CE 751 Urban Transportation

Systems Planning
L-T-P C
3-0-2 8

Instructor: K V Krishna Rao

Mobility & Accessibility
• Mobility refers to the ability to move between different activity sites
• If a facility could move people and goods very fast then that facility provides
very high mobility
• Accessibility refers to the number of activity sites connected by the
facility
• If a facility provides connection to large number of residences, commercial
places and industrial places then it provides very high accessibility
• Mobility and accessibility are inversely related.
Classification of Urban Streets
• Urban Expressways / Freeways
• Arterial streets
• Sub Arterial streets
• Collector streets
• Local streets
Urban Expressway
Expressway:
• is a divided highway facility having two or more lanes in each
direction for the exclusive use of traffic, with full control of
access and egress.
• In the highway hierarchy, Expressway is the only facility that
provides complete uninterrupted flow.
• An Expressway is composed of three subcomponents: Basic
freeway segment, weaving areas, and ramp junctions.
• An expressway with the above character located in an urban
area is an urban expressway.
• Example: Eastern freeway and Bandra Worli Sea Link
Arterials and Sub-arterials
• Arterial A major surface street with
relatively long trips between major points, and with
through-trips entering, leaving, and passing through
the urban area.
• Example: Eastern Express Highway, Western Express
Highway
• Sub-arterial A signalized street that primarily
serves through-traffic and that secondarily provides
access to abutting properties, with signal spacing of
3.0 km or less.
Collectors and Locals
• Collector A surface street providing land access and traffic
circulation within residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The
function of collector street is to collect traffic from local streets and
feed it to the arterial and sub-arterial streets or vice-versa
• Local Streets These streets provide access to the abutting
properties. Unrestricted parking and pedestrian movement is allowed
on these streets
Mobility & Accessibility
Urban Expressways

Arterials

Mobility
Sub arterials

Collectors

Locals

Access
 Urbanization in India (2011)
100 91
90

No. of Cities with population more

80
70
than shown 60
50 46
40
30
20 13
9
10 5 3 2
0
0.5 1 2 4 6 8 10
Population in millions
 Urbanization in India
35
31.16
30 27.86
25.72

% Urban Population
25 23.34
19.91
20 17.97
15
10
5
0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Year

• India is one of the fastest urbanizing country in the world at

the moment
• By 2050, it will be 51.7 % (Source: UN, World Urbanization
Prospects 2011 Revision)
Trend of Household Size in Greater Mumbai

5.2
5.1 5.07
5
4.9 4.87
Household Size

4.8 4.74
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
1981 1991 2001 2011
Year
Impacts From Transport System
 Transportation Problems and Externalities
• Congestion
related delay
related unreliability
Crowding inside public transport vehicles

• Environmental Problems
Global warming
Local air pollution
Noise
Reduction of green space
Damage to environmentally sensitive sites
Visual intrusion
 Transportation Problems and Externalities Contd.

• Accidents
Number, severity and risk

• Social Problems
Community severance
Lack of amenity
Poor accessibility for those without a car and those with mobility impairments
Disproportionate disadvantaging of particular social or geographic groups

• Economic Problems
Suppression of the potential for economic activity in the area
External Effect of Congestion

Time, t

Volume, v
 Car Ownership in Cities Worldwide
800 North
American
700 New Zealnad/
Australia
Cars per 1000 Population

600
Western Europe
500 and Japan
400
Taiwan
300

200 Developing
Asian Countries
Less Singapore
100 Developed
Asian
Countries Hong Kong
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
GDP Per Capita US $ 000s per Annum
Growth of Motorised Personal Vehicles in Greater Mumbai
250
Motorised vehicles per 1000 people
199
200

150 131

100
63
50
28

0
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Year
Car and Public Transport Vicious Circle

Increase in
Income
Increase in
Car ownership
Car becomes
even more
attractive Reduced More
demand for congestion
Reduced bus buses and delay
frequency

Increase in
fares Less mileage
Increase in bus per bus
operating cost
Effects of Improper Urbanisation and Motorisation

Average Income Higher Modal Shift

Increment Car-Ownership to Car

ECONOMY
Excess Car Bottleneck
Lack of Public
Demand for
Transport
Economic Development
Growth Higher Cost
Lack of
of Infrastructure Congestion
Road CO,NOX,PM,,; CO2
Supply
Emission
Higher Energy Rate
Consumption
Sprawl of
Urbanization Built-up Area Longer Trips ENVIRONMENT
Local/Global
Problems
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University
Per Capita Gasoline Use
Breaking Car-Public Transport Vicious Circle
Increase in
Income
Increase in
Car ownership
Car becomes
even more
attractive Reduced More
demand for congestion
Reduced bus buses and delay
frequency

Increase in
fares Less mileage
Increase in bus per bus
operating cost
CO2 Emissions from Passenger Transport

City
 Peak Hour Loadings on Suburban Rail Corridors

Slow Fast Slow+Fast

180000
160663
160000
140000
120000 106545
PHPPD

100000
80000
60000
40000 34584
20500
20000
0
Western Central Harbour - Main Harbour - Trans
Suburban Rail Corridor
 Peak Hour Passenger Loads on Western Corridor

Legend:

60 km
0 km

4725 passengers per 12 car train

394 passengers per car
10 passengers per m2
Super Dense Crush Load
Super Dense Crush Load