LIPID

METABOLISM
GROUP 5
 ROLES OF LIPIDS
• Largest energy storage
• Insulation
• Carrier
• Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Structural Components
• Membranes
• Hormones
 TYPES OF LIPIDS
1. Simple Lipids – Mostly Triglycerides.
a. Principle Storage form
b. >95% of body fat
i. Mostly in ADIPOSE CELLS
ii. Some in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle

2. Triglyceride – One Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids.

a. All have linear C Chain
b. 14-22 C long
c. Saturated or unsaturated
 LIPID METABOLISM
- Lipid metabolism is referred to the synthesis and degradation of lipids
within the cells, either break down or storage of fats for energy.

- These fats are obtained from consuming food and absorbing them or
they are synthesized by an animal's liver.

- However, complete combustion of fatty acids requires glucose to

convert it in to carbon dioxide, water and ATP, otherwise ketones are
produced.
Digestion and Absorption of the Lipids
 Digestion of Triglycerides
Two step process:
A. Emulsification – Breaking down of large fat globule into smaller ones.
Occurs in:
o Mouth (Chewing)
o Stomach (Peristaltic Contractions)
o Intestine (peristaltic movement, bile salts, lysophospholipids
B. Lipase Enzyme

Types:

a. Lingual Lipase – Secreted by the dorsal surface of the tongue (Von-Ebner’s gland).
b. Gastric Lipase – Triacyglycerols Short and medium free fatty acids & 1,2 –
Diacylglycerols.

c. Pancreatic Lipase –

d. Intestinal Lipase - Act within intestinal mucosal cells, it hydrolyze the absorbed primary (α)
monoglycerides forming glycerol and FFA.
 Digestion of Phospholipids
Phospholipids Phospholipase Lysophospholipids.

• Intestinal phospholipase may complete the hydrolysis of lysophospholipids.

• Phospholipase A2 activated by trypsin & requires bile salts for activity.

Digestion of Cholesterol esters:

Cholesterol Esters Cholesterol Esterase FA & Free Cholesterol.
 Absorption of Lipids
The end products of lipid digestion are: monoglycerides, FA, glycerol, cholesterol &
lysophospholipids.

1 – Glycerol and short chain FA:

Water soluble carried through portal circulation.

2- Long chain FA, monoglycerides, cholesterol & lysophospholipids: Need bile salts to
be absorbed.

Note # Immediately after absorption of lipids there is turbidity in plasma observed due to
circulating chylomicrons (appear in plasma up to 2 hours after meals). •Chylomicrons are ultra
low-density lipoproteins (ULDL), that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%),
cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%). • This turbidity is soon cleared by lipoprotein lipase
enzyme (clearing factor). Lipoprotein lipase breaks Chylomicrons into Glycerol and FA.
Mechanism of Lipid Transport and Absorptions
 Fatty Acid Synthesis
Fatty acids Synthesis start in cytoplasm with help of acetyl-CoA and NADPH produced from
mitochondria and Pentose phosphate Pathway (PPP) respectively using enzyme fatty acid
synthases.

First acetyl-CoA transported from mitochondria through citrate—malatepyruvate –Shuttle

in form of citrate, which further breaks into Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate.

Only small chain fatty acids get synthesized in to cytoplasm, so the synthesis of long chain
fatty acids like Triacylglycerol required specialized organ like Liver.

•The liver is the major site for converting excess carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids
and triglyceride. The liver synthesizes large quantities of cholesterol and phospholipids.
After synthesis, VLDL lipoproteins are then exported through blood circulation and stored in
adipose tissue.
A small fraction is also converted to small ketone molecules that are exported via the
circulation to peripheral tissues, where they are metabolized to yield energy .

Transport of ACETYL-COA to Cytoplasm

Note: The conversion of carbohydrates of fatty acid is called LIPOGENESIS. As Lipogenesis
defines as a metabolic process through which ACETYL-COA is concerted into Triglyceride for
storage in fat.

IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS:

1. ENERGY SOURCE, AS LIPID PROVIDES 9.1 KCAL OF ENERGY PER GRAM.
2. TRIGLYCERIDES PROVIDE ENERGY STORAGES IN ADIPOCYTES.
3. PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES, SPHINGOLIPIDS AND STEROIDS ARE STRUCTURAL
COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE.
4. STEROIDS, HORMONES ARE INTRACELLULAR MESSANGERS.
5. LIPIDS – SOLUBLE VITAMINS (A, E, D AND K).
6. ACT AS REGULATORY SUBSTANCES.
7. AS RECEPTORS IN NERVE ENDING MEMBRANES
8. ENZYME CO-FACTORS.
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