Diagrams & Graphs

Diagrams
o Diagrams are the presentation of categorical and geographical
data by different geometrical figures
o geometrical figures like bars, rectangles, circles, cubes, etc.
o Diagram gives an attractive and a bird’s eye view of data. They
help to understand data visually and give long lasting
impression.
Types of Diagrams
1. Bar diagram
 Simple Bar Diagram
 Multiple Bar Diagram
 Sub-divided (Component) Bar Diagram
 Percentage Bar Diagram
2. Pie diagram
Sub-divided and Percentage Bar Diagram
Pie Diagram
Graphs
 To represented the data relating to time series and
frequency distributions
 to study the relationship between variables

Types of Graphs
1. Graphs of Frequency Distribution
Histogram
Frequency Polygon and Curve
Cumulative Frequency Curves (Ogives)
2. Graphs of Time Series
Histogram

 the most popular and commonly used graphs

 constructed for continuous frequency distributions
 may be used for estimating the value of mode.

o In histogram data are presented by a series of adjacent

vertical rectangles in x-axis with bases equal to the
width of the corresponding class-intervals and
o heights proportional to the corresponding frequency of
each class.
o The area of the rectangles are equal to the frequencies of
corresponding classes.
Relative frequency histogram
o A histogram that uses the relative frequency of data points
is called a relative frequency histogram.
o The relative frequency histogram has the same shape as an
absolute frequency histogram made for the same data set.
o When class intervals have unequal width, the height of
rectangles of a histogram is calculated as below.
Histogram
Frequency Polygons
With histogram
First draw the histogram of
the given frequency
distribution.
Locate and mark the
mid-points at the top of
the adjacent rectangles.
Join these middle points by
straight lines, the figure so
obtained is called
the frequency polygon.
Then close the both ends of
the polygon by extending
them to the mid-points
of two imaginary classes
drawn at the both ends
each with zero frequency.
Without histogram
• Find the mid-points of the
classes.
• Plot the mid-points in x-axis with
the corresponding frequencies
in y-axis.
• Then join these points by straight
lines, the figure so obtained is
the frequency polygon.
• The frequency polygon so
obtained should be extended to
the base at both ends by joining
the extreme points to the mid-
points of the two imaginary
classes at both ends each with
zero frequencies.

Similarly, a relative frequency polygon

can be drawn.
Frequency Curve
If the points are plotted with the mid-points of the class intervals of a
continuous frequency distribution on x-axis and the corresponding
frequencies on y-axis, the figure formed by joining these points with a
smooth free hand is known as frequency curve. Frequency polygon can be
drawn using histogram and without using histogram.
 Cumulative Frequency Curves (Ogives)

o Cumulative frequency curves or ogives are the graphical

presentation of the cumulative frequency distribution.
o If the points are plotted with the class boundaries on x-
axis and the corresponding frequencies on y-axis, the
figure formed by joining these points with a smooth
hand is known as a cumulative frequency curve or ogive.

o Since there are two types of cumulative frequency

distribution, ‘Less than’ and ‘More than’, these are
accordingly two types of ogives.
 Less than ogive

• It consists in plotting the

upper boundaries (limits) of
class intervals against the
respective ‘Less than’
cumulative frequencies.
• The points so obtained are
joined by a smooth free
hand curve to give less than
ogive.
• It is an increasing (rising)
curve, sloping upward from
left to right and has the
shape of an elongated S.
 More than ogive

• It consists of plotting the

lower boundaries (limits) of
class intervals against the
respective ‘Less than’
cumulative frequencies.
• The points so obtained are
joined by smooth free hand
curve to give ‘More than’
ogive.
• It is decreasing curve, slopes
downwards from left to right
and has the shape of an
elongated S, upside down.
Less than & More than ogive
 Time series Diagram
Year Nabil Citizen Revenue (Rs. '000) of Nabil and
2001 400 300 Citizen Banks
1000
2002 450 320
900
2003 500 450
800
2004 480 480 700
2005 600 450 600
2006 700 500 500
2007 680 540 400
2008 650 580 300

2009 750 550 200

100
2010 750 600
0
2011 800 640
2005
2003

2004

2010

2011

2012
2006
2001

2009
2002

2008
2007
2012 900 700
Nabil Citizen