Java

Introduction to Java
Outline
●
Environment setup
●
Basic Syntax
●
Data types
●
Operations
●
Input & Output
●
Decision making
●
Loops
●
Methods
Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java - Environment Setup
●
Java SE is freely available from the link.
●
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javas
e/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html
●
You can download a version based on your
operating system.

Java - Environment Setup
●
Follow the instructions to download Java and
run the .exe to install Java on your machine.
●
Once you installed Java on your machine, you
will need to set environment variables to point
to correct installation directories.

Setting Up the Path for Windows
●
Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory
●
Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.
●
Click the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab.
●
Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains the path to the
Java executable.
●
Example, if the path is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then
change your path to read 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32;c:\Program Files\
java\jdk\bin'.

Popular Java Editors
●
To write your Java programs, you will need a text editor.
●
Netbeans − A Java IDE that is open-source and free
which can be downloaded from
https://www.netbeans.org/index.html
●
Eclipse − A Java IDE developed by the eclipse open-
source community and can be downloaded from
https://www.eclipse.org/

Java - Basic Syntax
●
When we consider a Java program, it can be
defined as a collection of objects that
communicate via invoking each other's
methods.
●
Let us now briefly look into what do class,
object, methods, and instance variables mean.

Java - Basic Syntax
●
Object − Objects have states and behaviors.
– Example: A dog has states - color, name, breed as well as behavior such as wagging
their tail, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class.
●
Class − A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the
behavior/state that the object of its type supports.
●
Methods − A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many
methods. It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated
and all the actions are executed.
●
Instance Variables − Each object has its unique set of instance variables. An
object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance variables

Java - Basic Syntax
It is very important to keep in mind the following points:
●
Case Sensitivity − Java is case sensitive, which means
identifier Hello and hello would have different meaning in Java.
●
Class Names − For all class names the first letter should be in
Upper Case. If several words are used to form a name of the
class, each inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
– Example: class MyFirstJavaClass

Java - Basic Syntax
●
Method Names − All method names should start with a Lower Case
letter. If several words are used to form the name of the method,
then each inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
– Example: public void myMethodName()
●
Program File Name − Name of the program file should exactly
match the class name.
●
public static void main(String args[]) − Java program processing
starts from the main() method which is a mandatory part of every
Java program.

Java - Basic Syntax
●
When saving the file, you should save it using
the class name (Remember Java is case
sensitive) and append '.java' to the end of the
name
●
if the file name and the class name do not
match, your program will not compile.

Java - Basic Syntax
●
Example :
●
Output:

Java Identifiers
●
All Java components require names.
●
Names used for classes, variables, and methods are called identifiers.
●
In Java, there are several points to remember about identifiers. They are as follows −
– All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), currency character ($) or an
underscore (_).
– After the first character, identifiers can have any combination of characters.
– A key word cannot be used as an identifier.
– Most importantly, identifiers are case sensitive.
●
Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value, __1_value.
●
Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary.

Java Variables
●
Following are the types of variables in Java −
– Local Variables
– Class Variables (Static Variables)
– Instance Variables (Non-static Variables)

Java Keywords
●
The following list shows the reserved words in
Java.
●
These reserved words may not be used as
constant or variable or any other identifier
names.

Java Keywords

Java - Basic Datatypes
●
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values.
●
This means that when you create a variable you reserve some
space in the memory.
●
Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates
memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.
●
Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can
store integers, decimals, or characters in these variables.

Java - Basic Datatypes
●
There are two data types available in Java −
– Primitive Data Types
– Reference/Object Data Types

Primitive Data Types
●
There are eight primitive datatypes supported
by Java:
byte short int long
float double boolean char

Int
●
Integer is generally used as the default data
type for integral values unless there is a
concern about memory.
●
The default value is 0
●
Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000
float
●
Float is mainly used to save memory in large
arrays of floating point numbers
●
Default value is 0.0f
●
Example: float f1 = 234.5f

double
●
This data type is generally used as the default
data type for decimal values, generally the
default choice
●
Default value is 0.0d
●
Example: double d1 = 123.4
boolean
●
There are only two possible values: true and false
●
This data type is used for simple flags that track
true/false conditions
●
Default value is false
●
Example: boolean one = true

char
●
Char data type is used to store any character
●
Example: char letterA = 'A'

Java - Variable Types
●
A variable provides us with named storage that our
programs can manipulate.
●
Each variable in Java has a specific type, which
determines
– the size and layout of the variable's memory
– the range of values that can be stored within that memory
– the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.

●
You must declare all variables before they can
be used.
●
Following is the basic form of a variable
declaration
data_type variable = value ;

●
Variable declaration form consists of 3 parts :
data_type variable = value ;
1) data_type : One of Java's data types such as int for
numbers , boolean for true or false etc..
2) Variable : The name of the variable such as x
3) Value : the value that the variable will store on memory.

Activity
●
Open your IDE
●
Create new project and give it the name :
MyFirstJavaProgram
●
Create new class , what will you name the class?
●
Create the main function :
public static void main(String []args)

Activity
●
Inside your main function define 4 variables :
– One of type int called number and give it a value.
– One of type boolean called flag and give it a value.
– One of type char (give it a name and a value)
– One of type float (also give it a name and a value)
●
Don't forget the semi colons ! ( ; )

Activity
●
Solution :

Java - Basic Operators
●
Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables.
●
We can divide all the Java operators into the following groups −
– Arithmetic Operators
– Relational Operators
– Bitwise Operators
– Logical Operators
– Assignment Operators
– Misc Operators

The Arithmetic Operators
●
Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical
expressions.
Operator Description
+ (Addition) Adds values on either side of the operator.
- (Subtraction) Subtracts right-hand operand from left-hand operand.
* (Multiplication) Multiplies values on either side of the operator.

/ (Division) Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand.
% (Modulus) Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand and returns

remainder.
++ (Increment) Increases the value of operand by 1.
-- (Decrement) Decreases the value of operand by 1.

●
Assume integer variable A holds 10 and
variable B holds 20 :
– A + B will give 30 - B % A will give 0
– A - B will give -10 - B++ gives 21
– A * B will give 200 - B-- gives 19
– B / A will give 2

The Relational Operators
●
There are following relational operators
supported by Java language.
== (equal to) Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not,
if yes then condition becomes true.
!= (not equal to) Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not,
if values are not equal then condition becomes true.
> (greater than) Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes
true.Java ( ROBOTO Academy )
< (less than) Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
>= (greater than or Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to
equal to) the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true
<= (less than or equal Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the
to) value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

●
Assume integer variable A holds 10 and
variable B holds 20 :
– (A == B) is not true(false)
– (A != B) is true.
– (A > B) is not true. - (A < B) is true.
– (A >= B) is not true. - (A <= B) is true.

The Logical Operators
●
The following table lists the logical operators.
&& (logical and) Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are
non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
|| (logical or) Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands

are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
! (logical not) Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the

logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then
Logical NOT operator will make false.
The Logical Operators
●
Assume Boolean variables A holds true and
variable B holds false :
– (A && B) is false
– (A || B) is true
– !(A && B) is true

The Assignment Operators
●
Following are the assignment operators
supported by Java language.
= Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side

operands to left side operand.
+= Add AND assignment operator.

It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the
result to left operand.
-= Subtract AND assignment operator.
It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign
the resultJava
to (left
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operand.
*= Multiply AND assignment operator.

It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the
/= Divide AND assignment operator.
It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the
%= Modulus AND assignment operator.
It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to
left operand.

●
Assume integer variable A and variable B:
– C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
– C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
– C -= A is equivalent to C = C – A
– C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
– C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
– C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A

Precedence of Java Operators
●
Operator precedence determines the grouping of
terms in an expression.
●
This affects how an expression is evaluated.
●
Certain operators have higher precedence than
others.
●
for example, the multiplication operator has higher
precedence than the addition operator

Precedence of Java Operators
1) expression++ , expression--
2) * , / , %
3) + , - 4) == , !=
5) & 6) ||
7)= , += , -= , *= , /= , %=

Java Input and Output
●
All the programming languages provide support
for standard I/O where the user's program can :
●
Take input from a keyboard
●
And then produce an output on the computer
screen.

Java provides the following three standard streams −
●
Standard Input − Usually a keyboard is used as standard input
stream and represented as System.in.
●
Standard Output − This is used to output the data produced by the
user's program and usually a computer screen is used for standard
output stream and represented as System.out.
●
Standard Error − This is used to output the error data produced by
the user's program and usually a computer screen is used for
standard error stream and represented as System.err.

●
Example:

●
Import : allows you to use InputStreamReader
built in library.
●
Throws IOException : to avoid program crash if
any reading error occurred.

●
System.out.println() : used to print a certain
value to the screen.

Java - Decision Making
●
Decision making structures have:
– One or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by
the program
– a statement or statements that are to be executed if
the condition is determined to be true
– optionally, other statements to be executed if the
condition is determined to be false.

●
Following is the general form of a typical decision
making structure found in most of the programming
languages

1)if statement : An if statement consists of a boolean
expression followed by one or more statements.
2)if...else statement : An if statement can be followed by
an optional else statement, which executes when the
boolean expression is false.
3)Nested if statement : You can use one if or else if
statement inside another if or else if statement(s).

if statement in java
●
An if statement consists of a Boolean expression
followed by one or more statements.
●
Syntax :
if(Boolean_expression) {
// Statements will execute if the Boolean expression
is true
}

●
If the Boolean expression evaluates to true then
the block of code inside the if statement will be
executed.
●
If not, the first set of code after the end of the if
statement (after the closing curly brace) will be
executed.

●
Example:
●
What is the final value of x after execution ?

●
Answer:
●
x will be 50.
●
Because x was 10 so the if condition is true
x < 20 10 < 20
●
So will execute the statement x = 50;

if-else statement in java
●
An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which
executes when the Boolean expression is false.
●
Syntax :
if(Boolean_expression) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression is true
}else {
// Executes when the Boolean expression is false
}

●
If the boolean expression evaluates to true,
then the if block of code will be executed,
●
otherwise else block of code will be executed.

●
Example:
●

●
Answer:
●
x will be 30.
●
Because x was 10 so the if condition is false
x > 20 10 > 20
●
So will execute else block of code which is x=30;

Nested if statement in java
●
Means you can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if
statement.
●
Syntax :
if(Boolean_expression 1) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
if(Boolean_expression 2) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}
}

●
Example:
●

●
Answer:
●
x is 15.
●
Because x was 5 so the first if is true
●
The inner if is false because y is 10
●
Then the inner else is executed which is x = 15;

Java - Loops
●
There may be a situation when you need to execute a
block of code several number of times.
●
In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first
statement in a function is executed first, followed by the
second, and so on.
●
Programming languages provide various control structures
that allow for more complicated execution paths.

Java - Loops
●
A loop statement allows us to execute a
statement or group of statements multiple times
based on a condition.

Java - Loops
1)While loop
2)For loop
3)Do .. while loop

while Loop in java
●
A while loop statement in Java programming language
repeatedly executes a target statement as long as a
given condition is true.
●
Syntax :
while(Boolean_expression) {
// Statements
}

while Loop in java
●
When executing, if the boolean_expression result is
true, then the actions inside the loop will be executed.
●
This will continue as long as the expression result is
true.
●
When the condition becomes false, program control
passes to the line immediately following the loop.

while Loop in java
●
Here, key point of the while loop is that the loop
might not ever run.
●
When the expression is tested and the result is
false, the loop body will be skipped and the first
statement after the while loop will be executed.

while Loop in java
●
Example :
●
Guess what the output is.

while Loop in java
●
Output :

for loop in java
●
A for loop is a repetition control structure that
allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs
to be executed a specific number of times.
●
A for loop is useful when you know how many
times a task is to be repeated.

for loop in java
●
Syntax
for(initialization; Boolean_expression;
update) {
// Statements
}

for loop in java
Here is the flow of control in a for loop −
●
The initialization step is executed first, and only once.
●
This step allows you to declare and initialize any loop control
variables and this step ends with a semi colon ( ; ).
●
Next, the Boolean expression is evaluated.
●
If it is true, the body of the loop is executed.
●
If it is false, the body of the loop will not be executed and control
jumps to the next statement past the for loop.

for loop in java
●
After the body of the for loop gets executed, the control jumps back
up to the update statement.
●
This statement allows you to update any loop control variables.
●
This statement can be left blank with a semicolon at the end.
●
The Boolean expression is now evaluated again.
●
If it is true, the loop executes and the process repeats (body of loop,
then update step, then Boolean expression).
●
After the Boolean expression is false, the for loop terminates.

for loop in java
●
Example:
●
What is the output ?

for loop in java
●
Output:

do while loop in java
●
A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a
do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one
time.
●
Syntax
do {
// Statements
}while(Boolean_expression);

●
Notice that the Boolean expression appears at the end of
the loop, so the statements in the loop execute once
before the Boolean is tested.
●
If the Boolean expression is true, the control jumps back
up to do statement, and the statements in the loop
execute again.
●
This process repeats until the Boolean expression is false.

●
Example:

●
Output:

●
What is the output of the following code?

●
Output :
●
Although the condition x < 10 is not true as x
started with value 10 but the body executed as we
mentioned that the body executes at least once

Java - Methods
●
A Java method is a collection of statements that
are grouped together to perform an operation.
●
For example,when you call the
System.out.println() method, the system
actually executes several statements in order to
display a message on the console.

Java - Methods
●
Syntax :
public static int methodName(int a, int b) {
// body
}
●
public static − modifier
●
int − return type
●
methodName − name of the method
●
a, b − formal parameters
●
int a, int b − list of parameters

Java - Methods
●
Modifier − It defines the access type of the method and it is optional to use.
●
Return type − Method may return a value.
●
Name of method − This is the method name.
●
Method signature − consists of the method name and the parameter list.
●
Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of
parameters of a method. These are optional, method may contain zero
parameters.
●
Method body − The method body defines what the method does with the
statements.

Java - Methods
●
Example:
●
This method takes 2 numbers and return the
sum of the two numbers.
●
How to call a method ?

Java - Methods
●
How to call a method :
●
Type the method’s name and give it the parameters it needs.
●
The method’s return value is now stored in the variable sum.

Method Calling
●
For using a method, it should be called.
●
There are two ways in which a method is called : method returns a value or
returning nothing (no return value).
●
The process of method calling is simple.
●
When a program invokes a method, the program control gets transferred to the
called method.
●
This called method then returns control to the caller in two conditions, when −
– the return statement is executed.
– it reaches the method ending closing brace.

Method Calling
●
The methods returning void is considered as
call to a statement. Example :
System.out.println("This is tutorialspoint.com!");
●
The method returning value can be understood
by the following example :
int result = sum(6, 9);
The void Keyword
●
The void keyword allows us to create methods
which do not return a value.
●
Example :
● Notice:
No return statement.

Activity
●
Write a method that calculates the area of a
rectangle given the width and the height of it.
●
Write your main function and define 2 variables
holding the width and the height.
●
Call your method and print the result.
●
Make sure your variables can hold fractions.
Activity
●
Solution :

Activity
●
Output :

Thank you !

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Introduction to Java

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

byte short int long

float double boolean char

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

+ (Addition) Adds values on either side of the operator.

- (Subtraction) Subtracts right-hand operand from left-hand operand.

* (Multiplication) Multiplies values on either side of the operator.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

/ (Division) Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand.

% (Modulus) Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand and returns

++ (Increment) Increases the value of operand by 1.

-- (Decrement) Decreases the value of operand by 1.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

|| (logical or) Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands

! (logical not) Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

= Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side

+= Add AND assignment operator.

*= Multiply AND assignment operator.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )