WELL FLUID TYPE

MOLE PERCENT

FLUID TYPE METHANE INTERMEDIATE HEPTANES+

(C1) (C2-C6) (C7+)
BLACK OIL
30 35 35
VOLATILE OIL
55 30 15
GAS
CONDENSATE 70 22 8
DRY GAS
90 9 1

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 PETROLEUM FLUID SPECTRUM
Typical initial STOCK TANK
Gas-oil ratio LIQUID
Bsto/Brf Scft/bsto °API color
Low shrinkage oil >0.5 <2,000 <45 Very
(low GOR, black oil) dark
high shrinkage oil <0.5 2,000- >40 brown
(high GOR, volatile-oil) 3,300
Retrograde gas, gas >0.35 3,300- 50-60 light
condensate 50,000
Wet gas - >50,000 >50 Water
white
Dry gas - - - -
Bsto=barrel of stock tank oil; Brf= barrels of reservoir fluid;
scft=standard cubic feet

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 OIL CLASSIFICATION

CONVENTIONAL CRUDE viscosity < 10000 cP, °API > 20

HEAVY CRUDE viscosity < 10000 cP

10 < °API < 20
EXTRA HEAVY CRUDE °API < 10

NATURAL BITUMEN viscosity > 10000 cP

(oil sand, tar sand,natural asphalt)

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 TYPICAL MOLAR COMPOSITION OF
PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS
COMPONENT GAS GAS CONDENSATE VOLATILE OIL BLACK OIL
N2 0.3 0.71 1.67 0.67
CO2 1.1 8.65 2.18 2.11
C1 90.0 70.86 60.51 34.93
C2 4.9 8.53 7.52 7.00
C3 1.9 4.95 4.74 7.82
C4 (i+n) 1.1 2.00 4.12 5.48
C5 (i+n) 0.4 0.81 2.97 3.80
C6 (i+n) 6+: 0.3 0.46 1.99 3.04
C7 0.61 2.45 4.39
C8 0.71 2.41 4.71
C9 0.39 1.69 3.21
C10 0.28 1.42 1.79
C11 0.20 1.02 1.72
C12 0.15 12+: 5.31 1.74
C13 0.11 1.74
C14 0.10 1.35
C15 0.07 1.34
C16 0.05 1.06
C17 17+: 0.37 1.02
C18 1.00
C19 0.90
C20 20+: 9.18

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 GAS GAS-CONDENSATE VOLATILE OIL BLACK OIL

300

PHASE ENVELOPE
250

200
PRESSURE (BAR)

150

100

50

0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
TEMPERATURE (°C)

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 Customized Plot

300

Gas condensate
250

200
Pressure, bara

150

100 Gas

50

0
-50 0 50 100 150 200
Temperature, °C
gas example EOS = SRK Peneloux: Vap/liq mole frac 1.000 cond. ex. EOS = SRK Peneloux: Vap/liq mole frac 1.000

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 Customized Plot

300

Gas condensate
250

200 Volatile oil

Pressure, bara

150

100

50

0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature, °C
vol.oil ex EOS = SRK Peneloux: Vap/liq mole frac 1.000 vol.oil ex EOS = SRK Peneloux: Critical Point
cond. ex. EOS = SRK Peneloux: Vap/liq mole frac 1.000

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 Customized Plot

250

Volatile oil
200

Black oil
150
Pressure, bara

100

50

0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Temperature, °C
vol.oil ex EOS = SRK Peneloux: Vap/liq mole frac 1.000 vol.oil ex EOS = SRK Peneloux: Critical Point
oil ex EOS = SRK Peneloux: Vap/liq mole frac 1.000 oil ex EOS = SRK Peneloux: Critical Point

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 Customized Plot

300

Gas condensate
250

200

Black oil
Pressure, bara

150

100

50

0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Temperature, °C
oil ex EOS = SRK Peneloux: Vap/liq mole frac 1.000 oil ex EOS = SRK Peneloux: Critical Point
cond. ex. EOS = SRK Peneloux: Vap/liq mole frac 1.000

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 The bubble point line is the locus
@ which Vaporization begins
The dew point line is the locus
@ which condensation begins
Pc C
The dew point and bubble point
LIQ Lines meet each other at the
e
Critical point C.
in
tl LIQ+VAP

e
in

in
o
-p

tl
l e

n
bb HEATING @ CONSTANT PRESSURE

oi
Bu

-p
A B D E A subcooled liquid region
w
De B bubble pt.of the mix
VAP D dew point of the mix
E superheated vapor

Phase envelope for a mixture of 2 components

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 The bubble point line is the locus
K @ which Vaporization begins
J
The dew point line is the locus
@ which condensation begins
Pc C
The dew point and bubble point
LIQ Lines meet each other at the
e
Critical point C.
in
tl LIQ+VAP

e
in

in
o
-p

tl
l e

n
bb ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION

oi
Bu I

-p
H superheated vapor
w
De I dew point
VAP J more condensation
H K pressurised liquid

Phase envelope for a mixture of 2 components

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 OIL Characterization
Composition
Chemical-Physical Parameters

Data for
Data for
Production & Transportation
Phase Behaviour
Quality Control
PRODUCTION CHEMISTRY -
PVT Studies
FLOW ASSURANCE

Report-parte1.pdf Report-parte2.PDF

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 S T O C K T A N K O IL
C H A R A C T E R IZ A T IO N

G E N E R A L C H E M IC A L T H IN L A Y E R
A N D P H Y S IC A L CHRO M ATO G RAPHY
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S (T L C -F ID A N A L Y S IS )

G A S -C H R O M A T O G R A P H IC B IO M A R K E R S
C H A R A C T E R IZ A T IO N (G C -M S A N A L Y S IS )
( G C - F ID A N A L Y S IS )

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 TLC-FID
HYDROCARBON CHARACTERIZATION

A mixture of hydrocarbon is fractionated into

saturates (iso , cyclic, normal paraffins)
aromatics
resins 1
resins 2
asphaltenes

The separation is carried out with increasing polarity solvents as follows:

 hexane fractionates both saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons;
 hexane-toluene mixture separates the less polar fraction of resins (res.1);
 more polar resins (res.2) are separated by means of dichloromethane-methanol;
 asphaltenes represent the fraction residual.

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 CRUDE OIL

distillation

Light Distillate fraction boiling above 210°C

gas chromatography n-hexane precipitation

hydrocarbons + resins asphaltenes

liquid chromatography
elementary analysis
on alumina/silica gel column IR, NMR
(on thin layer chromatography)

satured HC aromatic HC + resins

benzothiophenes
GC-MS elementary analysis
GC-FID IR, NMR
GC-FPD

n-alkanes isoalkanes mono-aromatics di-aromatics poly-aromatics

Cycloalkanes

GC GC-MS GC-FID, GC-FPD, GC-MS

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 CRUDE
OIL
THIN
LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
WITH FID

SATURED AROMATIC RESINS ASPHALTENES

HC HC

n-alkanes
mono-aromatics di-aromatics poly-aromatics
isoalkanes

Cycloalkanes

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 GC-FID - GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
WITH FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR

Column : FSOT 50m x 0.32mm

DIMETILSILOXANE (OV1) ( 0.52 um i.d. )
Detector : FID

Column Temp. : 35 °C ( 5 min )

6 °C/min 100 °C ( 0 min )
5 °C/min 320 °C ( 20 min )

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 GC-FID - GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

WITH FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR OF WAXES OBTAINED

FROM STOCK TANK HYDROCARBON LIQUID
BY PRECIPITATION ( METHOD BP 273 )

Column : WCOT ULTIMETAL 10m x 0.53 mm

HT SimDist CB ( 0.15 um i.d. )
Detector : FID

Column Temp. : 40 °C ( 2 min )

10 °C/min 100 °C ( 0 min )
5 °C/min 300 °C ( 0 min )
3 °C/min 430 °C ( 5 min )

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 TLC-FID
CRUDE OIL CLASSIFICATION
polar oils : res+asp>60%w
par<40%w
aro<40%w
paraffinic-polar oils : par= 40  60%w
polar pol= 4060%w
oils
aro<20%w
S

PO
IN
RA .%

W
aromatic-polar oils : aro= 40  60%w

T%
FF
PA WT

LA
pol= 40 60%w

RS
aromatic-
paraffinic- polar par<20%w
polar
oils
medium
oils
medium oils : res+asp=20 40%w
oils par=20 40%w
aro=20 40%w
paraffinic- paraffinic oils : par>60%w
paraffinic aromatics
oils
aromatic
oils aro<40%w
oils
res+asp<40%w
paraffinic-aromatic oils : par=40 60%w
aro=40 60%w
WT.% pol<20%w
AROMATICS
aromatic oils : aro>60%w
par<40%w

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 Data for
Production & Transportation

• CERRO-FALCONE-1DIRB.pdf

• karachaganak-WELL449.pdf

• SAFUEIRO1.pdf

• FOUKANDA-MARINE105.pdf

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 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
counts

10000
12000
14000

0
METANO
I-BUTANO
I-PENTANO
N-PENTANO
CP 2-3-DMB 2-MP
3-MP
N-ESANO
MCP

5
CES
3-MES

N-EPTANO
MCES

1T-2C-4TMCP
TOLUENE
2-MEP
1T-4DMCES

10
1M-T-3ECP
N-OTTANO
FID1 A, (D:\HPCHEM\C8CAP\DATA\CH3\SIG10001.D)

N-PCP

M-XILENE

O-XILENE

N-NONANO
DECANO

15
DECANO
DECANO
C9 AROM
N-DECANO

Eni Corporate University – Eni E&P Division

UNDECANO

UNDECANO

N-UNDECANO
20
DODECANO
GC fingerprint

fingerprint-condensate.pdf

DODECANO
N-DODECANO

TRIDECANO
N-TRIDECANO

TETRADEC.
25

N-TETRADEC.
PENTADEC.
Page 21 of

N-ESADEC.
Rev. 00 – March 08/EP
PRODUCTION CHEMISTRY
30
min
 STANDARD METHODS

• ENI_METHODS

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 Oil BULLETIN

S.Donato Milanese, 29-08-2000

Bullettin N. 30/2000
Sample oil from C.O. di MONTE ALPI
Interval :-
Sampling point : storage tanks
Sampling date : 19/6/2000
Arrival date : 27/7/2000
customer : C.O. MONTE ALPI

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 Oil BULLETIN
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
value unit Standard method

API Gravity : 38,4

relative density @ 60/60 F : 0,8322 ASTM D1298
water : 0,04 % wt ASTM D4006
Salinity (NaCl) : < 0,002 % wt IP 265
total sulphur : 2,69 % wt ASTM D4294
mercaptan sulphur : 279 mg/Kg ASTM D3227
H2S : - mg/Kg ASTM D3227
Pour point : -24 °C ASTM D97
Cloud point : - °C ASTM D2500

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 Oil BULLETIN
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
value unit Standard method

W.A.T. (onset wax : - °C DSC (differential

appearance temperature) scanning
calorimetry)
W.A.T. (bulk wax appearance : - °C DSC (differential
temperature) scanning
calorimetry)
neutralization number : 0,05 mg KOH/g ASTM D665
Flash point : < 21 °C IP 34 - ASTM 92 -
ASTM 93
ashes : < 0,01 % wt ASTM D482
waxes : 5,46 % wt BP 237

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 Oil BULLETIN
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
value unit Standard method

asphaltenes : 1,66 % wt IP 143

Carbon residue : 2,70 % wt ASTM D189
Vapor pressure : - psi ASTM D323
Vanadium :2 mg/Kg IP 288
Nichel :2 mg/Kg IP 288
KINEMATIC Viscosity @ 20°C : 3,471 mm2/s ASTM D445
DYNAMIC Viscosity @ 20°C : 2,878 mPa s calculated
KINEMATIC Viscosity @ 37.8°C : 2,430 mm2/s ASTM D445
DYNAMIC Viscosity @ 20°C : 1,983 mPa s calculated
KINEMATIC Viscosity @ 50°C : 1,963 mm2/s ASTM D445
DYNAMIC Viscosity @ 50°C : 1,584 mPa s calculated
KINEMATIC Viscosity @ 70°C : 1,475 mm2/s ASTM D445
DYNAMIC Viscosity @ 70°C : 1,168 mPa s calculated

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