Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
GROWTH
AND
DEVELOPMENT
By NK
Bsc (Hons) Nursing
Objectives
In the end of the presentation, students will be able to :-
Enlist the different types of theories of growth and development.
Describe the Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory and its stages.
• Enumerate the nursing interventions which can help the child to achieve the psychosocial
development successfully.
Discuss the Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory and its important concepts.
• Describe all the stages of Cognitive development theory.
Discuss the Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory.
• Describe the different levels and stages of Moral development theory.
Discuss the Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual development theory and its various components.
• Describe all the stages of Psychosexual development theory.
o r i e s
ThePsychosocial • By Erik Erikson
development
Toddler
• Allow self-feeding opportunities
• Encourage child to remove and put on own clothes
• Allow for choice
Cont..
Preschooler
• Offer medical equipment for play
• Accept the child’s choices and expressions of feelings
School age
• Encourage the child to continue schoolwork while hospitalised
• Encourage the child to bring favorite pastimes to the hospital
Adolescence
• Take the health history and perform examinations without parents present
• Introduce the adolescent to other teens with the same health condition
Cont..
Early adulthood
• Include support from client’s partner or significant other
• Assist with rehabilitation and contacting support services as needed before returning to
work
Middle adulthood
• Assist in choosing creative ways to foster social development
• Encourage volunteer activities
Late adulthood
• Listen attentively to reminiscent stories about his or her life’s accomplishments
• Assist with making changes to living arrangements
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget
THEORY
• It defines cognitive acts as ways in which the mind organize and adapts to its
environment (i.e., mental mapping).
Important concepts :-
SCHEMA – refers to an individual’s cognitive structure or framework of
thought.
SCHEMATA – Categories that an individual forms in his or her mind to
organise and understand the world.
o A young child has only a few schemata which gradually increased. Adults use
a wide variety of schemata.
Cont..
ASSIMILATION – Ability to incorporate new ideas, objects and experiences
into the framework of one’s thoughts.
o Growing child will perceive and give meaning to new information according
to what is already known and understood.
ACCOMMODATION – Ability to change a schema to introduce new ideas,
objects or experiences. Changes the mental structure so that new experiences
can be added.
EQUILIBRATION – A mechanism to achieve a balance between applying
previous knowledge (assimilation) and changing behaviour to account for new
knowledge (accommodation).
Stage 1 – SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
• AGE – birth to 2 yr
• Development proceeds from reflex activity to imagining and solving problems
through the senses and movement.
• Infant or toddler learns about reality and how it works.
• Infant or toddler does not recognize that objects continue to be in existence,
even if out of the visual field.
Stage 2 – PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
• AGE – 2 to 7 yr
• Child learns to think in terms of past, present and future.
• Child moves from knowing the world through sensation and movement to pre-
logical thinking and finding solutions to problems.
• Child is egocentric
• Child is unable to conceptualize and requires concrete examples.
Stage 3 – CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
• AGE – 7-11 YR
• Child is able to classify, order and sort facts.
• Child moves from pre-logical thought to solving concrete problems through
logic.
• Child begins to develop abstract thinking.
Stage 4 – FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
• AGE – 11 yr to adulthood
• Person is able to think abstractly and logically.
• Logical thinking is expanded to include solving abstract and concrete
problems.
MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
Lawrence Kohlberg
THEORY
• Moral development is a complicated process involving the acceptance of the
values and rules of society in a way that shapes behaviour.
• Classified in a series of levels and behaviors.
• Is sequential but people do not automatically go from 1 stage or level to the
next as they mature.
• Stages or levels of moral development cannot be skipped.
LEVEL 1 – PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 3 • Age :- 7 to 10 yr
Stage 4 • Age :– 10 to 12 yr
STAGE 3 – GOOD BOY OR NICE GIRL ORIENTATION
• Conformity occurs to avoid disapproval or dislike by others.
• Involves living up to what is expected by individuals close to the child or what individuals
generally expect of others in their roles such as daughter, son, brother, sister & friend.
• Being good is important and is interpreted as having good motives and showing concern
about others. Being good also means maintain mutual relationships, such as trust, loyalty,
respect and gratitude.
Age Stage 5
;-Adulthood
Stage 6
STAGE 5 – SOCIAL CONTRACT AND LEGALISTIC ORIENTATION
• Person is aware that others hold a variety of values and opinions and that most values and
rules are relative to the group.
• The adolescent gives and takes and does not expect to get something without paying for it.
• Includes all experiences that are within an individual’s awareness and that the individual is
able to control and includes all information that is remembered easily and is immediately
available to an individual.
Agencies of the mind
THE ID
• Source of all drives, present at birth, operates according to the Pleasure Principle.
• Does not tolerate uncomfortable states and seeks to discharge the tension and
return to a more comfortable constant level of energy.
• Acts immediately in an impulsive, irrational way and pays no attention to the
consequences of its actions, therefore, often behaves in ways harmful to self and
others
• Primary process is a psychological activity in which the id attempts to reduce
tension – not capable, therefore, a secondary psychological process must develop
if the individual is to survive. When this occurs, the structure of second system of
the personality, the ego, begins to take form.
Cont..
THE EGO
• Functions include reality testing and problem solving follows the Reality Principle
• Begins its development during the fourth or fifth month of life
• Emerges out of the id and acts as an intermediary between id and external world.
• Emerges because the needs, wishes & demands of id require appropriate exchanges
with the outside world of reality.
• The ego distinguishes between things in the mind and things in the external world.
Cont..
THE SUPEREGO
• Necessary part of socialization that develops during the phallic stage at 3 to 6 yr of
age
• Develops from interactions with the child’s parents during the extended period of
childhood dependency
• Includes internalization of the values, ideals, & moral standards of parents and
society
• Consists of the conscience and the ego ideal.
• Conscience refers to capacity for self evaluation and criticism, when moral codes are
violated, the conscience punishes the individual by instilling guilt.
Anxiety and defense mechanisms
• Ego develops defences or defense mechanisms to fight off anxiety
• Defense mechanisms operate on an unconscious level, except for suppression,
so the individual is not aware of their operation.
• Defense mechanisms deny, falsify or distort reality to make it less threatening.
• An individual cannot survive without defense mechanisms, however, if the
individual becomes too extreme in distorting reality, interference with healthy
adjustment and personal growth may occur.
Psychosexual stages of development
• Human development proceeds through a series of stages from infancy to
adulthood
• Each stage is characterized by the inborn tendency of all individuals to reduce
tension and seek pleasure.
• Each stage is associated with a particular conflict that must be resolved before
the child can move successfully to the next stage.
• Experiences during the early stages determine an individual’s adjustment
patterns and the personality traits that the individual has as an adult.
Stage 1 – ORAL STAGE
• AGE – Birth to 1yr
• During this stage, the infant is concerned with self-gratification.
• The infant is all id, operating on the Pleasure Principle and striving for
immediate gratification of needs.
• When the infant experiences gratification of basic needs, a sense of trust and
security begins.
• The ego begins to emerge as the infant begins to see self as separate from the
mother; this marks the beginning of the development of a sense of self.
Stage 2 – ANAL STAGE
• AGE - 1 to 3 yr
• Toilet training occurs during this period, and the child gains pleasure from the
elimination of the feces and from their retention.
• The conflict of this stage is between those demands from society and the
parents and the sensations of pleasure associated with the anus,
• The child begins to gain a sense of control over instinctive drives and learns to
delay immediate gratification to gain a future goal.
Stage 3 – PHALLIC STAGE
• AGE – 3 TO 6 Yr
• The child experiences pleasurable and conflicting feelings associated with the genital
organs.
• The pleasures of masturbation and the fantasy life of children set the stage for the
Oedipus complex.
• The child’s unconscious sexual attraction to and wish to possess the parent of the
opposite sex, the hostility and desire to remove the parent of the same sex, and the
subsequent guilt about these wishes is the conflict the child faces.
• The conflict is resolves when the child identifies with the parent of the same sex.
• The emergence of the superego is the solution to and the result of these intense impulses.
Stage 4 – LATENCY STAGE
• AGE – 6 to 12 yr
• Tapering off of conscious biological and sexual urges.
• The sexual impulses are channelled and elevated into a more culturally
accepted level of activity
• Growth of ego functions and the ability to care about and relate to others
outside the home is the task of this stage of development.
Stage 5 – GENITAL STAGE
• AGE – 12 yr and beyond
• It emerges at adolescence with the onset of puberty, when the genital organs
mature.
• The individual gains gratification from his or her own body.
• During this stage, the individual develops satisfying sexual and emotional
relationships with members of the opposite sex.
• The individual plans life goals and gains a strong sense of personal identity.
Thank you
for attention!