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Neuromuscular Function:
I. The Motor Unit:
II. The Structure of Muscle Tissue:
III. The Role of Neurotransmitters in stimulating
skeletal muscle contraction:
A. Acetylcholine (Ach):
increases the post-
synaptic membrane’s
permeability to
sodium and
potassium ions
spreading the impulse
over the entire muscle
fiber.
B. Cholinesterase: enzyme that breaks down Ach
repolarizing the muscle fiber to await another
nerve impulse.
IV. Skeletal Muscle Contraction:
A. The sliding filament theory:
Steps of a muscle
contraction:
*Ca++ are released by
the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
*Ca++ binds to troponin
preventing the
blocking action of
tropomyosin.
Sliding filament cont.
4. Dorsiflexion:
movement of the
ankle elevating the
sole. (digging in the
heel)
5. Plantar flexion:
extending the ankle
and elevating the
heel. (standing on
tiptoes)
6. Elevation: occurs when a structure moves in a
superior (towards head) manner. Ex. Closing your
mouth/elevating the shoulders.
7. Depression:
movement is inferior
(towards feet). Ex.
opening your
mouth/lowering the
shoulders
8. Extension: movement that increases the angle
between articulating elements opening the joint.
9. Flexion: decreases
the angle between
articulating elements
and closes the joint.
10. Pronation: rotating the palm down.
1. Isotonic: describes
concentric and
eccentric muscle
actions.
a. Concentric: muscle
is shortened during
contraction.
b. Eccentric: muscle is
contracting while
lengthening.
2. Isometric: muscle generates force without
changing length. Ex. Hand grip and plank position.
*obtained by dividing
the distance traveled
by the time taken.
*speed is described in
terms of magnitude
(amount) which
makes it a scalar
quantity.
c. Distance vs. Displacement
*obtained by dividing
the displacement by
the time taken.
e. Acceleration: is defined as the rate at which
velocity changes over time and the ability to
change ones speed from either a static position or
a moving state.
*a change in body
position can change
the position of the
center of mass within
or outside the body.
The Fosbury Flop!
*notice how the center
of gravity is located
outside the jumper’s
body.
Examples of the center of gravity outside the
body.
Levers: rigid structures hinged at one point
(fulcrum) to which forces are applied to two other
points (effort and load)