1 Introduction AI SumanD Presentation

Lecture Notes on
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence
Suman Deb
Assistant Professor
Faculty In charge of HCI and AI Lab
Computer Science and Engineering Department
National Institute of Technology Agartala
http://www.sumandeb.com
E-mail: sumandeb.cse@nita.ac.in,
sumandebcs@gmail.com
Cell: +91 9436459622
Welcome you all to the class of AI
&
Happy New Year 2020
Changes this year
Combined Class
Double working , interaction and output
A visible change in teaching learning
You- First
Mobile phone
allowed in class
for academic
purpose.
BUT in SILENT
MODE.
Lifeline
62.5% ??%
6
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
100%
Lifeline
How much Engineer by today??

Attendance
and Yes it is very important.
?
Attendance
Your presence
Formally known as
ATTENDANCE
Syllabus
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE UCS06C04
INTRODUCTION: 4 - 0 - 0 : 4 Credits Prerequisites: None
What is AI? The foundations of AI. Importance of AI and related fields.
LOGIC:
Propositional and predicate logic, representation atoms, connectives, literals, CNF, DNF and casual form, interpretation and model, satisfiability,
resolution principle and unification.
RULES:
Working memory, rule base, conflict set, conflict resolution strategies, backward and forward chaining, meta rules.
REASONING UNDER UNCERTAINTY:
Basic probability notation, probabilistic reasoning, Bayesian networks, certainty factor methods, Dempster-Shafer theory, basics of fuzzy logic.
STRUCTURE REPRESENTATION:
Semantic networks, frames, conceptual dependency, scripts, inheritance, default values.
GENERAL ISSUES IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND INTERFERENCE:
Logical agents, reasoning and resolution, adequacy, richness, granularity, ease of representation and use, modeling uncertainty, the fame problem
, declarative and procedural representation.
PROBLEM SOLVING BY SEARCHING: Interaction and your view
State space repetition, heuristics, heuristic evolution function, and problem reduction. Searching for solutions. Informed and uninformed search
strategies.
SEARCH METHODS:
Generate and test, hill climbing, means-ends analysis, depth-first, breath-first, best first, exploiting domain constraints, dependency-directed
back tracking, minimax, alpha- beta pruning, iterative deepening.
PLANNING:
Planning by forward and backward reasoning, Nonlinear planning, scheduling
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
•Artificial Intelligence by E Rich and K Knight, McGraw-Hill.
•Introduction of Artificial Intelligence and expert systems by DW Patterson, PHI.
•Artificial Intelligence a Modern Approach-Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig, PHI
…..lets Start
Preamble
Since the invention of computers or machines, their

capability to perform various tasks went on growing
exponentially.
Humans have developed the power of computer

systems in terms of their diverse working domains,
their increasing speed, and reducing size with
respect to time.
Preamble
While studying artificially

intelligence, you need to know
what is intelligence?
Preamble
What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive
relationships and analogies, learn from experience,
store and retrieve information from memory, solve
problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural
language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new
situations.
Preamble
situations.
Preamble
situations.
Preamble
situations.
Preamble
situations.
Preamble
situations.
Preamble
situations.
Preamble
situations.
Preamble
situations.
Preamble
language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt
new situations.
Preamble
new situations.
Preamble
new situations.
Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the Intelligence comes in multifold
Intelligence Description Example
The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of phonology (speech sounds),
Linguistic intelligence Narrators, Orators
syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning).
Musicians,
The ability to create, communicate with, and understand meanings made of sound,
Musical intelligence Singers,
understanding of pitch, rhythm.
Composers
Logical-mathematical The ability of use and understand relationships in the absence of action or objects. Mathematicians,
intelligence Understanding complex and abstract ideas. Scientists
The ability to perceive visual or spatial information, change it, and re-create visual Map readers,
Spatial intelligence images without reference to the objects, construct 3D images, and to move and Astronauts,
rotate them. Physicists
Bodily-Kinesthetic The ability to use complete or part of the body to solve problems or fashion
intelligence
Players, Dancers
products, control over fine and coarse motor skills, and manipulate the objects.
Intra-personal intelligence The ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings, intentions, and motivations. Saints
Mass
The ability to recognize and make distinctions among other people’s feelings, beliefs,
Interpersonal intelligence Communicators,
and intentions.
Interviewers
You can say a machine or a system is artificially
intelligent when it is equipped with at least one and at
most all intelligences in it.
Preamble
A branch of Computer Science named Artificial

Intelligence pursues creating the computers or
machines as intelligent as human beings.
Preamble
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence,

John McCarthy, it is
“The science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs”.
What is Intelligence Composed of ?
The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −
Reasoning
Learning
Problem Solving
Perception
Linguistic Intelligence
Let us go through all the components briefly −
Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us

to provide basis for judgement, making decisions, and
prediction. There are broadly two types −
Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It conducts specific observations to makes broad It starts with a general statement and examines the
general statements. possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion.
Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, If something is true of a class of things in general, it is
inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false. also true for all members of that class.
Example − "All women of age above 60 years are
Example − "Nita is a teacher. All teachers are studious.
Therefore, Nita is studious." grandmothers. Shalini is 65 years. Therefore, Shalini is a
grandmother."
Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing
something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the study.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems. Learning is
categorized as −
•Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example, students listening to recorded
audio lectures.
•Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has witnessed or experienced.
This is linear and orderly.
•Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example, picking objects, Writing, etc.
•Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating others. For example, child tries to learn by
mimicking her parent.
•Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before. For example, identifying
and classifying objects and situations.
•Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate among various stimuli on the basis of relational
properties, rather than absolute properties. For Example, Adding ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking
potatoes that came up salty last time, when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt.
•Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors, maps, etc. For Example, A
person can create roadmap in mind before actually following the road.
•Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular behavior when a certain stimulus is
present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing doorbell.
•Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present
situation by taking some path, which is blocked by known or unknown hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the best suitable alternative out of
multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are available.
•Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information.
Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the domain of AI, perception
mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in a meaningful manner.
•Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal and written language.
It is important in interpersonal communication.
Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence
Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of
rules and data.
Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by

searching algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to
remember, store, and recall as its pattern is simple.
Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is
missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.
Formal Knowledge
What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence,
John McCarthy,
it is “The science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs”.
Formal Knowledge
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a

computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the similar manner
the intelligent humans think.
Formal Knowledge
AI is accomplished by studying
 how human brain thinks, and
 how humans learn,
 decide, and
 work while trying to solve a problem, and
 then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems.
Formal Knowledge
Views of AI fall into four categories:
Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally
The textbook advocates "acting rationally"

Formal Knowledge
Acting humanly: Turing Test
 Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
 "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
 Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game
 Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning

Formal Knowledge
Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling
 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing
psychology
 Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the
brain
 -- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)
 Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and
Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI
Formal Knowledge
Thinking rationally: “Laws of thought"
 Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
 Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation
and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have
proceeded to the idea of mechanization
 Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI
 Problems:
1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
2. What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have?
Formal Knowledge
Acting rationally: rational agent
 Rational behavior: doing the right thing in right time
 The right thing: that which is expected to maximize

goal achievement, given the available information
 Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g., blinking

reflex – but thinking should be in the service of rational
action
Formal Knowledge
Rational agents
An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

This course is about designing rational agents
 Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to
actions:
 [f: P*  A]
 For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek

the agent (or class of agents) with the best performance
Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality
unachievable
 design best program for given machine resources
Philosophy of AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the

curiosity of human, lead him to wonder,
“Can a machine think and behave like

humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of
creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and
regard high in humans.
Goals of AI
To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit

 intelligent behavior,
 learn,
 demonstrate,
 explain, and
 advice its users.
To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines −

Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and
behave like humans.
What contributes to AI
Artificial intelligence is a science and
technology based on disciplines such as
Computer Science, Biology, Psychology,
Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering.
A major thrust of AI is in the development

of computer functions associated with
human intelligence, such as reasoning,
learning, and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple

areas can contribute to build an intelligent
system.
Programming without and with AI
The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −
Programming Without AI Programming With AI
A computer program without AI can A computer program with AI can answer
answer the specific questions it is meant the generic questions it is meant to
to solve. solve.
AI programs can absorb new modifications

by putting highly independent pieces of
Modification in the program leads to
information together. Hence you can
change in its structure.
modify even a minute piece of information
of program without affecting its structure.
Modification is not quick and easy. It may

Quick and Easy program modification.
lead to affecting the program adversely.
What is AI Technique?
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −
 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge

efficiently in such a way that −
 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or
inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program

it is equipped with.
Application of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that

understands natural language spoken by humans.
Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice
to the users.
Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on
the computer. For example,
A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information
or map of the areas.
Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored
portrait made by forensic artist.
Application of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks
to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in
human’s noise due to cold, etc.
Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written
on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and
convert it into editable text.
Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have
sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature,
movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors
and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from
their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.
Working with AI
Programming
Support
Working with AI
Programming
Support
Working with AI
Working with AI
•Less Code: Implementing AI involves tons and tons of algorithms. Thanks to Pythons support for pre-
defined packages, we don’t have to code algorithms. And to make things easier, Python provides “check as
you code” methodology that reduces the burden of testing the code.
•Prebuilt Libraries: Python has 100s of pre-built libraries to implement various Machine Learning and Deep
Learning algorithms. So every time you want to run an algorithm on a data set, all you have to do is install
and load the necessary packages with a single command. Examples of pre-built libraries include NumPy,
Keras, Tensorflow, Pytorch, and so on.
•Ease of learning: Python uses a very simple syntax that can be used to implement simple computations
like, the addition of two strings to complex processes such as building a Machine Learning model.
•Platform Independent: Python can run on multiple platforms including Windows, MacOS, Linux, Unix, and
so on. While transferring code from one platform to the other you can make use of packages such as
PyInstaller that will take care of any dependency issues.
•Massive Community Support: Python has a huge community of users which is always helpful when we
encounter coding errors. Apart from a huge fan following, Python has multiple communities, groups, and
forums where programmers post their errors and help each other.
Demand for AI
Demand for AI
More computing power: Implementing AI requires a lot of computing power since building AI models involve
heavy computations and the use of complex neural networks. The invention of GPUs has made this possible.
We can finally perform high-level computations and implement complex algorithms.
Data Generation: Over the past years, we’ve been generating an immeasurable amount of data. Such data
needs to be analyzed and processed by using Machine Learning algorithms and other AI techniques.
More Effective Algorithms: In the past decade we’ve successfully managed to develop state of the art
algorithms that involve the implementation of Deep Neural Networks.
Broad Investment: As tech giants such as Tesla, Netflix and Facebook started investing in Artificial
Intelligence, it gained more popularity which led to an increase in the demand for AI-based systems.
The growth of Artificial Intelligence is exponential, it is also adding to the economy at an accelerated pace. So
this is the right time for students and researchers to get into the field of Artificial Intelligence in your own way.
Types Of Artificial Intelligence
AI is structured along three evolutionary stages:
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence

2. Artificial General Intelligence
3. Artificial Super Intelligence

Artificial Narrow Intelligence

Commonly known as weak AI, Artificial Narrow Intelligence involves applying AI only to specific tasks.
The existing AI-based systems that claim to use “artificial intelligence” are actually operating as a weak AI.
Alexa is a good example of narrow intelligence. It operates within a limited predefined range of functions.
Alexa has no genuine intelligence or self-awareness.
Google search engine, Sophia, self-driving cars and even the famous AlphaGo, fall under the category of
weak AI.

Artificial General Intelligence

Commonly known as strong AI, Artificial General Intelligence involves machines that possess the ability to perform any
intellectual task that a human being can.
You see, machines don’t possess human-like abilities, they have a strong processing unit that can perform high-level
computations but they’re not yet capable of thinking and reasoning like a human.
There are many experts who doubt that AGI will ever be possible, and there are also many who question whether it would
be desirable.
Stephen Hawking, for example, warned:

“Strong AI would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow
biological evolution, couldn’t compete and would be superseded.”

Artificial Super Intelligence

Artificial Super Intelligence is a term referring to the time when the capability of computers will surpass humans.
ASI is presently seen as a hypothetical situation as depicted in movies and science fiction books, where machines have
taken over the world.
What is the difference between AI and Machine Learning and Deep Learning?
AI vs ML vs DL (Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning)
People tend to think that Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning are the same since they have
common applications. For example, Siri is an application of AI, Machine learning and Deep learning.
So how are these technologies related?

Artificial Intelligence is the science of getting machines to mimic the behavior of humans.
Machine learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that focuses on getting machines to make decisions by feeding
them data.
Deep learning is a subset of Machine Learning that uses the concept of neural networks to solve complex problems.
To sum it up AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning are interconnected fields.
Machine Learning and Deep learning aids Artificial Intelligence by providing a set of algorithms and neural networks to
solve data-driven problems.
However, Artificial Intelligence is not restricted to only Machine learning and Deep learning. It covers a vast domain of
fields including, Natural Language Processing (NLP), object detection, computer vision, robotics, expert systems and so on.
Machine Learning Basics
The term Machine Learning was first coined by Arthur Samuel in the year 1959. Looking
back, that year was probably the most significant in terms of technological advancements.
In simple terms,
Machine learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) which provides machines the
ability to learn automatically by feeding it tons of data & allowing it to improve through
experience.
Thus, Machine Learning is a practice of getting Machines to solve problems by gaining the
ability to think.
Machine Learning Basics
But how can a machine make decisions?
If you feed a machine a good amount of data, it will learn how to interpret, process and analyze this
data by using Machine Learning Algorithms.
•A Machine Learning process begins by feeding the machine lots of data.

•The machine is then trained on this data, to detect hidden insights and patterns.
•These insights are used to build a Machine Learning Model by using an algorithm in order to
solve a problem.
Types Of Machine Learning
A machine can learn to solve a problem by following any

one of the following three approaches:
1.Supervised Learning
2.Unsupervised Learning
3.Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a technique in which we teach or train the machine using data which is well labeled.
To understand Supervised Learning let’s consider an analogy. As kids we all needed guidance to solve math
problems. Our teachers helped us understand what addition is and how it is done.
Similarly, you can think of supervised learning as a type of Machine Learning that involves a guide. The
labeled data set is the teacher that will train you to understand patterns in the data. The labeled data set is
nothing but the training data set.
Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a technique in which we teach or train the machine using data which is well labeled.
To understand Supervised Learning let’s consider an analogy. As kids we all needed guidance to solve math
problems. Our teachers helped us understand what addition is and how it is done.
Similarly, you can think of supervised learning as a type of Machine Learning that involves a guide. The
labeled data set is the teacher that will train you to understand patterns in the data. The labeled data set is
nothing but the training data set.
Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning involves training by using unlabeled data and allowing the model to act on that information without
guidance.
Think of unsupervised learning as a smart kid that learns without any guidance. In this type of Machine Learning, the model is
not fed with labeled data, as in the model has no clue that ‘this image is Tom and this is Jerry’, it figures out patterns and the
differences between Tom and Jerry on its own by taking in tons of data.
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning is a part of Machine learning where an agent is put in an environment and he learns to
behave in this environment by performing certain actions and observing the rewards which it gets from those
actions.
Imagine that you were dropped off at an isolated island!
What would you do?

Panic? Yes, of course, initially we all would. But as time passes by, you will learn how to live on the island.
You will explore the environment, understand the climate condition, the type of food that grows there, the
dangers of the island, etc.
This is exactly how Reinforcement Learning works, it involves an Agent (you, stuck on the island) that is put
in an unknown environment (island), where he must learn by observing and performing actions that result
in rewards.
Reinforcement Learning is mainly used in advanced Machine Learning areas such as self-driving cars, AplhaGo,
etc. So that sums up the types of Machine Learning.
What Problems Can Machine Learning Solve?
There are three main categories of problems that can be solved using Machine Learning:
What is Regression?
In this type of problem, the output is a continuous quantity. For example, if you want to predict
the speed of a car given the distance, it is a Regression problem. Regression problems can be
solved by using Supervised Learning algorithms like Linear Regression.
What is Classification?
In this type, the output is a categorical value. Classifying emails into two classes, spam and non-
spam is a classification problem that can be solved by using Supervised Learning classification
algorithms such as Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, K Nearest
Neighbor, etc.
What is Clustering?
This type of problem involves assigning the input into two or more clusters based on feature
similarity. For example, clustering viewers into similar groups based on their interests, age,
geography, etc can be done by using Unsupervised Learning algorithms like K-Means
What Problems Can Machine Learning Solve?
Difference between Regression, Classification, and Clustering:

Limitations Of Machine Learning
The following are the limitations of Machine Learning:

1.Machine Learning is not capable of handling and processing high
dimensional data.
2.It cannot be used in image recognition and object detection since they

require the implementation of high dimensional data
3.Another major challenge in Machine Learning is to tell the machine what

are the important features it should look for in order to precisely predict the
outcome. This very process is called feature extraction. Feature extraction
is a manual process in Machine Learning.
Why Deep Learning?
The limitations of Machine learning can be solved by using Deep Learning.

Why Deep Learning?
Deep learning is one of the only methods by which we can overcome the challenges of feature extraction. This is
because deep learning models are capable of learning to focus on the right features by themselves, requiring minimal
human interventions.
Deep Learning is mainly used to deal with high dimensional data. It is based o the concept of Neural Networks and is
often used in object detection and image processing.
History of AI
Here is the history of AI during 20th century −
Year Milestone / Innovation

1923 Karel Kapek's play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens
in London, first use of the word "robot" in English.
1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.
1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term
Robotics.
Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and
1950 published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon
published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.
John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence.
1956 Demonstration of the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon
University.
History of AI
1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.
Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can
1964 understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word
problems correctly.
1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that

carries on a dialogue in English.
Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot,

1969 equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.
The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy,

1973 the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and
assemble models.
History of AI

1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.
1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.
Major advances in all areas of AI −

•Significant demonstrations in machine learning
•Case-based reasoning
•Multi-agent planning
1990 •Scheduling
•Data mining, Web Crawler
•natural language understanding and translation
•Vision, Virtual Reality
•Games
History of AI

1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion,
Garry Kasparov.
Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays
2000 Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot
Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates
meteorites.
References and resources
Books
Russell, Stuart J. (Stuart Jonathan). Artificial intelligence : a
modern approach/ Stuart Russell.
Graphics: Web stock https://www.edureka.co/

Thank
THANKyou
YOU all
Suman Deb
Live Curious
9436459622
sumandebcs@gmail.com
http://www.sumandeb.com

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Lecture Notes on

How much Engineer by today??

Since the invention of computers or machines, their

Humans have developed the power of computer

While studying artificially

A branch of Computer Science named Artificial

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence,

Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a

Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

The textbook advocates "acting rationally"

 Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning

 The right thing: that which is expected to maximize

 Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g., blinking

An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

 For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the

“Can a machine think and behave like

To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit

To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines −

A major thrust of AI is in the development

Out of the following areas, one or multiple

AI programs can absorb new modifications

Modification is not quick and easy. It may

AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge

AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program

Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence

Artificial Narrow Intelligence

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence

Artificial General Intelligence

Stephen Hawking, for example, warned:

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence

Artificial Super Intelligence

AI vs ML vs DL (Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning)

So how are these technologies related?

•A Machine Learning process begins by feeding the machine lots of data.

A machine can learn to solve a problem by following any

Imagine that you were dropped off at an isolated island!

What would you do?

Difference between Regression, Classification, and Clustering:

The following are the limitations of Machine Learning:

2.It cannot be used in image recognition and object detection since they

3.Another major challenge in Machine Learning is to tell the machine what

The limitations of Machine learning can be solved by using Deep Learning.

Year Milestone / Innovation

1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that

Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot,

The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy,

Year Milestone / Innovation

Major advances in all areas of AI −

Year Milestone / Innovation

Graphics: Web stock https://www.edureka.co/

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