Qv = 0.48m3/s=1728m3/h Qv = 0.48m3/s=1728m3/h
21 C/60%RH 28 C/40%RH

21ºC 28ºC
 Cooling and Dehumidify

C/C
Fresh air, FA
Qv = 0.48m3/s=1728m3/h Fresh air, FA
35 C/%RH Qv = 0.48m3/s=1728m3/h
21 C/60%RH

LATENT HEAT

SENSIBLE HEAT
 h1 = 65 KJ/KG

h2 = 43 KJ/KG 0.0146 kg/kg

V2=0.845 m³/kg

0.0086 kg/kg
Point 1 : DBT of 21ºC and 55% RH
Point 2 : DBT of 28ºC and 60% RH
Q = 60m³/min
find the cooling capacity and mass of water drained.

Cooling Capacity of coil Mass of Water Drained

m ( h1 – h2 ) m(w1 – w2)
71 kg\min ( 65 kJ/kg – 43 kJ/kg) 71kg/min ( 0.0146 – 0.0086)
1562 kJ/min / 60 s 0.426 kg / min
26 kJ / s = 26 kW
 Psycrometric Problems

Following data refers to an air-conditioning system for a public hall.

Outdoor Condition = 40˚C DBT and 20˚C WBT

Required comfort condition = 20˚C DBT and 50% RH
Seating Capacity of Hall = 1000
Amount of air supplied = 0.3 m3 / min /person

Required condition is adiabatic humidifying - cooling. Find :-

a) Cooling Capacity and surface temperature of coil if Bypass factor is 0.25

b) Capacity of the Humidifier
 V = 0.89 m3/kg

h1=h3 = 57.5 kJ/kg

h2 = 38.5 kJ/kg

2 1
 Room Supply Air Condition
V = 0.88 m3/kg
h1=h3 = 57.5 kJ/kg Outdoor Condition = 40˚C DBT and 20WBT
Required Comfort condition= 20˚C DBT and 50% RH
Air Supplied = 0.3 m3/min/ person
h2 = 38.5 kJ/kg
Solution:-

m = Q / v = 0.3 m3/min/ person(1000person) / 0.89 m3/kg

2 3 = 337.1 kg / min / 60s
1 = 5.6 kg / s

20˚C 37˚C 40˚C

a) Cooling Capacity and surface temperature of Surface temperature of coil

coil if Bypass factor is 0.25
BPF = t2 - t sur / t3 - t sur
Qc = m ( h3 – h2) 0.25 = 20 – tsur / 37 – tsur
= 5.6 kg / s ( 57.5 – 38.5 kJ / kg) = 14.33˚ C
= 107.5 kJ / s = kW
 Room Supply Air Condition
Psycrometric Problems

The amount of air supplied to air conditioned hall is 300 m3/min. The atmospheric conditions are
35 DBT and 55%, the required conditioned are 20 DBT and 60% RH. Find

a) The sensible heat and the Latent Heat removed from the air per minute
b) Sensible heat factor for the system

35˚C DBT and

55% RH

Condition
Space

300 m3/min
20˚C DBT and
60% RH
Cooling Coil Heating Coil
 V = 0.895 m3/kg

h1 = 77.5 kJ/kg

h3 = 58 kJ/kg

1
h2 = 43 kJ/kg

3
2
 Room Supply Air Condition
Outdoor Condition = 35˚C DBT and 55% RH
h1 = 77.5 kJ/kg Required Comfort condition= 20˚C DBT and 60% RH
V = 0.9 m3/kg Air Supplied = 300 m3/min

1
h3 = 58 kJ/kg
Solution:-
LH
h2 = 43 kJ/kg
m = Q / v = 300 m3/min / 0.895 m3/kg
2 3 = 335.2 kg / min / 60s
SH
= 5.6 kg / s

Td 2
Td 1
20˚C
20˚C
a) The sensible heat and the Latent Heat removed from the b) Sensible heat factor for the system
air per second
SHF = SH / SH + LH
Sensible Heat = m ( h3 – h2) = 84 / 84 – 162.4
= 5.6 kg / s ( 58 - 43 kJ / kg) = 0.34
= 84 kJ / s = 84 kW

Latent Heat = m ( h1 – h3)

= 5.6 kg / s ( 77.5 - 58 kJ / kg)
= 162.4 kJ / s = kW