KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 1

CLASS -8 -

EDUCATIONAL AIDS
PROJECTED AIDS- OHP

D.KAVITHA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN NURSING
DEPARTMENT Obs& Gyn
MPG&RIHS,PUDUCHERRY
1
 KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 2

PROJECTED AIDS
 INTRODUCTION
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 Rapid contribution of science and technology in

the development of newer projecting audiovisual
aids has revolutionized the field of audio visual
aids.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 DEFINITION OF PROJECTED VISUAL AIDS
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 Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a

screen by the use of a certain type of machine.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 ADVANTAGES OF PROJECTED AV AIDS
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 Provides greater enjoyment in learning

 Stimulates more rapid learning
 Increases retention: larger percentages and longer
retention
 Compels attention
 Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects
 Brings distant past and the present into the
classroom

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

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 SLIDES
 OHP
 FLIMS
 TV/VCR/VCD/LCD
 CAMERA MICROSCOPE

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 OVER HEAD PROJECTOR-
INTRODUCTION
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 Overhead Projector was created by Jules Duboscq,

in 1870s.
 Used during the Second World War
 Used as a teaching tool since 1950s.
 Become popular easy to used
 Provides an interactive environment for educators.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
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 Over head projector helps in the projection of

transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable
for use in a lighted room. It is a very vital teaching
aid and has made teaching simple and easy

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 DEFINITION
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 Overhead Projector: machine designed to project

an image, text, and drawings onto a small screen or
whiteboard

 Transparencies: pages transparent and flexible

used to place information and images

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 PARTS OF OHP
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KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 Parts of over head projector
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1. Metal box with a 1000w bulb for an indirect

projection / 600w Halogen Lamp for a direct
projection and a concave reflector
2.Transparent writing place 25x 25cm
3. Fresnel lens is used to form a converging beam of
light . Which illuminates the stage area uniformly
and converges to the projected lens

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

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4. The projection lens is used to form converging

beam of light . Which illuminates the stage area
uniformly and converges to the projected lens
5. A surface aluminized mirror / very thin flat mirror
serves to rotate the path / light by 90˚
6. Small exhaust / cooling fan in the projector to blow
out the excess heat produced by the bulb

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

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7. Fresnel lens protected by a glass plate.

8. Knob – the projection distance can be adjusted in

accordance with the desired picture size

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 Accessory structures
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 Screens may be aluminum coated .

 Glass bead / flat white screen
 Stabilizer to prevent voltage fluctuation
 Pointer

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 How the OHP can be used in different Instructional
Situation
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 Expository teaching of virtually any type

 Group learning situations

 Enabling members of a group to display material

that they themselves have produced

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 CONT….
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 To present activity plan or objectives

 To show tables


 To systematize the information to be conveyed

 To list brain-storming idea

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 OHP transparencies
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 Size – 7x7(or) 10 x10”( 25x25cm)

 MATERIALS CAN BE PROJECTED



KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 GUIDELINESS-HOW TO USE THE OHP
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 Located it in a place
where everybody can
see the screen.
 Arrange the projector
and screen in a way to
minimize it. It should
have appropriate
angles in horizontal
and vertical planes.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 CONT…
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 Adjust the distance

from projector to
screen so the image
fills the full area
 Make sure the acetate
and open head surface
are clear and free of
dust or dirty

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 STANDARDS IN USING OHP
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 Make the text, illustrations

or pictures in your
transparencies big enough
 Schematize: present
essential points, one
transparency every 2 or 3
minutes
 Use a pointer to emphasize
points on the acetate
 Plan for a dramatic
presentation
KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
 CONT…
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 Check visibility; do not

block the screen
 Plan your narration.
 Turn on the lamp only
if there is a transparency
on the projector
 Put off the projector for
prolonged explanations,
or when it is not needed

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 DESIGNING OHP TRANSPARENCIES BASIC
PRINCIPLES
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 There two basic

Principles:
1. Do not try to put too
much information on
a single transparency.
2. Use a clear,
systematic layout.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 PRODUCING COMPUTER GENERATED OHP
MATERIALS
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 Use computer to design and produce

OHT
 Create both alphanumeric and graphic
materials and print them out in OHP
transparency form - in full color, and
with whatever size of lettering is wanted

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 DISPLAY TECHNIQUES
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 Progressive
Disclosure Involves
covering up all or part
of the material on a
given transparency,
and progressively
revealing the material
as the presentation
proceeds

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 Display techniques
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b) Framing
Transparencies
Essential information
placed visible for your
audience and notes
written for the
teacher’s support

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 Display Techniques
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c) Use of overlays Whole

area of transparency is
revealed from the start,
with additional
information being
added to the original
display by
superimposing further
transparencies on the
original.
KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
 DISPLAY TECHNIQUES
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c) Use of Overlays
1. To lay separate
transparencies
2. Make use of hinged
overlays

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 Tips to use OHP Effectively
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 1.Just write key points on transparencies

 2.Keep transparencies simple - 6X6Rule
 3.Use 18 point type- no more than two type
styles
 4.Mix upper and lower-case letters for easy
readability
 5.Do not use exclamation marks, they look
like number one.
 6.See your overheads from all angles
KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
 Cont…
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 7. Do not turn off all room lights

 8. Turn projector lamp off during discussions
 9. Never stand anything between the
projection and screen
 10.Give people time to read
 11.Talk to your listeners not the screen
 12. Before moving wait for period time to
cool Down - bulb may explode.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 FOR PREPARING A
TRANSPERENCY
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 Six lines per transparency

 • Six words per line

 • Six mm smallest letter size

 • Six cm (3+3 on each side) margin

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 MATERIALS
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 a)Transparencies
 b)Markers
 c)Ruler
 d)Cleaning supplies
 e)Bulbs
 f) A pointer

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 METHOD OF USING OHP

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 Place the OHP on a stable table with the objective

lens
 facing the screen behind the teacher.
 Put the cord plug into power wall socket.
 Switch on the blower first and then the bulb.
 Place transparency on the glass top.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

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 Move the objective lens and mirror assembly up

and down to get the image in focus on the screen.
 Explain about the material on the transparency
from behind OHP with a strong pointer.
 The handle of the teacher should not come on the
slide.
 Make your points short and simple
 Remove what is not needed.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 SOME DO’S AND
DON’T’S WHILE USING
THE OHP

34 KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 DO’S
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 Focus and position image before presentation

 Stand to the side of the screen
 Turn off projector when not in use
 Letters the larger the better
 Use colour to attract attention
 Put captions on top.
 Have images in to two-thirds of visual position image at the
top of the screen
 Use pen or ruler to point
 Use upper and lower case letters
KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
 DON’T’S
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 Walk or stand in front of the screen.

 Leave the projector on when you’ve talking about

Something
 Write closely on the whole of the transparency sheet

 Have images type-written or too small

 Use black and white visuals only

 Use finger to point

 Use only capital letter

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 CHECK LIST FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF OHP
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1. BEFORE THE LESSON

 Position the screen

 Obtain correct image by moving machine backward/

forward in relation to the screen

 Focus image sharply

 Place masking sheet to hand

 Place the transparencies in correct order

 Check table and head for dust

 Ensure that spare lamp is available

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 DURING LESSON
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 1.switch off when

Placing transparency on table
Removing transparency
Point has been explained
 2. use pointer to indicate

 3. use mask to reveal the points in a step by step

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 AFTER LESSON
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 Donot move the OHP while lamp is HOT.

 Never disconnect from main supply while the fan is

operating

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 ADVANTAGES OF USING OHP
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 It is portable

 Get transparency materials in low cost

 Located in front of the room

 Used in a room with normal lighting

 It is simple to operate
KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
 ADVANTAGES OF USING OHP
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 Used as a chalkboard or market board

 Modify transparencies during the presentation
 You can write without turning your back
 Maintain eye contact
 Audiences can follow handout or take notes

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 DISADVANTAGES OF USING
42
OHP
 It requires a power supply

 Needs suitable surface about four square feet

 Need spare bulb in case unexpected events

 Many users do not give sufficient thought to the

production of their display material

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 CONT…
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 Tendency to include too much information in a

single frame
 Teachers or lectures overuse the OHP
 Difficult to transport because of its weigh
 Cost of materials required to operate them
 Used with small audiences.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

 CONLUSION
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 OHP is a useful tool to project information for a

small audience.
 It provides some advantages using it as well as
some disadvantages.
 There are some usage principles teachers should
follow to make its use effective.

KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

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KAVITHA DURAIRAJ, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR