THE MIND: IT'S WORKS AS IT FUNCTIONS

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 Outline
01 Overview

02 Sequential Method

03 Nervous System: It's

function

04 Assessment of Workload
Overview

THE TRADITIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL OF HUMAN

PERCEPTION, COGNITION, AND ACTION POSTULATES A
SEQUENTIAL SYSTEM: INPUT IS SENSED AND THEN
PROCESSED, AND OUTPUT FOLLOWS. WHILE THIS
MODEL HAS BEEN CRITICIZED, NO SUITABLE
SUBSTITUTE HAS REPLACED IT YET AND, THEREFORE,
NEARLY ALL CURRENTLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION IS
BASED ON THE SEQUENTIAL MODEL
System
input (goal) System output
Energy Human Energy Machine
(information) (operation,
input
Processor input
process)

FIGURE 4.1: The human as energy or information

procesor.
Nervous System:
It's functions

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS BODY FUNCTIONS. IT

RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM BODY SENSORS VIA IT'S
AFFERENT PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS. THE INFORMATION IS
THEN PROCESSED, DECISIONS ARE MADE, AND CONTROL
SIGNALS ARE GENERATED IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (CNS). FINALLY, THESE SIGNALS ARE TRANSMITTED
TO BODY ORGANS, INCLUDING MUSCLES, IN THE EFFERENT
PERIPHERAL PART OF THE SYSTEM.
Job and environmental conditions can be stress
ful, not only in routine task in "normal"
environments, but especially confined and
dangerous environment, such as during space
exploration.
Assessment of the
Workload

IT IS IMPORTANT FOR SUBSEQUENT DESIGN

RECOMMENDATIONS. ERGONOMICS
RECOMMENDATIONS SHOULD ALSO CONSIDER
THE IMPACTS OF INTRAPERSONAL AND
COGNITIVE DYNAMICS ON INDIVIDUALS AND
TEAMS.
2. THE SYSTEM
REPORTER: ALFONSO,HANNAH KRISTEL P.
 2.1. System Concept of
Engineering Psychology
• Engineering psychology is an applied subfield that focuses on
improving and adapting technology, equipment, and work
environments to enhance human behavior and capabilities.
• In the system concept of engineering psychology, the human is
considered a receptor,processor, and generator of information or
energy.
 2.2. Human Technology
System
The actual performance of this combined human-machine system, or
human-technology system (in the past often called a man-machine
system) is monitored and compared with the desired performance.
2.3. The Human as energy or
information processor
 2.4. The Traditional and
Ecological concepts
In the traditional concept of engineering psychology. our activities
can be described as a linear sequence of stages. from perceiving to
encoding to deciding to responding.
 2.4. The Traditional and
Ecological concepts
"Ecological" psychologists believe that this linear model is
inadequate; they consider human perception and action to be based
on simultaneous rather than sequential interactions.
BANTUGON
, ROSE R.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• is the major controlling, regulatory, and
communicating system in the body
• It is the center of all mental activity including
thought, learning, and memory
• It receives information from the sensory organs
via nerves, transmits the information through the
spinal cord, and processes it in the brain. 
 Anatomical Division of the Nervous
System
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
- consisting primarily of the brain and
spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)
- formed of the nerves that connect
organs, limbs, and other anatomic
structures of the body to the brain and
spinal cord
Functional Division of the Peripheral
Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System
- consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is
involved in conscious activities.

• Autonomic Nervous System

- consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the visceral organs
such as the heart, stomach, and intestines. It mediates
unconscious activities.
BRAIN
AND
SPINAL
CORD
 BRAIN
• is the main control center of our
body
• is the most complex and sensitive
organ in the body
• It is responsible for all functions
of the body, including serving as
the coordinating center for all
sensations, mobility, emotions,
and intellect
Division
of the
Brain
Parts of
the
Brain
 Two Cerebral
Hemispheres

•Right
Hemisphere
•Left
Hemisphere
Lobes
of the
Brain
SPINAL CORD
• the extension of the brain and
many aspects of human
behavior are organized and
integrated within it as well
• Is the relay station of the
sensory information from and
goes to the brain
Division
of the
Spinal
Cord
REFLEXES
- is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in
response to a stimulus.

Divided into three categories:

• Superficial
• Deep
• Special
SENSORS
Have four components:
• Somesthetic Sensors
• Proprioceptors
• Vestibulum
• Visceroceptors
ROMANO, MIA IMEI
E
3.4
SIGNAL
LOOP
3.5
ERGONOMIC USES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

3.6
RESPONDING TO STIMULI
 3.4.
SIGNAL
LOOP
THE HUMAN AS SIGNAL PROCESSOR
ENERGY INPUT SIDE
ENERGY OUTPUT SIDE
 3.5.
ERGONOMIC
USES OF
NERVOUS
SIGNALS
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
(EEG)
ELECTROMYOGRAM
(EMG)
 MAGNETIC
RESONANCE
IMAGINING (MRI)
 3.6.
RESPONDING
STIMULI
 APPROXIMATE MINIMAL
REACTION TIME

 Approximate minimal reaction times to stimuli include:

- electric shock: 130 ms
- touch, sound: 140 ms
- sight, temperature: 180 ms
- smell: 300ms
- taste: 500 ms
- pain: 700 ms
 ESTIMATED TIME DELAYS

 Estimated time delays include:

- at receptor: 1-38 ms
- along the afferent path: 2-100 ms
- muscle latency and contraction: 30-70 ms
 SIMPLE AND CHOICE
REACTION TIMES

SIMPLE REACTION CHOICE REACTION

TIME TIME

• A person knows that a particular stimulus
will occur, is prepared for it, and knows
how to react.
• Its duration depends on modality and
intensity of the stimulus.
• One stimulus out of several possible
stimuli occurs, or if a person has to
choose among several possible reaction.
 MOTION TIME
• Motion time concerns to the time taken in doing a specific task
by executing movements. Small, simple or complex movements
has their different motion time because it depends to the
distance covered and on the precision required.
 RESPONSE TIME
•  According to Cambridge dictionary, response time is the amount of
time that a person or a system takes to react or to deal with specific
order or service.
• Response time occurs when motion time is already given.
 MENTAL WORKLOAD
The assessment of workload, whether psychological or physical, commonly
relies on the “resource construct”, meaning that there is a given (measurable)
quantity of capability and attitude available, of which a certain percentage is
demanded by the job.
In accordance with this concept, one should obviously avoid any condition in
which more is demanded from the operator than can be given.
 MEASURING WORKLOAD
Workload is empirically assessed using four different approaches:
• Objective Measures of Primary-Tasks Performance
• Objective Measures of Secondary-Tasks Performance
• Physiological events
• Subjective Assessments
 MEASURES OF WORKLOAD
• People are different, and individuals differ from each other in their capacities to perform tasks.
Thus, the workload imposed by a given task differs from person to person. Further, the workload
may depend on the temporal state of an individual for instance, to the person’s training, fatigue,
and motivation.
1. Measuring Primary-Task Performance by observing how non critical components of the primary
task are performed.
2. Measuring Secondary-Task Performance to be assessed to measure workload by the following:
• Simple Reaction time
• Choice Reaction time
• Tracking
• Monitoring of the Occurrence of Stimuli
• Short –Term Memory Tasks
• Mathematics, Shadowing, Time estimations where subjects estimate time passed, Time
estimations where subject indicates sequence of regular time intervals by motor activity
 STRESS ON THE INDIVIDUAL
Understanding people’s capabilities and developing job demands and
conditions that are match to those capabilities is the main focus of
ergonomist. Considering the attributes and conditions of work helps us
understand proper stress-strain relationships and reduce the risk of
particular occupational overload conditions.
 JOB STRESS
Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses
that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities,
resources, or needs of the worker. Job stress can lead to poor health and even
injury.
The concept of job stress is often confused with challenge, but these
concepts are not the same. Challenge energizes us psychologically and
physically, and it motivates us to learn new skills and master our jobs.
 MONOTONY
• Is the opposite of variety, either of which can be perceived by an individual as
stressful. It is produced by an environment in which either there is no change or else
changes in a predictable or repetitive fashion over which the individual has little
control. A varied environment often provokes interest and the human emotion of
excitement; in contrast, an unvaried environment produces boredom and perceived
as a monotonous emotion.
 MENTAL FATIGUE
Is the term used to describe a disinclination to continue a task due to
psychological factors. Mental exhaustion is usually the result of long-term stress.
When you’re continually dealing with things that activate your body’s stress
response, your cortisol levels remain high. Eventually, this begins to interfere with
normal body functions, such as digestion, sleep, and your immune system.
MATCHING DEMAND
TO CAPACITY
 According to the U- theory , if the job demands are far
below the person’s abilities , an underload condition exists,
and on- the- job performance is most likely diminished.
Strain experienced by an Individuals
or Groups
 Understanding people's capabilities and developing job
demands and condition that matched to those capabilities is
the main focus of the ergonomist. Consider the attributes
and conditions of work helps us understand proper-stress-
strain relationships and reduce risk of particular
occupational overload conditions. This occupational
overload, together with a person's behavior and mental and
physical attributes, constitute a primary source of variance
in explaining individual and organizational distress.
Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) is a field of
Occupational
psychology aimed atHealth
promotingPsychology
the safety, health, and well-
being of individuals at work. This includes identifying risk
factors for sickness, injury, or stress in the workplace, and
drawing up interventions at an individual and
organizational level.
 Stress management is popular term that has been used
by psychologist in a variety of ways. The term
"management" implies that stress in felt to be
unavoidable component of living with which
individuals can learn to cope.
 Stressor and hassle

Example: Daily hassles, a source of stress that include

irritating, frustrating and distressing demands that
people face on a day-to-day basis.
ENHANCING PERFORMANCE
 Training should be constructed to help attain performance ideals. Techniques for
enhancing human performance have received a great deal of attention in both in the
scientific and popular press.
Practice (or training) session should:
 be distraction-free
 focus on the aspects of the skill that improvement
 consist of repetition and increasing speed
 Incorporate immediate feedback
 IMPROVING TEAMWORK
 Enhancing team performance is of interest at work, in
sport, or in a military; situation in which one does not
perform alone, but rather together with other people
who do similar, parallel, or complementary task. When
it is desired to improve teamwork and produce better
group outcomes, one should be aware to several
aspects of group performance and group behavior in
establishing protocols.
1. Participants and Loafer
2. Brainstorming
3. Group decision
4. Diffusion to responsibility
Detecting Deception
 Deception detection refers to the investigative practices
used to determine a person’s truthfulness and
credibility. This is largely determined through the
consideration of certain behavioral and physiological
cues as well as larger contextual and situational
information.
 White and other Lies

-In giving the impression that one is more

knowledgeable than one actually is , in bending the truth
in a "white lies" or in intentionally proposing something
known to be false.
 POLYGRAPH (Lie detector)

Polygraph is based on the

concept that lying provokes
specific psychological responses
and the associated emotions of
the liar can be qualitatively
detected and qualitatively
interpreted.
APPLICATION TO THE
AREAS OF ERGINOMIC
THEORIES
3. Design of Working Environment
While designing a proper working environment for work force/workers at work, the various factors
related with ergonomics such as human endurance of illumination, pollution, noise heating and ventilation
should be taken into consideration. This aspect should be taken into consideration at each stage right
design up to real utilization or actual service.