MORPHOLOGY

Course title: Branches of linguistics

Course code: ENG-116

20011502-124 : Jannat Shafaqat

20011502-164 : Maham Hanif
20011502-167 : Ayesha Muqaddas
 DEFINATIONS OF MORPHOLOGY

 Morphology: is the study of forms

 Morphology : is The branch of linguistics (and one of the
major components of grammar) that studies word
structures, especially in terms of morphemes. Adjective :
morphological

 Morphology : is the study and description of word

formation(as inflection, derivation, and compounding) in
language
 Morphology : is the study of word formation, of the
structure of words.

EXAMPLE OF MORPHOLOGY:
 Care-less
 Un-happy
 Teach-er
 MORPHEME

 Morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical

function.-
 It is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such
as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that
cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
 It is a smallest morphological unit that cannot be divided
into smaller parts.
 EXAMPLE OF MORPHEME:

 Examples of morphemes would be the parts "un-",

"break", and "-able" in the word "unbreakable.

AFFIX:
 an affix is a word that can be added to a root word or base
word to add a new meaning.
 Example
in the word conforming, con- is the prefix and -Ing is the
suffix, while "form" is the root.
 PREFIX:
 A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a
word.
  Example:
 the word “unhappy” consists of the prefix “un-” [which
means “not”] combined with the root (or stem) word
“happy”; the word “unhappy” means “not happy.”
SUFFIX:
.
 A suffix is a letter or group of letters
  Example:
 the suffix '-ly' is added to 'quick' to form 'quickly. '
Compare affix and , prefix.
 FREE MORPHEME:
Free morphemes can stand alone with a specific meaning
  Example, eat, date, weak.

BOUND MORPHEME:
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone with meaning
 Example of a "free base" morpheme is woman in the
word womanly. An example of a
"bound base" morpheme is -sent in the word dissent.
 ALLOMORPH

 An allomorph is a morph that has a unique set of

grammatical or lexical features. All allomorphs with the
same set of features forms a morpheme.
  Example, "-en" is a second allomorph that marks plural
in nouns (irregular, in only three known nouns: ox/ox+en
 , child/childr+en,
 brother/brether+en).
 INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME:
 Inflectional morphemes that are used to show some aspects
of the grammatical function of a word. We use inflectional
morphemes to indicate if a word is singular or plural,
whether it is past tense or not, and whether it is a
comparative or possessive form.
 The eight inflectional affixes of English are the third person
singular present -s, the past tense marker -ed, the
continuous marker –ing , the past particle en, the plural
marker -s, the possessive marker -'s, the comparative suffix
-er and the superlative suffix -est.
 DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME:
Derivational morphemes that are used to create new words or
to “make words of a different grammatical class from the stem
 EXAMPLE:
the addition of the derivational morpheme -size changes the
adjective normal to the verb normalize. Similarly, we can
derive the adjectives helpful and helpless by adding the
derivational morphemes -full and less to the noun help.
 COMPOUNDING
  In linguistics, the process of combining two or more words (free
morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or
adjective).
Example:
 black+board=blackboard.
 Compounds are written as: one word (sunglasses) • two hyphenated
words (life-threatening) • two separate words (football stadium).
 COINING
 Coining is the creation of new words without reference to the
existing morphological resources of the language, that is, solely out
of the sounds of the language. Coining is rare, but “Gulluism” was
coined by the media after Model Town incident.COINING
 BLENDING
 Blending is one of the many ways new words are made in English.
It refers to joining the beginning of one word and the end of another
to make a new word with a new meaning.
EXAMPLES
Smog, from smoke and fog, and brunch, from breakfast and lunch.
.CLIPPING
 Clipping is one of the ways new words are created in English. It
involves the shortening of a longer word, often reducing it to one
syllable.
EXAMPLE
Math's, which is a clipped form of mathematics, is an example of
this.
 examples include 'bro' from brother and 'dis' from disrespect.
 ACRONYMS
 An acronym is a word formed by abbreviating a phrase by
combining certain letters of words in the phrase (often the
first initial of each) into a single term.
 Examples: of acronyms include NASA (an acronym for
National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and FOMO (a
slang acronym for fear of missing out).
REDUPLICATION
 Reduplication is a word-formation process in which meaning
is expressed by repeating all or part of a word. Because there
are other phenomena in languages that involve the repetition
of linguistic elements, there has also been research in how to
determine whether or not a repetition is reduplication
 BACK FORMATION
 , Back-formation is the process of forming a new word (a
neologism) by removing actual or supposed affixes from
another word. Put simply, a back-formation is a shortened
word (such as edit) created from a longer word 
EXAMPLE:
 the word babysit from babysitter. 
CONVERSION
Conversion refers to the process of changing

or converting the class of a word without changing its form.
The word email, for instance, can be used as a verb in
Modern English though it was only a noun in the past.
 EXAMPLES:
 okey-dokey, film-flam, and pitter-patter. ... Many are baby
words: tum-tum, pee-pee, boo-boo.