EMPHYSEMA

Tawasil, Sarwaida A.
 EMPHYSEMA
Emphysema or also known as “Pink
puffers” is a lung condition that causes
shortness of breath. In people with
emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs
(alveoli) are damaged.
Emphysema is pathologically defined as an
abnormal permanent enlargement of air
spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles,
accompanied by the destruction of alveolar
walls and without obvious fibrosis. [1] This
process leads to reduced gas exchange,
changes in airway dynamics that impair
expiratory airflow, and progressive air
trapping. 
—PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Frequent A cough that Shortness of

coughing of produces a lot breath
wheezing mucus

Chest tightness
 RISK FACTOR
Smoking. This the main risk factor. Up to 75% of people who have
emphysema smoke or used to smoke.

Long-term exposure to other lung irritants, such as secondhand smoke,

air pollution, and chemical fumes and dusts from the environment or
workplace.

Age. Most people who have emphysema are at least 40 years old when
their symptoms begin.

Genetics. This includes alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which is a genetic

condition. Also, smokers who get emphysema are more likely to get it if
they have a family history of COPD.
 TREATMENTS
MEDICATIONS OXYGEN
- BROCHODILATORS
-STEROIDS
THERAPHY
-ANTIBIOTICS

DIAGNOSIS
-Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Test
LIFESTYLE -Lung Function Tests
-Spirometry
CHANGES

PULMONARY REHABILITATION SURGERY

 Nursing
Management
● Smoking cessation
● Physical therapy to conserve and increase pulmonary ventilation
● Maintenance of proper environmental conditions to facilitate breathing
● Psychological support
● Ongoing program of patient education and rehabilitation
● Bronchodilators and metered-dose inhalers (aerosol therapy, dispensing
particles in fine mist).
● Treatment of infection (antimicrobial therapy at the first sign of respiratory
infection)
● Oxygenation in low concentrations for severe hypoxemia.
 NURSING INTERVENTION
• Maintaining a patent airway is a priority.
• Encourage the patient to use controlled coughing
• Instruct the patient to sit at the bedside or in a
comfortable chair, hug a pillow, bend the head
downward a little, take several deep breaths, and
cough strongly.
• Place patients who are experiencing dyspnea in a
high Fowler position
• Conserve the patient’s energy in every possible way.
• Refer the patient to a pulmonary rehabilitation
program if one is available in the community.
• Patient education is vital to long-term management.
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