Java Programming

JAVA PROGRAMMING
(MR23-1CS0105)
UNIT-I
OOP’s CONCEPTS
Java Programming
Python Programming Unit 1
4 Department of CSE
Procedure oriented Programming:
 In this approach, the problem is always considered as a
sequence of tasks to be done. A number of functions are
written to accomplish these tasks. Here primary focus on
―Functions and little attention on data.
 There are many high level languages like COBOL,
FORTRAN, PASCAL, C used for conventional programming
commonly known as POP.
 POP basically consists of writing a list of instructions for the
computer to follow, and organizing these instructions into
groups known as functions.
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Java Programming
Programming Unit 14 Department of CSE
OOP:OOP allows us to decompose a problem into a number of
entities called objects and then builds data and methods around
these entities.
OOP Characteristic:
 Emphasis on data.
 Programs are divided into what are known as methods.
 Data structures are designed such that they characterize the
objects.
 Methods that operate on the data of an object are tied
together.
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 Data is hidden
 Objects can communicate with each other through methods.
 Reusability- Follows bottom-up approach in program design
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Main Principle of OOP
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Java Programming:
 Java is an object-oriented programming language developed
by Sun Microsystems, and it was released in 1995.
 James Gosling initially developed Java in Sun Microsystems
(which was later merged with Oracle Corporation).
 Java is a set of features of C and C++. It has obtained its
format from C, and OOP features from C++.
 Java programs are platform independent which means they
can be run on any operating system with any processor as
long as the Java interpreter is available on that system.
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 Java code that runs on one platform does not need to be
recompiled to run on another platform; it's called write once,
run anywhere(WORA).
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM) executes Java code, but it has
been written in platform-specific languages such
as C/C++/ASM, etc. JVM is not written in Java and
hence cannot be platform independent, and Java interpreter is
a part of JVM.
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Mobile - In addition to the above technology, Java is widely
used in mobile devices nowadays, many types of games and
applications are being made in Java.
Types of Java Applications
 Web Application - Java is used to create server-side web
applications. Currently, Servlet, JSP, Struts etc. technologies
are used.
 Standalone Application - It is also known as the desktop
application or window-based application.
 Enterprise Application - An application that is distributed in
nature, such as banking applications, etc.
 Mobile Application - Java is used to create application
software for mobile devices.
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Java Programming
 Java is one of the most important programming languages in
today's IT industries.
 JSP - In Java, JSP (Java Server Pages) is used to create
dynamic web pages, such as in PHP and ASP.
 Applets - Applets are another type of Java programs that are
implemented on Internet browsers and are always run as part
of a web document.
 J2EE - Java 2 Enterprise Edition is a platform-independent
environment that is a set of different protocols and APIs and
is used by various organizations to transfer data between each
other. JavaBeans - This is a set of reusable software
components that can be easily used to create new and
advanced applications.
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Java Buzzwords/Java Features:
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Java Features:
Python Programming Unit 4 Department of CSE

Java Data Types
 Java programming language has a rich set of data types. The
data type is a category of data stored in variables. In java,
data types are classified into two types and they are as
follows.
 Primitive Data Types
 Non-primitive Data Types
 A data type defines the type or/and behavior of a data, it tells
to the compiler about the type of data which is going to be
stored and the compiler reserves the fixed number of bytes
for that particular variable/constant.
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 Thus, we can say that, a data type defines two things:
 Type of data
 Memory blocks to be reserved for the data
 There are mainly two data types in Java
 Primitive data types
 Non-primitive data types
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Java Primitive Data Types:
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Java Comments:
 Comments are not a part of the compiled program. They
can be used to explain Java code, and to make it more
readable. It can also be used to prevent execution when
testing alternative code.
 Single-line Comments: It starts with two forward slashes (//).
 Any text between // and the end of the line is ignored by
Java (will not be executed).
 2. Java Multi-line Comments: It starts with /* and ends

with */.
 Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by Java.
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Understanding First Java Program:
 Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void,
main, String[], System.out.println().
 class keyword is used to declare a class in java.
 public keyword is an access modifier which represents
visibility, it means it is visible to all.
 static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is
known as static method. The core advantage of static
method is that there is no need to create object to invoke
the static method.
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The main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require
to create object to invoke the main method. So, it saves
memory.
void is the return type of the method; it means it doesn't return
any value. Main represents startup of the program.
String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn
it later.
System.out.println() is used print statement. We will learn
about the internal working of System.out.println statement
later.
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How many ways can we write a java program
 There are many ways to write a java program. The
modifications that can be done in a java program are given
below:
1) By changing sequence of the modifiers, method prototype is
not changed.
Let's see the simple code of main method.
static public void main(String args[])
2) subscript notation in java array can be used after type, before
variable or after variable.
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Let's see the different codes to write the main method.
public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String []args)
public static void main(String args[])
3) You can provide var-args support to main method by passing
3 ellipses (dots)
Let's see the simple code of using var-args in main method.
1.public static void main(String... args)
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4) Having semicolon at the end of class in java is optional.
Let's see the simple code.
class A{
static public void main(String... args){
System.out.println("hello java4");
} Your First Program
}; class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
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Java Types of Variables and its Scope
A variable is a named memory location used to store a data
value. A variable can be defined as a container that holds a data
value.
In java, we use the following syntax to create variables
In java programming language variables are classified as
follows.
Local variables
 Instance variables or Member variables or Global variables
 Static variables or Class variables
 Final variables
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Local variables
 The variables declared inside a method or a block are known
as local variables. A local variable is visible within the method
in which it is declared.
 The local variable is created when execution control enters
into the method or block and destroyed after the method or
block execution completed.
 Instance variables or Member variables or Global variables
 The variables declared inside a class and outside any
method, constructor or block are known as member
variables. These variables are visible to all the methods of
the class. The changes made to these variables by method
affects all the methods in the class.
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 These variables are created separate copy for every object of
that class.
Static variables or Class variables
 A static variable is a variable that declared
using static keyword.
 The instance variables can be static variables but local
variables can not. Static variables are initialized only once, at
the start of the program execution.
 The static variable only has one copy per class irrespective of
how many objects we create.
 The static variable is access by using class name.
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Example to understand the types of variables in java
public class A
{
static int m=100;//static variable
int data=50;//instance variable
{
int n=10;//local variable
}
}//end of class
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 The this is a keyword in Java which is used as a reference to
the object of the current class, with in an instance method or
a constructor. Using this you can refer the members of a class
such as constructors, variables and methods.
Final variables
 A final variable is a variable that declared
using final keyword.
 The final variable is initialized only once, and does not allow
any method to change it's value again.
 The variable created using final keyword acts as constant.
 All variables like local, instance, and static variables can be
final variables.
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Java Constants:
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Examples of constants :
public static final String str = “abc”;
public static final float num = 1231.12f;
public static final char c = ‘A’;
Operators in Java
 Operator in Java is a symbol that is used to perform
operations. For example: +, -, *, / etc.
There are many types of operators in Java which are given
below: •Relational Operator
•Unary Operator •Bitwise Operator
•Arithmetic Operator •Logical Operator
•Shift Operator •Ternary Operator and
•Assignment Operator
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Type Casting /Type conversion
In Java, type casting is a method or process that converts a
data type into another data type in both ways manually and
automatically.
The automatic conversion is done by the compiler and
manual conversion performed by the programmer.
Widening Type Casting
 Converting a lower data type into a higher one is called
widening type casting. It is also known as implicit conversion
or casting down. It is done automatically. It is safe because
there is no chance to lose data. It takes place when:
 Both data types must be compatible with each other.
 The target type must be larger than the source type.
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 byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double
 The conversion between numeric data type to char or
Boolean is not done automatically. Also, the char and
Boolean data types are not compatible with each other
WideningType CastingExample
public class WideningTypeCastingExample
{
{
int x = 7;
//automatically converts the integer type into long type
long y = x;
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//automatically converts the long type into float type
float z = y;
System.out.println("Before conversion, int value "+x);
System.out.println("After conversion, long value "+y);
System.out.println("After conversion, float value "+z);
}
}
OUTPUT
Before conversion, int value 7
After conversion, long value 7
After conversion, float value 7.0
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Narrowing Type Casting
 Converting a higher data type into a lower one is called
narrowing type casting. It is also known as explicit conversion
or casting up. It is done manually by the programmer. If we
do not perform casting then the compiler reports a compile-
time error.
 double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte
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Narrowing Type Casting
public class NarrowingTypeCastingExample
{
{
double d = 166.66;
//converting double data type into long data type
long l = (long)d;
//converting long data type into int data type
int i = (int)l;
System.out.println("Before conversion: "+d);
//fractional part lost
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System.out.println("After conversion into long type: "+l);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println("After conversion into int type: "+i);
}
}
OUTPUT
Before conversion: 166.66
After conversion into long type: 166
After conversion into int type: 166
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Enumerated:
 The Enum in Java is a data type which contains a fixed set of
constants.
 To create an enum, use the enum keyword . and separate the
constants with a comma. Note that they should be in
uppercase letters.
 Enums are often used in switch statements to check for
corresponding values:
Example:
days – {SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY,
and SATURDAY}
directions – {NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, and WEST)
season- {SPRING, SUMMER, WINTER, and AUTUMN or FALL}
colors – {RED, YELLOW, BLUE, GREEN, WHITE, and BLACK}
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public class Main
{
enum Level { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH }

{
Level myVar = Level.MEDIUM;
System.out.println(myVar);
System.out.println(Level.valueOf(“HIGH"));
}
}
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class EnumExample1
{ //defining the enum inside the class
public enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }
//main method
{ //traversing the enum
for (Season s : Season.values())
System.out.println(s);
}
}
To get the enum for a given integer, we simply have to call
the valueOf method
Season s1=s
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Java Control Statements:
 In java, the default execution flow of a program is a
sequential order. But the sequential order of execution flow
may not be suitable for all situations.
 Sometimes, we may want to jump from line to another line,
we may want to skip a part of the program, or sometimes we
may want to execute a part of the program again and again.
 To solve this problem, java provides control statements.
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Selection Control Statements:
 In java, the selection statements are also known as decision
making statements or branching statements.
The selection statements are used to select a part of the
program to be executed based on a condition.
Java provides the following selection statements.
if statement
if-else statement
if-elseif statement
nested if statement
switch statement
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Simple if statement:
 It is the most basic statement among all control flow
statements in Java. It evaluates a Boolean expression and
enables the program to enter a block of code if the
expression evaluates to true.
if (condition) public class IfExample {
{
{
statement 1; int age=20;
} if(age>18)
{
System.out.print("Age is greater than 18");
}
}
}
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if-else statement
 The if-else statement is an extension to the if-statement,
which uses another block of code, i.e., else block. The else
block is executed if the condition of the if-block is evaluated
as false.
if(condition)
{
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
}
else
{
statement 2; //executes when condition is false
}
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public class IfElseExample
{
{
int number=13;
if(number%2==0)
{
System.out.println("even number");
}
else{
System.out.println("odd number");
}
} }
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if-else-if
 The if-else-if statement contains the if-statement followed by
multiple else-if statements. In other words, we can say that it
is the chain of if-else statements that create a decision tree
where the program may enter in the block of code where the
condition is true
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if(condition 1)
{
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
}
else if(condition 2)
{
}
else
{
statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false
}
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public class IfElseIfExample {
int marks=65;
else if(marks>=70 && marks<80){
System.out.println("B grade");
if(marks<50){ }
System.out.println("fail"); else if(marks>=80 && marks<90){
System.out.println("A grade");
} }else if(marks>=90 && marks<100){
else if(marks>=50 && marks<60){ System.out.println("A+ grade");
System.out.println("D grade"); }else{
System.out.println("Invalid!");
} }
else if(marks>=60 && marks<70){ }
System.out.println("C grade"); }
}
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Nested if-statement
 In nested if-statements, the if statement can contain a if or if-
else statement inside another if or else-if statement.
if(condition 1) {
if(condition 2) {
}
else{
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false
}
}
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public class JavaNestedIfExample2 {
int age=25;
int weight=48;
if(age>=18){
if(weight>50){
System.out.println("You are eligible to donate blood");
} else{
System.out.println("You are not eligible to donate
blood");
}
} else{
System.out.println("Age must be greater than 18"); } } }
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Switch Statement
switch (expression){
case value1:
statement1;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
default statement;
}
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Switch Statement
 In Java, Switch statements are similar to if-else-if statements.
The switch statement contains multiple blocks of code called
cases and a single case is executed based on the variable
which is being switched. The switch statement is easier to
use instead of if-else-if statements. It also enhances the
readability of the program. The case variables can be int,
short, byte, char, or enumeration.
 String type is also supported since version 7 of Java
 Cases cannot be duplicate
 Default statement is executed when any of the case doesn't
match the value of expression. It is optional.
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public class SwitchExample {
int number=20;
switch(number)
{
case 10:
System.out.println("10");
break;
case 20: System.out.println("20");
break;
case 30: System.out.println("30");
break;
default:System.out.println("Not in 10, 20 or 30"); } } }
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Iterative Control Statements
In java, the iterative statements are also known as looping
statements or repetitive statements.
 The iterative statements are used to execute a part of the
program repeatedly as long as the given condition is True.
 Using iterative statements reduces the size of the code,
reduces the code complexity, makes it more efficient, and
increases the execution speed.
 Java provides the following iterative statements.
 for statement
 while statement
 do-while statement
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Java for loop
 In Java, for loop is similar to C and C++. It enables us to
initialize the loop variable, check the condition, and
increment/decrement in a single line of code. We use the for
loop only when we exactly know the number of times, we
want to execute the block of code.
for(initialization, condition, increment/decrement)
{
//block of statements
}
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public class Calculattion {
int sum = 0;
for(int j = 1; j<=10; j++) {
sum = sum + j;
}
System.out.println("The sum of first 10 natural numbers is " +
sum);
}
}
Output:
The sum of first 10 natural numbers is 55
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Java Nested for Loop
If we have a for loop inside the another loop, it is known as
nested for loop. The inner loop executes completely whenever
outer loop executes.
public class NestedForExample {
//loop of i
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
//loop of j
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
}}
} }
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Java for-each loop
 Java provides an enhanced for loop to traverse the data
structures like array or collection. In the for-each loop, we
don't need to update the loop variable.
for(data_type var : array_name/collection_name)
{ public class Calculation {
//statements public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] names = {"Java","C","C++","Python","JavaScript"};
} System.out.println("Printing the content of the array names:\n");
for(String name:names) { Output
System.out.println(name); Printing the content of the array names:
} Java
} C
} C++
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JavaScript
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Java while loop
 The while loop is also used to iterate over the number of
statements multiple times. However, if we don't know the
number of iterations in advance, it is recommended to use a
while loop. Unlike for loop, the initialization and
increment/decrement doesn't take place inside the loop
statement in while loop.
 It is also known as the entry-controlled loop since the
condition is checked at the start of the loop. If the condition
is true, then the loop body will be executed; otherwise, the
statements after the loop will be executed.
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while(condition){
//looping statements
}
Example
public class Calculation {
int i = 0;
System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \
n");
while(i<=10) {
System.out.println(i);
i = i + 2;
} } }
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Java do-while loop
 The do-while loop checks the condition at the end of the
loop after executing the loop statements. When the number
of iteration is not known and we have to execute the loop at
least once, we can use do-while loop.
 It is also known as the exit-controlled loop since the
condition is not checked in advance.
do
{
//statements
} while (condition);
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public class Calculation {
int i = 1;
System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 odd numbers \
n");
do {
i = i + 2;
}while(i<=10);
}
}
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Jump Statements
 Jump statements are used to transfer the control of the
program to the specific statements. In other words, jump
statements transfer the execution control to the other part
of the program. There are two types of jump statements in
Java, i.e., break and continue.
Java break statement
 As the name suggests, the break statement is used to break
the current flow of the program and transfer the control to
the next statement outside a loop or switch statement.
 The break statement cannot be used independently in the
Java program, i.e., it can only be written inside the loop or
switch statement.
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public class BreakExample {
for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++) {
if(i==6) {
break;
}
}
}
}
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Java continue statement
public class BreakExample {
for(int i = 0; i<= 10; i++) {
if(i==6) {
continue;
}
}
}
}
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Java User Input
 The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is found in
the java.util package.
 To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use
any of the available methods found in the Scanner class
documentation.
 we will use the nextLine() method, which is used to read
Strings:
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Import java.util.Scanner;
Class main
{
Public static void main(String[] args)
{ OUT PUT
Scanner obj=new Scanner(System.in); Enter User Name
hari
String username;
System.out.println(“Enter User Name”); User Name is: hari
username=obj.nextLine();
System.out.println(“User Name Is:” +username);
}
}
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Input Types
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Java Arrays
 Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements
which has contiguous memory location.
 Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar
data type. Additionally, The elements of an array are stored
in a contiguous memory location. It is a data structure where
we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of
elements in a Java array.
 Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is
stored at the 0th index, 2nd element is stored on 1st index
and so on.
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Advantages
 Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can
retrieve or sort the data efficiently.
 Random access: We can get any data located at an index
position.
Disadvantages
 Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the
array. It doesn't grow its size at runtime. To solve this
problem, collection framework is used in Java which grows
automatically.
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Example
class Testarray{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]=new int[5];//declaration
a[0]=10;//initialization
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
//traversing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}
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Declaration and Initialization of Java Array
 We can declare and initialize the java array together by:
class Testarray1{
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, and initialization
//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}
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Multidimensional Array in Java
 In such case, data is stored in row and column based index
(also known as matrix form).
int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column
arr[0][0]=1;
arr[0][1]=2;
arr[0][2]=3;
arr[1][0]=4;
arr[1][1]=5;
arr[1][2]=6;
arr[2][0]=7;
arr[2][1]=8;
arr[2][2]=9;
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Example
class Testarray3{
//declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
//printing 2D array
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}}
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Passing Array to a Method
class Testarray2{
//creating a method which receives an array as a parameter
static void min(int arr[]){
int min=arr[0];
for(int i=1;i<arr.length;i++)
if(min>arr[i])
min=arr[i];
System.out.println(min);
}
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaring and initializing an array
min(a);//passing array to method
}}
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ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
 The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) throws an
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if length of the array in
negative, equal to the array size or greater than the array size
while traversing the array.
//Java Program to demonstrate the case of
//ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in a Java Array.
public class TestArrayException{
int arr[]={50,60,70,80};
for(int i=0;i<=arr.length;i++){
System.out.println(arr[i]);
} } }
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Java Programming
Thank You
Java Programming
Python Programming Unit 1
4 Department of CSE

Java Programming - UNIT-I

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Python Programming Unit 4 Department of CSE

 2. Java Multi-line Comments: It starts with /* and ends

public static void main(String[] args)

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