OPTICAL FIBRE

COMMUNICATION
&
Technologies used in
Telecommunications
Summer training at TCIL
Telecommunication consultant India LTD

REPORT SUBMITTED BY:

NAMITA BATRA
6EE”O42”
3rd YR
 TCIL
telecommunications Consultants India Ltd 
Telecommunications Consultants India Ltd (TCIL) is a leading
ISO - 9001:2000 certified public sector undertaking. TCIL,  a
premier telecommunication consultancy and engineering
company with a strong base in Telecommunication &
Information Technology (IT), was incorporated in 1978 by
Department of  Telecommunications (DOT), Government of
India under the aegis of Ministry of Communications, headed
by Minister of Communications and Information Technology.
Today TCIL offers total telecom solutions for projects. TCIL
has working/ is works in almost 45 Countries mainly in Middle
East Africa, South-East Africa, South-East Asia and Europe. 
 CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

 Optical fiber and its principles

 Types of optical fiber cables
 Its applications and advantages
 Optical fiber communication
 Technologies used in telecommunication
 PDH
 SDH
 DWDM

Optical fiber
An optical fiber (or fiber) is a glass or
plastic fiber that carries light along its
length
 Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-
optic communications.
 Fibers are used instead of metal wires
because
 signals travel along them with less loss
 Higher Carrying Capacity
 Less Signal Degradation& Digital Signals
 Light Signals
 Non-Flammable
 Light Weight
 Principle of operation
 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
is phenomena that occurs when a ray of light
strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger
than the critical angle with respect to the normal
The critical angle is the angle of incidence above
which the total internal reflection occurs.
This can only occur where light travels from a
medium with a higher refractive index to one
with a lower refractive index.
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRES
 OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE
 TRANSMITTER
 RECIEVER
 CONNECTORS
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE
Is a cylindrical pipe made out of glass or plastic or a combination of both
 The core is the highly refractive central region of an optical fiber and light

is piped through this only

 The diameter of the cladding is more than that of core and keeps the light

in the core
 The coating is to provide physical and environmental protection for the

fiber and protects the cladding

 Jacket acts as an external strength member and provides physical

protection

TRANSMITTER
 Optical fiber converts electrical signals into optical signals
which is transmitted through information channel ( fiber)
• It transmits analog to digital signals
• Electrical input to its optical equivalent
 RECIEVER
The job of the receiver is to receive the signal from the fiber and convert the
same into its electrical equivalent.

CONNECTORS
The Connector is a mechanical device mounted on the end of a fiber optic
cable.
The Transmitter provides the Information bearing light to the fiber optic cable
through a connector.
The Receiver gets the Information bearing light from the fiber optic cable
through a connector. The connector must direct light and collect light.
 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
APPLICATION
 Long distance
Telecommunications
 Inter exchange junction
 Video transmission;
television broad casting
 Computer data
communications
 Broadband services
 Military application
ADVANTAGES
 Small size and light
weight
 No cross talk
 High security
 Higher information
carrying capacity
 Low cost
 Resource plentiful
 Technologies used in
telecommunication
 PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

 DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplexing)
 PDH
(plesiochronous digital hierarchy)
 is derived from Greek plesio meaning near, and chronos
meaning time
 PDH was the first internationally standardized form of

digital higher order multiplexing

LIMITATIONS IN PDH
 Different Standards

 Systems operates in its own Clock

 Not Transparent

 Lack of flexibility

 Protection Schemes are not available

 SDH
(SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY)

 Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) refer to a group

of fiber-optic transmission rates that can transport
digital signals with different capacities.
 Its based on circuit mode communication
 Characterized as pure time division multiplexing
 SDH defines a standard rate of transmission at
155.52 Mbps
 All the tributaries are operating at one fixed set of
standard bit rates
 WHY SDH?
 High Transmission Rates
 Simplified Add & Drop multiplexing Function
 High Availability and Capacity Matching
 Future Proof Platform for New Services
 Interconnection
 Reduced operation costs
 Standardization enables the interconnection of equipment from
different suppliers through support of common digital and optical
standards and interfaces.
 STM FRAMING
STM-1 FRAME
The first 9 column contain overhead and
the pointers
The frame is shown as 270 colouns and 9
Rows
The STM frame transmitted in exactly
125 microseconds therefore there are
8000 frames
Bit rate:155.520 Mbit/sec(2430x8x8000)
The transmission of frame is done by row
by row
 TDM and WDM
 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a
type of digital or (rarely) analog
multiplexing in which two or more
signals or bit streams are transferred
apparently simultaneously as sub-
channels in one communication channel,
but are physically taking turns on the
channel. The time domain is divided
into several recurrent timeslots of fixed
length, one for each sub-channel.
 In fiber-optic communications,
wavelength-division multiplexing
(WDM) is a technology which
multiplexes multiple optical carrier
signals on a single optical fiber by using
different wavelengths (colors) of laser
light to carry different signals. This
allows for a multiplication in capacity,
in addition to enabling bidirectional
communications over one strand of
fiber.
 DWDM
(Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

 In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing

(WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier
signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths
(colors) of laser light to carry different signals.
 Why DWDM?
 Potentially unlimited transmission capacity .
 More capacity can be added.
 Transparency.
 Scalability.
 Dynamic provisioning—Fast, simple, and
dynamic provisioning of network connections .
Development of DWDM
 Early WDM began in the late 1980s
using the two widely spaced
wavelengths in the 1310 nm and
1550 nm
 Advantages of DWDM
 Better use of existing bandwidth
 Transparent to data format and rate
 Channel is independent
 Commercially mature for point to point links
 Saving of regeneration costs
 One optical amplifier for many channels regeneration
cost per channel drastically reduced
 Saving of fiber shortage
 Cost effective compared to laying new fibers
 An additional planning possibility by passing of traffic
on nodes reduces nodes costs.
THANK YOU

REPORT SUBMITTED BY:

NAMITA BATRA
6EE”O42”
3rd YR