Day-2 04.01.

2021

PRESSURE
Hydraulic System

In some machines, the forces are transmitted by

liquids under pressure rather than by levers or
cogs. Machines like this are called hydraulic
machines. In hydraulic machine the following
properties of the liquids is used:

Liquids are virtually incompressible- they

cannot be squashed.
If a trapped liquid is put under pressure, the
pressure is transmitted to all parts of the
liquids.
Hydraulic Jack
Pressure can be transmitted throughout a liquid in
hydraulic presses and hydraulic brakes on vehicles.
The figure below shows a simple hydraulic system.
The hydraulic system shown above when the 15N force applied to
the piston 1, it provides pressure of 1500Pa to the hydraulic oil. (P
= F/A = 15/0.01 = 1500Pa). This pressure flows through the
hydraulic oil and acts on piston 2. As a result the piston 2
produces the larger output force of 150N. (P = F/A, F = P × A =
1500 × 0.1 = 150N). So sometimes hydraulic system is also called
force multiplier.
Example question:
The system shown in the diagram contains a liquid.

A downward force of 4 N is exerted on piston L.

What will be the upward force exerted by the liquid on
piston K?
Ans: P = F/A = 4/2 = 2Pa
F = P × A = 2 × 40 = 80N
Hydraulic brakes on vehicles
The diagram below shows a braking system of a vehicle.
When the brake pedal is pushed the master piston
provides the pressure on the brake fluid and this pressure
transmit through the brake fluid to slave pistons. As a
result slave pistons pushed outward and cause brake
shoe to rub against the brake drum.
Pressure measurements
The barometer
Simple mercury barometer is used to measure the
atmospheric pressure. The barometer contains liquid metal
mercury. Atmospheric pressure has pushed mercury up the
tube because the space at the top of the tube has no air in it.
It is a vacuum. Normally the height of the mercury column
found to be about 760 millimetres of mercury (760 mm
Hg). Since the value of the mercury column reflects the
value of the atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure can
be express in terms of the height of the column of the
mercury.
Standard atmospheric pressure
The pressure that will support a column of mercury 760mm
high is known as standard atmospheric pressure or 1
atmosphere (1atm). Its value in a pascals can be found by
calculating the pressure due to a such column.

Height of the mercury column (h) = 760 mm that is 0.76m.

Gravitational field strength (g) = 10N/kg
Density of the mercury (ρ) = 13590kg/m3

So standard atmospheric pressure or 1atm = ρgh

Standard atmospheric pressure or 1atm = 13590 x 10 x 0.76
= 101 300 Pa, in calculators for simplicity, you can assume
that 1atm = 100 000 Pa