PROBLEMS WITH

COMMUTATION IN
REAL MACHINES
The commutationprocess as described is
not as simple in practice as it seems in
theory, because two major effects occur
in the real world to disturb it

Armature Reaction
L di/dt Voltages
If the magnetic field windings of a dc machine are conected to a
power supply and the rotor of the machine is turned by an external
source of mechanical power, then a voltage will be induced in the
conductors of the rotor. This voltage will be rectified into a dc
output by the action of the machines commutator. Now connect a
load to the terminals of the machine, and a current will flow in its
armature windings. This current flow will produce a magnetic field
of its own, which will distort the original magnetic field from the
machines poles. This distortion of the flux in a machine as the load
is increased is called armature reaction. It causes two serious
problems in real dc machines.

Neutral-plane shift
Flux weakening
Problem 1 : Neutral-Plane Shift
•The magnetic neutral plane is
defined as the plane within the
machine where the velocity of the
rotor wires is exactly parallel to the
magnetic flux lines
•so that eind in the conductors in
the plane is exactly zero
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Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction
•Figure (a) shows a two poles machine
•Note: flux is distributed uniformly under the pole
faces (in air gap)
•rotor windings shown have voltages built up out of
the page for wires under the north pole and into the
page for wires under the south pole face
•The magnetic neutral plane in this machine is exactly
vertical at this stage
•Now, suppose a load is connected to this machine so
that it acts as a generator
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Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction
•current will flow out of the positive terminal of the
generator
•so current will be flowing out of the page for wires under
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the north pole face and into the page for wires under the Add your words here

south pole face

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•This current flow produces a magnetic field from the rotor
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windings, figure (c)

•This rotor magnetic field affects the original magnetic field
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from the poles that produced the generator’s voltage

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Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction
•In some places under the Add pole surfaces, it subtracts from the
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•bothKeywords
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the machine, as of figure (e)
•Note: the place on rotor where the induced voltage in a
conductor would be zeroAdd (thetitleneutral plane) has shifted in
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•for the generator shown here, the magnetic neutral plane

shifted in direction of rotation
 Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
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Armature Reaction
•If this machine had been a motor, the current in its rotor
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opposite corners from the bunches shown in the figure
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•As a result, the magnetic neutral plane would shift the
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•In general, the03 neutral-plane
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•Furthermore, the amount of shift depends on the amount

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Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction
•Note: if brushes are set to short out conductors in the vertical
plane, then voltage between Add title
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•When machine isAdd loaded,
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out commutator segments with a finite voltage across them
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•The result is a current flow circulating between shorted segments

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•This is a very serious Add title problem, since it leads to drastically
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 Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction
•Note: this problem can not be solved even by placingAdd title
brushes over full-load neutral plane, because then they
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•In extreme cases neutral plane shift can even lead to
flashover in commutator segments near brushes
•Air near brushes in a machine is normally ionized as a
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•If flashover occurs, resulting arc can even melt
commutator’s surface
 Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction
•Problem 2 : flux weakening
•Refer to magnetization curve (1 st figure next):
most machine operate at flux densities near saturation
point
•Therefore at locations on pole surfaces , where rotor mmf
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•Net result  total average flux under entire pole face is
decreased shown in 2nd figure (next) 
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Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction:field weakening
•Flux weakening causes problems in both generators & motors
•In generators effect of flux weakening is simply to reduce voltage
supplied by generator for any given load
•In motors effect canAdd be
titlemore serious

•As shown when flux in motor decreased, its speed increases

•But increasing speed of motor can increase its load, resulting in
more fluxAddweakening Add title
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•It is possible for some shunt dc motors to size.Please
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the instructions and
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as a result where speed of motor just keeps increasing until
machine is disconnected, or been destroyed
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LOGO

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Add your words here,according to your need to draw the text box size.Please read the instructions and more work at the end of
the manual template.Add your words here,according to your need to draw the text box size.Please read the instructions and more
work at the end of the manual template.Add your words here,according to your need to draw the text box size.Please read the
instructions and more work at the end of the manual template.
Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction:field weakening
•The previous figure, represents a series of commutator segments
and conductors connected between them
•Assuming the current in brush is 400 A, current in each path 200 A
•Note: when commutator segment is shorted out, current flow
through that commutator segment must reverse
•How fast must this reversal occur? Assuming machine is turning at
800 r/min & there are 50 commutator segments (a reasonable
number for a typical motor) each segment moves under a brush &
clears it again in t=0.0015 s
 rate of change in current, of shorted loop would be:
di/dt=400/0.0015 = 266667 A/s
Problems with Commutation in Real Machine
Armature Reaction:field weakening
•With even a very small inductance in loop, a
very significant
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inductive
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voltage
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v= Ldi/dt will
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be
induced in the shorted commutator segment
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here

•This high voltage naturally causes sparking at

brushes of machine, resulting in same arcing
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problems that neutral plane shift causes
work at the end of the manual template.
THAT's ALL THANK YOU SIR