Java+Programming+ +UNIT I+Part+A

JAVA PROGRAMMING
(MR23-1CS0105)
UNIT-I
OOP’s CONCEPTS
Java Programming
Python Programming Unit 1
4 Department of CSE
Procedure oriented Programming:
 In this approach, the problem is always considered as a sequence of
tasks to be done. A number of functions are written to accomplish
these tasks. Here primary focus on ―Functions and little attention on
data.
 There are many high level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN,
PASCAL, C used for conventional programming commonly known as
POP.
 POP basically consists of writing a list of instructions for the computer
to follow, and organizing these instructions into groups known as
functions.
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Java Programming
Programming Unit 14 Department of CSE
OOP:
 OOP allows us to decompose a problem into a number of entities
called objects and then builds data and methods around these entities.
OOP Characteristic:
 Emphasis on data.
 Programs are divided into what are known as methods.
 Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects.
 Methods that operate on the data of an object are tied together.
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 Data is hidden
 Objects can communicate with each other through methods.
 Reusability- Follows bottom-up approach in program design
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Main Principle of OOP
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Java Programming:
 Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems, and it was released in 1995.
 James Gosling initially developed Java in Sun Microsystems (which
was later merged with Oracle Corporation).
 Java is a set of features of C and C++. It has obtained its format from
C, and OOP features from C++.
 Java programs are platform independent which means they can be run
on any operating system with any processor as long as the Java
interpreter is available on that system.
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 Java code that runs on one platform does not need to be recompiled to
run on another platform; it's called write once, run anywhere(WORA).
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM) executes Java code, but it has been
written in platform-specific languages such as C/C++/ASM, etc. JVM
is not written in Java and hence cannot be platform independent, and
Java interpreter is a part of JVM.
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Mobile -
 In addition to the above technology, Java is widely used in mobile
devices nowadays, many types of games and applications are being
made in Java.
Types of Java Applications
 Web Application - Java is used to create server-side web applications.
Currently, Servlet, JSP, Struts etc. technologies are used.
 Standalone Application - It is also known as the desktop application or
window-based application.
 Enterprise Application - An application that is distributed in nature,
such as banking applications, etc.
 Mobile Application - Java is used to create application software for
mobile devices.
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 Java is one of the most important programming languages in today's
IT industries.
 JSP - In Java, JSP (Java Server Pages) is used to create dynamic web
pages, such as in PHP and ASP.
 Applets - Applets are another type of Java programs that are
implemented on Internet browsers and are always run as part of a web
document.
 J2EE - Java 2 Enterprise Edition is a platform-independent
environment that is a set of different protocols and APIs and is used by
various organizations to transfer data between each other.
JavaBeans - This is a set of reusable software components that can be
easily used to create new and advanced applications.
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Java Programming
Java Buzzwords/Java Features:
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Java Programming
Java Data Types
 Java programming language has a rich set of data types. The data type
is a category of data stored in variables. In java, data types are
classified into two types and they are as follows.
 Primitive Data Types
 Non-primitive Data Types
 A data type defines the type or/and behavior of a data, it tells to the
compiler about the type of data which is going to be stored and the
compiler reserves the fixed number of bytes for that particular
variable/constant.
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 Thus, we can say that, a data type defines two things:
 Type of data
 Memory blocks to be reserved for the data
 There are mainly two data types in Java
1. Primitive data types
2. Non-primitive data types
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Java Primitive Data Types:
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Java Comments:
 Comments are not a part of the compiled program. They can be used
to explain Java code, and to make it more readable. It can also be
used to prevent execution when testing alternative code.
1. Single-line Comments: It starts with two forward slashes (//).
Any text between // and the end of the line is ignored by Java (will not be
executed).
2. Java Multi-line Comments: It starts with /* and ends with */.
Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by Java.
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Understanding First Java Program:
 Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main,
String[], System.out.println().
 class keyword is used to declare a class in java.
 public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it
means it is visible to all.
 static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as
static method. The core advantage of static method is that there is no
need to create object to invoke the static method.
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 The main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to
create object to invoke the main method. So, it saves memory.
 void is the return type of the method; it means it doesn't return any
value. Main represents startup of the program.
 String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it later.
 System.out.println() is used print statement. We will learn about the
internal working of System.out.println statement later.
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How many ways can we write a java program
 There are many ways to write a java program. The modifications that
can be done in a java program are given below:
1) By changing sequence of the modifiers, method prototype is not
changed.
Let's see the simple code of main method.
static public void main(String args[])
2) subscript notation in java array can be used after type, before variable
or after variable.
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Java Programming
Let's see the different codes to write the main method.
public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String []args)
public static void main(String args[])
3) You can provide var-args support to main method by passing 3 ellipses
(dots)
Let's see the simple code of using var-args in main method.
1. public static void main(String... args)
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Java Programming
4) Having semicolon at the end of class in java is optional.
Let's see the simple code.
class A{
static public void main(String... args){
System.out.println("hello java4");
}
}; Your First Program
class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s= ("Hello, World!");
System.out.println(s);
}
}
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Java Types of Variables and its Scope
A variable is a named memory location used to store a data value. A
variable can be defined as a container that holds a data value.
In java, we use the following syntax to create variables
In java programming language variables are classified as follows.
Types of variables
 Local variables
 Instance variables or Member variables or Global variables
 Static variables or Class variables
 Final variables
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Local variables
 The variables declared inside a method or a block are known as local
variables. A local variable is visible within the method in which it is
declared.
 The local variable is created when execution control enters into the
method or block and destroyed after the method or block execution
completed.
Instance variables or Member variables or Global variables
 The variables declared inside a class and outside any method,
constructor or block are known as member variables. These variables
are visible to all the methods of the class. The changes made to these
variables by method affects all the methods in the class.
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 These variables are created separate copy for every object of that
class.
Static variables or Class variables
 A static variable is a variable that declared using static keyword.
 The instance variables can be static variables but local variables can
not. Static variables are initialized only once, at the start of the
program execution.
 The static variable only has one copy per class irrespective of how
many objects we create.
 The static variable is access by using class name.
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Example to understand the types of variables in java
public class A
{
static int m=100;//static variable
int data=50;//instance variable
{
int n=10;//local variable
}
}//end of class
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Final variables
 A final variable is a variable that declared using final keyword.
 The final variable is initialized only once, and does not allow any
method to change it's value again.
 The variable created using final keyword acts as constant.
 All variables like local, instance, and static variables can be final
variables.
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Java Constants:
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Examples of constants :
public static final String str = “abc”;
public static final float num = 1231.12f;
public static final char c = ‘A’;
Operators in Java
 Operator in Java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. For
example: +, -, *, / etc.
There are many types of operators in Java which are given below:
• Unary Operator •Relational Operator
• Arithmetic Operator •Bitwise Operator
• Shift Operator •Logical Operator
•Ternary Operator and
•Assignment Operator
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Type Casting /Type conversion
In Java, type casting is a method or process that converts a data type
into another data type in both ways manually and automatically.
The automatic conversion is done by the compiler and manual
conversion performed by the programmer.
Widening Type Casting
 Converting a lower data type into a higher one is called widening type
casting. It is also known as implicit conversion or casting down. It is
done automatically. It is safe because there is no chance to lose data.
It takes place when:
 Both data types must be compatible with each other.
 The target type must be larger than the source type.
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Java Programming
byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double
 The conversion between numeric data type to char or Boolean is not
done automatically. Also, the char and Boolean data types are not
compatible with each other
Widening Type Casting Example
public class WideningTypeCastingExample
{
{
int x = 7;
//automatically converts the integer type into long type
long y = x;
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Java Programming
//automatically converts the long type into float type
float z = y;
System.out.println("Before conversion, int value "+x);
System.out.println("After conversion, long value "+y);
System.out.println("After conversion, float value "+z);
}
}
OUTPUT
Before conversion, int value 7
After conversion, long value 7
After conversion, float value 7.0
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Narrowing Type Casting
 Converting a higher data type into a lower one is called narrowing
type casting. It is also known as explicit conversion or casting up. It is
done manually by the programmer. If we do not perform casting then
the compiler reports a compile-time error.
double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte
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Java Programming
Narrowing Type Casting
public class NarrowingTypeCastingExample
{
{
double d = 166.66;
//converting double data type into long data type
long l = (long)d;
//converting long data type into int data type
int i = (int)l;
System.out.println("Before conversion: "+d);
//fractional part lost
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Java Programming
System.out.println("After conversion into long type: "+l);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println("After conversion into int type: "+i);
}
}
OUTPUT
Before conversion: 166.66
After conversion into long type: 166
After conversion into int type: 166
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Java Programming
Enumerated:
 The Enum in Java is a data type which contains a fixed set of
constants.
 To create an enum, use the enum keyword . and separate the
constants with a comma. Note that they should be in uppercase
letters.
 Enums are often used in switch statements to check for
corresponding values:
Example:
days – {SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY,
and SATURDAY}
directions – {NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, and WEST)
season- {SPRING, SUMMER, WINTER, and AUTUMN or FALL}
colors – {RED, YELLOW, BLUE, GREEN, WHITE, and BLACK}
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Java Programming
public class Main
{
enum Level { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH }

{
Level myVar = Level.MEDIUM;
System.out.println(myVar);
System.out.println(Level.valueOf(“HIGH"));
}
}
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Java Programming
class EnumExample1
{ //defining the enum inside the class
public enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }
//main method
{ //traversing the enum
for (Season s : Season.values())
{
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
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Java Programming
Java Control Statements:
 In java, the default execution flow of a program is a sequential order.
But the sequential order of execution flow may not be suitable for all
situations.
 Sometimes, we may want to jump from line to another line, we may
want to skip a part of the program, or sometimes we may want to
execute a part of the program again and again.
 To solve this problem, java provides control statements.
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Java Programming
Selection Control Statements:
 In java, the selection statements are also known as decision making
statements or branching statements.
The selection statements are used to select a part of the program to be
executed based on a condition.
Java provides the following selection statements.
if statement
if-else statement
if-elseif statement
nested if statement
switch statement
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Java Programming
Simple if statement:
 It is the most basic statement among all control flow statements in
Java. It evaluates a Boolean expression and enables the program to
enter a block of code if the expression evaluates to true.
if (condition)
public class IfExample {
{
statement 1;
{
}
int age=20;
if(age>18)
{
System.out.print("Age is greater than 18");
}
}
}
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Java Programming
if-else statement
 The if-else statement is an extension to the if-statement, which uses
another block of code, i.e., else block. The else block is executed if the
condition of the if-block is evaluated as false.
if(condition)
{
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
}
else
{
statement 2; //executes when condition is false
}
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Java Programming
public class IfElseExample
{
{
int number=13;
if(number%2==0)
{
System.out.println("even number");
}
else{
System.out.println("odd number");
}
}
}
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Java Programming
if-else-if
 The if-else-if statement contains the if-statement followed by multiple
else-if statements. In other words, we can say that it is the chain of if-
else statements that create a decision tree where the program may
enter in the block of code where the condition is true
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if(condition 1)
{
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
}
else if(condition 2)
{
}
else
{
statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false
}
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Java Programming
public class IfElseIfExample {
int marks=65;
else if(marks>=70 && marks<80){
if(marks<50){ System.out.println("B grade");
System.out.println("fail"); }
} else if(marks>=80 && marks<90){
else if(marks>=50 && marks<60){ System.out.println("A grade");
System.out.println("D grade"); }else if(marks>=90 && marks<100){
} System.out.println("A+ grade");
else if(marks>=60 && marks<70){ }else{
System.out.println("C grade"); System.out.println("Invalid!");
} }
}
}
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Nested if-statement
 In nested if-statements, the if statement can contain a if or if-else
statement inside another if or else-if statement.
if(condition 1) {
if(condition 2) {
}
else{
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false
}
}
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public class JavaNestedIfExample2 {
int age=25;
int weight=48;
if(age>=18){
if(weight>50){
System.out.println("You are eligible to donate blood");
} else{
System.out.println("You are not eligible to donate blood");
}
} else{
System.out.println("Age must be greater than 18"); } } }
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Java Programming
Switch Statement
 In Java, Switch statements are similar to if-else-if statements. The
switch statement contains multiple blocks of code called cases and a
single case is executed based on the variable which is being switched.
The switch statement is easier to use instead of if-else-if statements.
It also enhances the readability of the program. The case variables
can be int, short, byte, char, or enumeration.
 String type is also supported since version 7 of Java
 Cases cannot be duplicate
 Default statement is executed when any of the case doesn't match
the value of expression. It is optional.
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Switch Statement
switch (expression){
case value1:
statement1;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
default statement;
}
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Java Programming
public class SwitchExample {
int number=20;
switch(number)
{
case 10:
System.out.println("10");
break;
case 20: System.out.println("20");
break;
case 30: System.out.println("30");
break;
default:System.out.println("Not in 10, 20 or 30"); } } }
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Iterative Control Statements
In java, the iterative statements are also known as looping statements or
repetitive statements.
 The iterative statements are used to execute a part of the program
repeatedly as long as the given condition is True.
 Using iterative statements reduces the size of the code, reduces the
code complexity, makes it more efficient, and increases the execution
speed.
 Java provides the following iterative statements.
 for statement
 while statement
 do-while statement
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Java for loop
 In Java, for loop is similar to C and C++. It enables us to initialize the
loop variable, check the condition, and increment/decrement in a
single line of code. We use the for loop only when we exactly know
the number of times, we want to execute the block of code.
for(initialization, condition, increment/decrement)
{
//block of statements
}
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public class Calculation
{
{
for(int j = 1; j<=10; j++)
{
System.out.println(j);
}
}
}
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Java Programming
Java Nested for Loop
If we have a for loop inside the another loop, it is known as nested for
loop. The inner loop executes completely whenever outer loop executes.
public class NestedForExample {
{
//loop of i
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
//loop of j
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
}
}
}
}
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Java for-each loop
 Java provides an enhanced for loop to traverse the data structures like
array or collection. In the for-each loop, we don't need to update the
loop variable.
for(data_type var : array_name/collection_name)
{
//statements public class Calculation {
}
String[] names = {"Java","C","C++","Python","JavaScript"};
System.out.println("Printing the content of the array names:\n");
for(String name:names) { Output
System.out.println(name); Printing the content of the array names:
Java
} C
} C++
} Python
JavaScript
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Java Programming
Java while loop
 The while loop is also used to iterate over the number of statements
multiple times. However, if we don't know the number of iterations in
advance, it is recommended to use a while loop. Unlike for loop, the
initialization and increment/decrement doesn't take place inside the
loop statement in while loop.
 It is also known as the entry-controlled loop since the condition is
checked at the start of the loop. If the condition is true, then the loop
body will be executed; otherwise, the statements after the loop will
be executed.
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while(condition){
//looping statements
}
Example
public class Calculation {
int i = 0;
System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \n");
while(i<=10) {
System.out.println(i);
i = i + 2;
}
}
}
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Java Programming
Java do-while loop
 The do-while loop checks the condition at the end of the loop after
executing the loop statements. When the number of iteration is not
known and we have to execute the loop at least once, we can use do-
while loop.
 It is also known as the exit-controlled loop since the condition is not
checked in advance.
do
{
//statements
} while (condition);
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Java Programming
public class Calculation {
int i = 1;
System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 odd numbers \n");
do {
i = i + 2;
}while(i<=10);
}
}
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Java Programming
Jump Statements
 Jump statements are used to transfer the control of the program to
the specific statements. In other words, jump statements transfer the
execution control to the other part of the program. There are two
types of jump statements in Java, i.e., break and continue.
Java break statement
 As the name suggests, the break statement is used to break the
current flow of the program and transfer the control to the next
statement outside a loop or switch statement.
 The break statement cannot be used independently in the Java
program, i.e., it can only be written inside the loop or switch
statement.
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Java Programming
public class BreakExample
{
{
for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++)
{
if(i==6)
{
break;
}
}
}
}
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Java Programming
Java continue statement
The continue statement breaks one iteration(in the loop),if a specified condition occurs, continuous
with the next iteration in the loop.
public class ContinueExample

{
{
for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++)
{
if(i==6)
{
continue;
}
}
}
}
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Java Programming
Java User Input
 The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is found in
the java.util package.
 To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use any of
the available methods found in the Scanner class documentation.
 we will use the nextLine() method, which is used to read Strings:
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Input Types
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import java.util.Scanner;
class main
{
{
Scanner obj=new Scanner(System.in);
String username;
System.out.println(“Enter User Name”);
username=obj.nextLine();
System.out.println(“User Name Is:” +username);
} OUT PUT
} Enter User Name
hari
User Name is: hari

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Java Programming
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Java Programming
Java Arrays
 Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements which
has contiguous memory location.
 Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type.
Additionally, The elements of an array are stored in a contiguous
memory location. It is a data structure where we store similar
elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.
 Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at
the 0th index, 2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.
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Advantages
 Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or
sort the data efficiently.
 Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.
Disadvantages
 Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It
doesn't grow its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection
framework is used in Java which grows automatically.
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Example
class Testarray
{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]=new int[5];//declaration
a[0]=10;//initialization
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
//traversing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
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Java Programming
Declaration and Initialization of Java Array
 We can declare and initialize the java array together by:
class Testarray1{
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, and initialization
//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
}
}
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Java Programming
Multidimensional Array in Java
 In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also
known as matrix form).
int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column
arr[0][0]=1;
arr[0][1]=2;
arr[0][2]=3;
arr[1][0]=4;
arr[1][1]=5;
arr[1][2]=6;
arr[2][0]=7;
arr[2][1]=8;
arr[2][2]=9;
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Java Programming
Example
class Testarray3{
//declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
//printing 2D array
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
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Java Programming
Passing Array to a Method
class Example
{ {
public void x(int a[]) int a[]={1,2,3,4,5};
{ Example obj=new Example();
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++) obj.x(a);
{ }
}
}
}
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Java Programming
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) throws an
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if length of the array in negative,
equal to the array size or greater than the array size while traversing
the array.
//Java Program to demonstrate the case of
//ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in a Java Array.
public class TestArrayException{
int arr[]={50,60,70,80};
for(int i=0;i<=arr.length;i++){
System.out.println(arr[5]);
} } }
Python
Java Programming
Thank You
Java Programming
Python Programming Unit 1
4 Department of CSE

Java+Programming+ +UNIT I+Part+A

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public static void main(String[] args)

public class ContinueExample

User Name is: hari

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