MENSTRUATION

AND
DYSMENORRHEA
OLIYAH NICOLAI M. VILLABER
 Welcome!
I. MENSTRUATION
 WHAT IS MENSTRUATION?

The process in a woman ofdischarging

blood and othermaterial from the lining of
theuterus at intervals of about onelunar
month (28 days) from puberty until the
menopause,except during pregnancy.
¡Menstruation is not the same as the menstrual cycle.
¡The Menstrual cycle describes the cyclic changes in a
woman’s body going through menstruation, the follicular
phase, ovulation, the luteal phase and back to
menstruation again to begin the cycle.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
¡
Menstruation is therefore one of the 4 phases of the..
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 Significance
1. Cycle of natural changes that
occurs in the uterus and
ovary as an essential part of
making sexual reproduction
possible. And also:
2. Essential for the production
of the eggs. 3. Preparation of the uterus for
pregnancy.

4. Fertile period of a woman’s life

between menarche and
menopause stage.
 Normal Features of
Menstruation

A. Duration of menstrual B. Quality of the

flow menstruum
C. Amount of blood D. The flow of pattern
loss and associated
symptoms.
 Duration
(Last 3-7 days)
A. The exact duration varies from woman to woman.
B. It however shows little or no variation for the same
woman from cycle to cycle.
C. Most women do not experience cycle to cycle
changes more than 1 or 2 days.
D. It is unusual for the same woman to have wide
swings such as 3 days duration in one cycle and7 days
in another.
 QUALITY OF THE MENSTRUUM

A. Menstrual blood is normally bright or light red in color like the

bleeding that occurs after a knife cut or similar injury.
B. It could look brown in some few women andstill be normal
menstruation.
C. It must not have a foul odor.
D. Small clots may be a normal part of menstrual blood.
 AMOUNT OF BLOOD LOSS

The average blood loss during normal

menstruation is about 35 ml, with a range of 10
to 80 ml.
§
Usually understood from the number of pads
soaked.
 THE FLOW PATTERN

Normally, as menses begin to flow, the amount of

blood loss seems to diminishing as the end of the flow
draws near. The pattern is described as crescendo-
decrescendo pattern.
 ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS
Normal menstruation may be accompanied by other
symptoms such as:

1. Breasts fullness, 6. Weight gain

2. Mild lower abdominal pain or Irritability. 7. Breast tenderness
3. Fluid retention 8. Diarrhea
4. Cramping 9. Constipation
5. Mood swings
 Welcome!
II. DYSMENORRHEA
 WHAT IS MENSTRUAL CRAMPS?

Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain

with your period (menstruation) or
menstrual cramps. There are two types of
dysmenorrhea: primary and secondary.
Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual
periods which are caused by uterine contractions. Primary
dysmenorrhea refers to recurrent pain, while secondary
dysmenorrhea results from reproductive system disorders.
Both can be treated.
 PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA

---------is the name for common menstrual cramps that come back over
and over again (recurrent) and aren’t due to other diseases. Pain usually
begins one or two days before you get your period or when bleeding actual
starts. You may feel pain ranging from mild to severe in the lower
abdomen, back or thighs.
Pain can typically last 12 to 72 hours, and you might have other symptoms,
such as nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and even diarrhea. Common
menstrual cramps may become less painful as you get older and may stop
entirely if you have a baby.
 WHAT CAUSES MENSTRUAL CRAMPS?

Menstrual cramps happen when a chemical called prostaglandin

makes the uterus contract (tighten up). The uterus, the muscular organ
where a baby grows, contracts throughout your menstrual cycle. During
menstruation, the uterus contracts more strongly. If the uterus contracts
too strongly, it can press against nearby blood vessels, cutting off the
supply of oxygen to muscle tissue. You feel pain when part of the muscle
briefly loses its supply of oxygen.
 WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF
MENSTRUAL CRAMPS?
If you have painful periods, you may have:
● Aching pain in the abdomen (pain may be severe at
times).
● Feeling of pressure in the abdomen.
● Pain in the hips, lower back and inner thighs.
 REFERENCES

● Office on Women’s Health. Menstrual Cycle.

Accessed 12/12/2020.
● American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists. Dysmenorrhea: Painful Periods.
Accessed 12/12/2020.
 Thanks!

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