Bibliography Review: Created By: Khecharem Nour Eddine Ben Ghalba Hichem

Bibliography review
Created by:
khecharem Nour Eddine
Ben Ghalba Hichem
2
plan
Introduction Process Equipment Conlusion

description description
www.companyname.com
© 2016 Motagua PowerPoint Multipurpose Theme. All Rights Reserved.
3
Introduction
Oil and natural gas together make petroleum. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning it
was made naturally from decaying prehistoric plant and animal remains. It is a
mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons molecules containing hydrogen and
carbon that exist sometimes as a liquid (crude oil) and sometimes as a vapor
(natural gas).

the objective of gas treatment is to eliminate impurities and make it ready for sale
according to the necessary criteria.
www.companyname.com
4
Process
Processdescription
description
The treatment gas process include many steps to atteind the gas sell specification .
Storage of
NGL and C3 and C4
LPG
Dehydrati process
on
The acid
gas remo
vel
Separat
ion
process www.companyname.com
Separation process
In general oilfield practices, separators are used to separate oil, gas, and

water and to remove material such as entrained solid impurities from the
crude oil produced from the wells.
In some cases of separator design, the amounts of vapor and liquid and
their significant physical properties are known
6
Why does an effluent have to be processed?
Generally, the crude oil which leaves a well is a 3-phase combination comprising :
A gaseous phase
A hydrocarbon liquid phase (the crude itself)
An aqueous phase (formation water)
This well crude effluent cannot be commercialised as is:

 It has to be processed to conform to the commercial specifications required by the
customer.
www.companyname.com
7
For technical reasons .

 For commercial reasons .
 To guarantee safe transport and
a regular supply of produced
hydrocarbons.
www.companyname.com
8
The different types of separators
separator
Vertical
separator Horizontal Spherical
separator separator
www.companyname.com
9
Horizontal separator
• They are often used for wells with

high GORs as they have a very high
exchange surface.
• These separators generally have a
smaller diameter than vertical
separators for the same quantity
of gas and offer a larger gas/liquid
interface. They are also easier to
mount on skids.
www.companyname.com
10
Vertical separator
Vertical separators are therefore

well suited to large quantities of
liquid (low GORs) or, on the other
hand when there is only gas (the
minimum liquid space in a
horizontal drum is too great).
11
Spherical separator
• They are relatively low-cost and
compact, but with a limited
liquid retention time and
decantation section. Use in
three-phase separation is,
therefore, very difficult if not
impossible.
www.companyname.com
12
Acid gas removel
The aim of deacidification (absorption by amines / solvent and / or physical absorption)

is to treat raw gas so that it complies with the specifications of commercial gas by
eliminating impurities and droplets of hydrocarbon.
Natural gas essentially contains:
• Methane C1
• Ethane C2
• Propane C3
• Butane C4
• Gas-oil C5 +
13
Acid gas removel
• Natural gas also contains impurities including:

• Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbonyl sulphides (COS)
• Natural gas which contains these impurities is known as raw gas or
acid (or sour) gas.
www.companyname.com
14
Why must these impurities be

removed ?
• To reach the specifications of commercial or injection gas
• In addition, acid gas causes corrosion problems mainly in the presence of free
water
For Commercial specifications:
• Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

• H2S content is generally between 1.5 and 4 ppm vol. at the most
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• CO2 is present in a maximum molar concentration of 2 to 3 %
www.companyname.com
15
The principle of amine

deacidification
At a low temperature and a high pressure, the amine reacts with the H2S
and the CO2 and easily absorbs these gases (absorption).
At a high temperature and a low pressure, the H2S and the CO2 can easily be
separated from the amine (regeneration).
16
Absorption Regeneration
Dehydration
When the gas is at reservoir temperature and pressure, it is generally saturated
with water.
• Water is responsible for:
• most types of corrosion when it is associated with :
• acid gases (H2S and CO2)
• or salts (calcium carbonates)
• hydrate formation
The gas therefore has to be processed to remove the water it contains.
Dehydration by glycol absorption
The most commonly used dehydration

process is Absorption units for the glycols,
because glycols are extremely stable to
thermal and chemical decomposition,
readily available at moderate cost, useful
for continuous operation and are easy to
regenerate, the most used type of glycol is
TEG.
www.companyname.com
 Performances
most commonly used process
dew point -15 to -20 °C at 70 bars
use of TEG preferred (Triethylene glycol)
 Scope of application
protection of treatment units by cooling
protection of collection systems when there is no salt water ingress or when
there are WKOs at the well head.
protection on medium distance pipes.
www.companyname.com
20
Dehydration by adsorption (molecular sieve)
• The second dehydration method is adsorption of water by a solid desiccant. In

this method, water is usually adsorbed on a mole sieve the amount of adsorbed
water molecules increases with the pressure of the gas and decreases with its
temperature. These facts are taken into account when the process parameters
are designed. Adsorption dehydration columns always work periodically. A
minimum of two bed systems are used. Typically one bed dries the gas while the
other is being regenerated.
21
Natural gas liquefaction process

• The aims of liquefaction:
• To reduce the volume of large quantities of gas so as to transport them to
locations far away
• Avoid the construction, cost and maintenance of subsea pipelines over long
distances
• Example:
• 1 m3 of liquid methane ~ 600 Nm3 of methane gas
• 1 Nm3: i.e. 1 m3 in normales pressure & temperature conditions

www.companyname.com
22
the gas liquefaction process
• Two main types of operations are necessary to liquefy Natural Gas:
• Raw separation gas preparation called Gas Pretreatment
• Liquefaction in which the NG is gradually cooled from its dew point to its
bubble point, in other words, it is totally liquefied
www.companyname.com
23
Operating principle of an LNG

station
• The main stages generally are:
• Reduction of the percentage of carbon of the top condensation gases: C3, C4

and, where applicable, the few PPMs of C5
• Self-cooling by gradual expansion of the NG when it passes through the

liquefaction section heat exchangers
www.companyname.com
24

station
General block flow diagram of the NG pretreatment and liquefaction operations

www.companyname.com
25

station
• Main steps:
• 1st step: Pre-cooling of the process gas and elimination of C3, C4 and heavy
hydrocarbons
• 2nd step: Fractionation of C3, C4 cuts and heavy hydrocarbons
• 3rd step: Liquefaction of natural gas (C1 and nitrogen)
• 4th step: Production of flash gas

26

station
• 1st step:
• Pre-cooling of the process gas
• Elimination of C3, C4 and heavy

hydrocarbons
www.companyname.com
27

station
• 2nd step: Fractionation of C3, C4 cuts and heavy hydrocarbons
• The De-ethaniser in which the ethane is vaporised, the heaviest cut (C3, C4
aromatics)
• The Depropaniser in which the propane is vaporised, along with a small

amount of C2 which has not been completely vaporised in the De-ethaniser;
the C4, the heavy hydrocarbons and the aromatics are condensed at the
bottom of the column.
www.companyname.com
28

station
The Debutaniser in which the Butane is vaporised, along with a small amount of C3
which has not been completely vaporised in the Depropaniser; the heavy
hydrocarbons and the aromatics are condensed at the bottom of the column.
www.companyname.com
29

station
• 4th step: Production of the flash gas
• After expansion the temperature is -162°C; the expansion is accompanied by a

Flash which generates an NG vapour phase at low pressure (due to its
temperature)
• If we decide to cool the flash gas to liquefy it, our cycle will consume more energy
• For that reason the gas shall be:
• Cool down to -162 °C; all of the available calories are recovered to cool the
process gas in the cooling loops
• Then compressed at the end of the FG network to feed the gas turbines
www.companyname.com
30
LNG storage
• LNG is stored on tanks located on the vessel
• The tanks are laid out in such a way as to minimise the loss due to vaporisation
• Several items of equipment are used for product control
www.companyname.com

Bibliography Review: Created By: Khecharem Nour Eddine Ben Ghalba Hichem

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bibliography Review: Created By: Khecharem Nour Eddine Ben Ghalba Hichem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bibliography review

Introduction Process Equipment Conlusion

The treatment gas process include many steps to atteind the gas sell specification .

In general oilfield practices, separators are used to separate oil, gas, and

Why does an effluent have to be processed?

This well crude effluent cannot be commercialised as is:

For technical reasons .

The different types of separators

• They are often used for wells with

Vertical separators are therefore

Acid gas removel

The aim of deacidification (absorption by amines / solvent and / or physical absorption)

Acid gas removel

• Natural gas also contains impurities including:

Why must these impurities be

For Commercial specifications:

• Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

The principle of amine

The most commonly used dehydration

Dehydration by adsorption (molecular sieve)

• The second dehydration method is adsorption of water by a solid desiccant. In

Natural gas liquefaction process

• 1 Nm3: i.e. 1 m3 in normales pressure & temperature conditions

the gas liquefaction process

• Two main types of operations are necessary to liquefy Natural Gas:

• Raw separation gas preparation called Gas Pretreatment

Operating principle of an LNG

• The main stages generally are:

• Reduction of the percentage of carbon of the top condensation gases: C3, C4

• Self-cooling by gradual expansion of the NG when it passes through the

Operating principle of an LNG

General block flow diagram of the NG pretreatment and liquefaction operations

Operating principle of an LNG

• 2nd step: Fractionation of C3, C4 cuts and heavy hydrocarbons

• 3rd step: Liquefaction of natural gas (C1 and nitrogen)

• 4th step: Production of flash gas

Operating principle of an LNG

• Pre-cooling of the process gas

• Elimination of C3, C4 and heavy

Operating principle of an LNG

• 2nd step: Fractionation of C3, C4 cuts and heavy hydrocarbons

• The Depropaniser in which the propane is vaporised, along with a small

Operating principle of an LNG

Operating principle of an LNG

• After expansion the temperature is -162°C; the expansion is accompanied by a

• LNG is stored on tanks located on the vessel

• Several items of equipment are used for product control

You might also like