CELL- Basic Unit of Life

Part-2 (cell organelles)

Mrs. Quratulain
MPhil (Physiology)
Reference:
• Guyton and Hall Text book of medical Physiology 12/13th Edition

Suggested Readings:
• Ganog’s Review of medical Physiology
• Tortora’s principles of anatomy and Physiology
• Brs Physiology
• Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology
CYTOPLASM AND ITS ORGANELLES
Cytosol- jelly like portion of cytoplasm
Contains cellular organelles and dissolved nutrients, ions,
proteins and glucose

Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of tubular and flat vesicular structures
process and transport molecules made by the cell
Regulate metabolic functions of cell

Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum

(protein synthesis) (lipid synthesis)
 Cytoplasm and its organelles cont………
Ribosomes
• Attached to ER
• Involve in protein synthesis

• Golgi Apparatus
• composed of four or more stacked layers of thin, flat,
enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus
• prominent in secretory cells
• Process the enzymes prepared in ER to form
lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and other cytoplasmic
components
Cytoplasm and its organelles cont………
Lysosomes
• Filled with hydrolytic enzymes
• help cell to digest:
damaged cellular structures
food particles that have been ingested by the cell and
Foreign particle.g., bacteria

Peroxisomes - physically similar to lysosomes but different in two

ways:
• formed by self-replication or by budding off from ER
• contain oxidases rather than hydrolases
• Highly oxidizing
• catabolize long chain fatty acid
Cytoplasm and its organelles cont………
Secretory Vesicles - storage vesicles e.g., inside pancreatic acinar cells
• store protein proenzymes (enzymes not yet activated) The proenzymes
are secreted later through the outer cell membrane into the
pancreatic duct duodenum (for digestion in the intestine)

Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell.

• variable in size and shape.
• composed mainly of two lipid bilayer– protein membranes: an outer membrane
and an inner membrane
• Many infoldings of the inner membrane form tubules called cristae
• Cristae contain oxidative enzymes
• inner cavity of the mitochondrion is filled with a matrix –containing oxidative
enzymes
• are self-replicative
• mitochondria contain DNA similar to that found in the cell nucleu
Cytoplasm and its organelles cont………

Cell Cytoskeleton- network of fibrillar proteins organized into filaments or tubules e.g., actin and myosin
• Provide elastic support to cell membrane
• Help in muscle contraction
• form microtubules (flagella, cilia, centrioles, mitotic spindle)
• Help in cell division in cell division and movement of organelles within the cells.
Cytoplasm and its organelles cont………

Nucleus - control center of the cell

• contains large quantities of DNA comprising of genes

Nuclear Membrane- also called the nuclear envelope

(bilayer membranes)
• The outer membrane is continuous with the
endoplasmic reticulum
• nuclear membrane has several thousand nuclear pore
Cytoplasm and its organelles cont………

Nucleoli- The nuclei contain one or more highly staining structures

called nucleoli
The nucleolus does not have a limiting membrane. Instead, it is an
accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins found in
ribosomes
• Involve in producing and assembling the cell's ribosomes
• The nucleolus becomes considerably enlarged when the cell is
actively synthesizing proteins
FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE CEL
ENDOCYTOSIS- ingestion by cell
Diffusion and active transport -through cell membrane pores and receptors
Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis
ENDOCYTOSIS
pinocytosis phagocytosis
ingestion of minute particles + extracellular fluid ingestion of large particles e.g., bacteria, whole cells, or portions
of degenerating tissue
the invaginated portion of the membrane breaks
away from the surface of the cell, forming a each bacterium is attached to a specific antibody
pinocytotic vesicle inside the cytoplasm antibody than attaches to the phagocyte receptors, dragging
the bacterium along with it
Functional Systems of Cell cont.……
PINOCYTOTIC AND PHAGOCYTIC FOREIGN SUBSTANCES ARE
DIGESTED INSIDE THE CELL BY LYSOSOMES
Functional Systems of Cell cont.……
Autolysis of Damaged Cells
Regression of Tissues
Cell damage (heat, cold, trauma, chemicals)
• Body tissue regress to a smaller size oxidative phosphorylation
• e.g., this regression occurs in the uterus after
pregnancy
• in mammary glands at the end of lactation Cell digestion-AUTOLYSIS
Cell repair
Occurs in necrotic tissue

Through lysosomes
contain bactericidal agents that can kill phagocytized bacteria
These include:
Lysozyme-dissolves the bacterial cell membrane
Lysoferrin- binds iron and other substances before they can promote bacterial growth
Acid- pH -5.0, which activates the hydrolases and inactivates bacterial metabolic systems
Functional Systems of Cell cont.……
Autophagy- Recycling of Cell Organelles (to eat oneself)
a housekeeping process for obsolete organelles and large protein aggregates degraded and
recycled cell organelles
Lysosomes (Key Player)
Cell organelle/macromolecule isolation membrane autophagosome + lysosome= autolysosome

breakdown