.

lS heat?

middle Ț$țth century, it

thought of heat a
invisible, weightless n
$$ÌÍËŠ$$e$*țlțțÍțliYstance burned, it hot because
produces large quantities of caloric fluid
which
transferred to other substance close by.
The burned wood, having lost caloric fluid, said
to have cooled off.
 "= = —= -
. .
The theory of Calori c Flui d — —
—

Rumford concluded that

friction alone.
It was only about 40 years later that an
English
physicist, James Prescott Joule proved that a
measurable amount of mechanical energy could
always be transformed into definite amounts of heat.

He concluded that heat

must be just another
form of energy.
Sources of
Heat Natural Sources
1. The Sun

When the sun's energy reaches the earth, 309c of

its is immediately reflected back out into space.

Only 709c remains

interact to the
withit up.
earth, and warm
Of the 709o, 209c
energy to heat both
surface of the the
well as the ocean.earth, &S
It is the sun's heat
energy that makes
plants and animals to
provide themselves
Ozone Layer
with energy.
These plants
provide food for
animals.
Human eat plants
and animal to .
provide s
themselves
with energy.
”*
Much of the heat on earth may be traced back to
the
sun.
2. The interior of the
Earth

A great amount of heat ,j

also comes from buried hot
rocks and lava flow from
craters and crevices of
erupting volcanoes.

The hot spring in Tiwi, Albay, Los Banos, Laguna and

in Tayabas Quezon are proofs that the earth's interior is
much hotter than its surface.
 Artificial Sources
1. Chemical Action

When fuels like coal, kerosene, wood, and gasoline

are
burned, they are used as artificial sources of heat.
The oxygen we breathe in
burns the food we
eat, producing enough body
heat to our body
keep close to 37 C.
temperature
2. Mechanical Action

Heat energy produced by a friction.

3. Electrical Energy
Electricity a very COIRIROR source of heat
home.
Oven toaster and electric iron are heated by the
resistance of the heating coils the electricity
passing through them.
4. Nuclear Energy

from
nuclear
reactions can be used

turbine to generate
electricity.
 How much have you
1. Heat is one of the topics in Thermodynamics.
learned?
What is thermodynamics?
2. Use kinetic molecular theory as a basis to
explain
how heat is produced.
3. Solar energy is used by plants to manufacture
their own food. €’«ive two other examples how
4. Makeenergy
solar a shortisdescription
used. of the following kinds
of thermometer:
A. liquid-in-glass thermometer
B. Platinum-resistance thermometer
C. Thermocouple
D. Optical
E. thermograph
Q
9
D
c
#
0
3
,
Colored alcohol is another liquid commonly used in
thermometer.
Celsius Scale
Commonly known as Centigrade Scale

This scale WAS devised

1741 ni a
Swedish
by
astronomer, Anders
Celsius, based on
the
properties of water.
On the Celsius scale, the freezing point
water is fixed at 0 degree Celsius (00
of
C)
The boiling point of pure water under
normal atmospheric pressure, 760 mm
Hg (at sea level), is 100 degrees Celsius

The normal temperature of the human

body is 37* C
Fahrenheit
Scale
The Fahrenheit scale was
devised by Daniel C’«abriel
Fahrenheit, A €’«erman
physicist.

Unites States
of America and England use
Fahrenheit scalethefor weather observation and other
purposes.
On Fahrenheit scale, 32 F
the freezing point of water and
212 F is the boiling point.
Kelvin Scale or Absolute
Zero

devised it.
This temperature scale is often used
when are involved.
gases

Its zero point (0 K) corresponds to -2730 C

and is referred to as Absolute Zero or the
temperature at which the molecular
energy of matter is minimal.

On the Kelvin scale, the freezing point of

the boiling point of
water is 373 K.
 Temperature Scales
F Celsius
ałzrænłzełt

O l n t o 273.IS K
Water

-«so°r 0 K
 čon›’ersiohFornxt
ø
Celsivsi FeAiRil |°9=(°C]› %,
+3ž
£èÍlfei£ëil Í0 Ğ ìlšÍiS

ÛÌìlSÍhš 10 Ñ él¥Ñ

Esl›inioCelsiss
 tO (9/5) 32
(•C)
38.
7 32
32
69.6 3
6 2
 O

32
)

.7)
 27
3
38.
7 273
273
38.7
 Ğe
37 tO
0
6o
F0
F C
7O

3
2 3SO O
F tO 3
C O0CIO
100
O
3 20 0
95 0

IO 5 3
130o tO
6 39OC O
.4 10 0
F
tO -1600 tO OC 2
0
80.0 tO 0

9 27C OCtO 30
O

120OCI 0 0 OF
O
 How Heat is Measured?
Thermometer only gives us an idea of the total
potential energy and kinetic energy of the molecules
in an object.
It does not tell us how much heat a particular object
absorbs or gives off.
In fact there is no instrument that directly measures
the amount of heat energy that a body gives off or
absorbs
If you want to calculate the amount of heat given off
by a piece of charcoal or a certain kind of gas, then
you have to determine the change in temperature it
produces on a definite volume of water.
 Units of
Common
Heat
units used for measuring heat energy:
a. Calorie (cal)
b. kilocalorie (kcal)
c. joule (J)

The SI unit for heat, as for any other form of energy

is
the Joule (1 N.m = 1 joule)

Today, the calorie is defined in terms of the joule: that

is 1 cal = 4.184 J.

This is the mechanical equivalent of heat

1 Kcal = 1000 calories
 Effects of Heat

temperature rises.

2. Solid usually melt or change to the

liquid
state when heated.
3. Liquid may absorb enough energy when
heated to change to vapor state.
 Expande
mercur
d
y
Hot
wÆer
can cause chemical changes.
6. Heat causes many changes in bodily
functions of living organisms
Enzymes are protein-like substances formed in human
cells that act as catalysts in initiating or speeding up
specific chemical reactions.
Each has a characteristics shape that allows it to hold
two or more molecules close enough together so they
can react chemically.
If the temperature is increased, then the speed
moving molecules is also of
increased.
Bombardment by high speed molecules in the cell
can cause the enzymes to lose its shape.
It can no longer perform its vital function.
Enzyme
țs
Activa

and sut>strate
are available

substrate

Substrate binds
t<> enzyme
Two glasses stack together.

If we twist them apart, one or both

of them may break.
What is the safest way to separate
the two glasses that stick together?
One way is to pour some cold water
into the inner glass and dip the
outer glass in hot water.
Within a short while, the two glasses can easily be
pulled apart.
Why? C«enerally most substances expands
when
heated and contract when cooled.
In liquids the effect of heat is an increase in their
volume while the effect of cooling is a decrease in their
volume.

0”
rate than solids and
liquids?
Whenever the temperature of a substance
changes, there is an accompanying change in its
molecular structure.
If the change in molecular structure is such that it
becomes noticeable, then we say that the substance
is undergoing a Change ‹if Phase.
eltlnp
 Heat Transfer
Heat may be transferred
three ways
a. Conduction

Convection
Radiation
 a.
Conduction
Transmission of heat from particle to particle

Conduction of heat in an object will take place only

when one part of the object has a higher
temperature than another part.

The part with a higher

temperature will transfer its
heat energy to that part
with a lower temperature.
 Atom

H
eat
Solid are the best conductors of
heat.
solids metal
, heat
Æ
differ z n
conductivity. their
Silver IS very good conductor of
heat
than iron lead.
c. Radiation
Transfer of heat through electromagnetic
waves.

Radiation
The absolute zero temperature
IS
a. -273 0
-32
0^
273
 space walls
double-walled
between of bottl
I‘S evacuated
a. increase volume
reduce convection
reduce heat transfer
by conduction
and
 Dry ice a temperature
10. 0 ofWhat would
2
temperature on Celsius
scale?

-142.2
-79
 Room temperature IS
often
What
identified
temperature IS this on
as
scale?
20
 The transfer of energy from a
an object • by
contact between them
IS
conduction

convection
insulation
radiation
 As more heat added a
I‘S boiling a
sample of
stove, its temperature ø
z n
water decreases
increases
increases then
remains the same
When
a. it will expand only if heated.
b. its volume will remain constant.
c. it will expand whether it is cooled
OF
d. it will contract until it freezes into
ice, then expand.
 When
happen?
a. will only at night.
b. takes place at very great pressures.
c. occurs at the boiling point temperature
d. takes at a definite temperature
may occu r at a definite temperature
OF at any temperature.
statements is true about boiling?
a. is lower than evaporation.
b. takes place at a definite
temperature.
c. is the same for all liquids at the
same temperature.
d. takes place when bubbles begin
to
appear in the liquid.
 The rate may
of
increase by
a. raising the temperature of the
liquid.
b. increasing the surface area of
the
liquid.
c. decreasing the air pressure on the
of liquid.
d. any of the above.
11. What is condensation? It
IS an exothermic process.
IS opposite process of
melting.
IS increase
kinetic energyni
G
particle
of liquid.
refers change from solid
gaseou form
s of
Two cars of the same model, the same brand, and the
same size, are both locked and parked under the sun
in an open parking lot. The two cars are parked
from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. One of the cars is ivory
white in color and the other is dark blue.

12. Under the same condition, at 12:00 noon,

a. the dark-colored will be hotter
inside.
b. the ivory-colored car will be hotter
inside.
c. since both are locked, the sun will not affect
either car.
d. since both are under the same sun, they will
both be equally hot.
 Match Column A with
Column B
Column
Column
13. WilliamA a. Centigrade
A tempt.
14.Anders
Thompson Celsius Scale
15.D. Gabriel b. Absolute Tempt. Scale
16.B .T. Rumford
Fahrenheit
17.J. Prescot c.
d. Heat
Fahrenheit
is produced
Tempt.by
Joule friction
Scale
e. Concluded that heat
is a
form of energy.
 Enumerate different
artificial of heat.
22- Enumerate different
24 of heat transfer.
True OP False
Land
of
conviction
swe
IS
 .
double-walled thermos bottle
evacuated to IS
a. increase volume
b. reduce convection

conduction
d. both b and c
on the Celsius scale?
 What

scale?
a. 20 K
b. 100 K

d. 341
K
source
contact between them is

b. convection
c. insulation
d. radiation
a.
b. increases
decreases
c. increases then
decreases
a. it will expand only if heated.
b. its volume will remain constant.
c. it will expand whether it is cooled
or heated.
d. it will eontraet unúl it äeezes
into
a. will occur only at night.
b. takes place at very great pressures.
c. occum at the boiling point temperatuœ
d. takes only at a definite temperature
may occur at a definite temperature
or at any temperature.