Chapter Four

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 Chapter Four

Expressions and Flow Control

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Outline
 Distinguish between instance, static and local variables

 Describe how to initialize instance variables (using constructor)

 Recognize, describe, and use Java software operators

 Distinguish between legal and illegal assignments of primitive Types

 Identify Boolean expressions and their requirements in control

constructs
 Recognize assignment compatibility and required casts in fundamental

types
 Use if, switch, for, while, and do constructions and the labeled forms of

break and continue as flow control structures in a program

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Types of variables
 Local variable

 Created inside a method or block of statement

 E.g.
public int getSum(int a, int b)
{ This method has
int sum=0;
local variables
such as a, b, sum.
sum=a+b;
Their scope is
return sum; limited to the
} method.

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Types of variables
 Instance variable
 Created inside a class but outside any method. Store different data
for different objects.
 E.g.
public class Sample1 {
int year;
This method has
int month; two instance
public void setYear(int y) { variables year and
year=y; month.
}
…
}

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Types of variables
 Static variable
 Created inside a class but outside any method. Store one data for all
objects.
 E.g.
public class Sample {
static int year; This method has
int month;
one static
public static void setYear(int y) {
variable: year
year=y;
}
…
}

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Instance vs. Static variables
Shared by
all objects
O1 O4

O2
Static O5
variable

O3 O stands for O6
Object
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Instance vs. Static variables

O1 Instance O4
Instance variable
variable
Each object
has its own
data for the
instance
variable Instance
variable
O2 Instance
variable O5

Instance
Instance variable
variable

O3 O stands for O6
Object
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Java Operators

 Refer to

Core Java Volume I-

Fundamentals, 8th Editions
Around Page
43

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Java Operators
 Arithmetic operators
 + (addition)
 – (subtraction)
 * (multiplication)
 / (division)
 Integer division by zero is not allowed where as floating-
point division by zero yields an infinite.

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Java Operators
 Increment and Decrement operators
 ++ adds 1 to the current value of the variable .

 -- subtracts 1 from the variable.

 Variants: postfix and prefix

 E.g. ++m and n++

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Java Operators
 Assignment operator
 Used to assign value to a variable.

E.g.
int x=34;

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Java Operators

 Logical operators

 && for the logical “and”

operator and
 || for the logical “or” operator.

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Java Operators

Relational operators
== (equal),

!= (not equal)

< (less than),

> (greater than),

<= (less than or equal), and

>= (greater than or equal) operators.

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Java Operators
Bitwise Operators
When working with any of the integer types, you have operators

that can work directly with the bits that make up the integers.
The bitwise operators are

& (“and”)

| (“or”)

^ (“xor”)

~ (“not”) e.g. used to get one’s complement of a number. (Read

more on page 1522, Java how to program 7th Ed.)

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Casting
Conversions between Numeric Types conversions
without
information loss

conversions
that may lose
precision

Legal conversions between numeric types

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Casting…
Conversions in which loss of information is

possible are done by means of casts.

The syntax for casting is to give the target type in

parentheses, followed by the variable name. E.g.

double x = 9.997; double x = 9.997;

int nx = (int) x; int nx = (int) Math.round(x);

nx is now 10
nx is now 9

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Casting…

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Conditional Statements

if Conditions
 if condition

 If…else condition

 if …else if…else condition

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Conditional Statements

 if condition --- Syntax

if (condition)
{ For example:

statement1 if (yourSales >= target)

statement2 {

... performance = "Satisfactory";

bonus = 100;
}
}

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Conditional Statements
 if … else condition --- Syntax
if (condition)
{
statement1
statement2
For example:
if (yourSales >= target)
...
{
} performance = "Satisfactory";
else bonus = 100 + 0.01 * (yourSales - target);
{ }
statementx else
statementy {
... performance = "Unsatisfactory";
bonus = 0;
}
}

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Conditional Statements
 if … else if … else condition --- Syntax
if (condition)
{
statement1
...
}
else if
{
statementx
...
}
…
else
{
statement…
}

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Conditional Statements
Multiple Selections—The
switch Statement
The if/else construct can be

cumbersome when you have

• byte,
to deal with multiple • short,
selections with many • int
• char
alternatives.
E.g.
To set up menuing system

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Repetition Statement

 for loop

 while loop

 do…while loop

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 Repetition Statement…for
 Syntax
for ( initialization; loopContinuationCondition; increment )
{
Statement (s)
}

Example

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Repetition Statement…while
 Syntax

initialization;
while ( loopContinuationCondition )
{
statement
int x=0;
while(x<4)
increment; {
} System.out.println(“x=“+x);
x++;
}

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Repetition Statement…do while
 Syntax
int x=0;
do
do
{ {
statement System.out.println(“x=“+x);
x++;
}
}
while ( condition ); while(x<4);

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Repetition Statement
 break and continue Statements

 break in
 switch statements
 repetition statements.

 The break statement, when executed in a while, for,

do…while or switch, causes immediate exit from

that statement.

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Repetition Statement

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Repetition Statement

continue Statement
The continue statement, when executed in

a while, for or do…while, skips the

remaining statements in the loop body and
proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.

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Repetition Statement

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Outline
 Distinguish between instance, static and local variables

 Describe how to initialize instance variables (using constructor)

 Recognize, describe, and use Java software operators

 Distinguish between legal and illegal assignments of primitive Types

 Identify Boolean expressions and their requirements in control

constructs
 Recognize assignment compatibility and required casts in fundamental

types
 Use if, switch, for, while, and do constructions and the labeled forms of

break and continue as flow control structures in a program

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Summery
 Variables

 Operators

 Casts

 Conditions

 Loops

 Break and Continue

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Exercises
1. Write an application that finds the smallest of
several integers. Assume that the first value
read specifies the number of values to input
from the user.

2. Write an application that calculates the

product of the odd integers from 1 to 15.

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Exercises
3. What does the following program segment do?
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++ )
{
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++ )
{
for (int k = 1; k <= 4; k++ )
System.out.print( '*' );
System.out.println();
} // end inner for
System.out.println();
} // end outer for

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