Data Communication

(CS-506)
 Topics

• What is Multiplexing?
• What is De-Multiplexing?
• Analog and Digital Signals
• Multiplexing Types
• FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
• WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
• TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
• CDM (Code Division Multiplexing)
 Multiplexing

• It is a technique which allows to send multiple signals over a single

data link.
• In simple words, sharing of Medium between multiple signals.
• Multiplexing is done by using a device called Multiplexer or MUX.
• Multiplexer: It is a device that combines multiple signals into one
signal.
• De-Multiplexer: It is a device that separates the multiplexer
signals.
 Without Multiplexing

• The communication system without multiplexing carries only one

signal at any moment in time.

• If there are three devices then it use three communication

channels to carry three signals.

• In this technique, a large amount of bandwidth is wasted.

 Without Multiplexing

• The below figure shows the communication system without

multiplexing.
 Analog Signal vs Digital Signal

Analog Signal Digital Signal

• An analog signal is a continuous wave • A digital signal is a discrete wave that
that changes over a time period. carries information in binary form.
• An analog signal is represented by a • An digital signal is represented by square
sine wave. wave.
• Digital signals carries data in the binary
• Analog signal has no fixed range.
form i.e. 0 and 1.
• Affected by noise. • Not Affected by noise.
• Example: Human voice, Weight, • Example: Signals used for transmission in a
Temperature etc. computer are the digital signals.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

• In analog multiplexing, the most used technique is Frequency Division

Multiplexing (FDM).

• This technique uses various frequencies to combine streams of data,

for sending them on a communication medium, as a single signal.

• Example − A traditional television transmitter, which sends a number

of channels through a single cable uses FDM.
 Advantages of FDM

• FDM is used for analog signals.

• FDM process is very simple and easy modulation.
• A Large number of signals can be sent through an FDM
simultaneously.
• It does not require any synchronization between sender and
receiver.
 Disadvantages of FDM

• A Large number of modulators are required.

• It requires a high bandwidth channel.

 Applications Of FDM:

• FDM is commonly used in TV networks.

• It is used in radio broadcasting.
• Each radio station has different frequencies, and they are
multiplexed to form a composite signal.
• The multiplexed signal is transmitted in the air.
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

• Wavelength Division Multiplexing is same as FDM except that the

optical or light signals are transmitted through the fiber optic cable.
• WDM is used on fiber optics to increase the capacity of the cable.
• Multiplexing and De-multiplexing of light signals can be done with the
help of prism.
• One prism performs the role of a multiplexer by combining lights
having different frequencies from different sources.
• The composite signal is transmitted through an optical fiber cable
overlong distances.
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• In Time Division Multiplexing Technique, the total time available

in the channel is distributed among different users.
• Each user is allocated with different time interval known as a
Time slot at which data is to be transmitted by the sender.
• A user takes control of the channel for a fixed amount of time.

• There are two types of TDM:

1. Synchronous TDM
2. Asynchronous TDM
 Synchronous TDM

• A Synchronous TDM is a technique in which time slot is assigned to

every device.
• In Synchronous TDM, each device is given some time slot irrespective
of the fact that the device contains the data or not.
• If the device does not have any data, then the slot will remain empty.
• In Synchronous TDM, signals are sent in the form of frames.
• Time slots are organized in the form of frames.
• If a device does not have data for a particular time slot, then the
empty slot will be transmitted.
 Asynchronous TDM

• An asynchronous TDM is also known as Statistical TDM.

• Time slots are allocated to only those devices which have the data to
send.
• Asynchronous Time Division multiplexer transmits only the data from
active workstations.
• The difference between Asynchronous TDM and Synchronous TDM is that
many slots in Synchronous TDM are unutilized, but in Asynchronous TDM,
slots are fully utilized.
• This leads to the smaller transmission time and efficient utilization of
the capacity of the channel.
 Code Division Multiplexing

• It is a mathematical technique.
• It does not use physical properties of the signal.
• Every signal is assigned with a code to identify it.
• Data is available on the shared channel, but only those users
associated with a particular code can access the data.
 Code Division Multiplexing

Concept:
• Each communicating station is assigned a unique code.
• The codes stations have the following properties:
• If code of one station is multiplied by code of another station, it
yields 0.
• If code of one station is multiplied by itself, it yields a positive
number equal to the number of stations.