S.

NO SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHING EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE LEARNING
ACTIVITY
1. Discuss about
Epidiascope
(Projected
visual aids)

It is also known as opaque projector, epidioscope or episcope.

It can project images or printed matter or small opaque objects on a screen or
it can project images of a 4" × 4" slide. Any diagram or pictures can be
projected on the screen without tearing it off from the book. Through
epidiascope we can project slides or objects.
It works on the principle of horizontal straight line projection with a lamp,
plane mirror placed at 45 degree angle over the projects or reflects the light so
that it passes through the projection lens forming a magnified image on the
screen.

PRECAUTIONS THAT SHOULD BE TAKEN FOR OPAQUE PROJECTOR:

 Handled carefully
 Protected from breakage
 Away from moisture
 Kept clean
  Preferably kept in a cool room
 Switched off when not in use.

ADVANTAGES OF EPIDIASCOPE:

 Graphics aids are projected with magnification

 Tracing enlarged images
 No need of clipping pictures from book resources
 Flat specimen like coins , cloth pieces, leaves etc. can also be projected.
 Seen conveniently by a large number of students.

DISADVANTAGES OF EPIDIASCOPE:

 Demands total darkness

 Bulky machine
 Electricity required
 Difficult maintenance.
Discuss about
slide projector
A Projector is an optical instrument that projects an enlarged image into a
screen.
A Slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial
image/scene/graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise.
So a slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to show photographic slides.
Projectors are sometimes called "front projectors" or "two-piece projection
systems" in reference to the fact that a projector is a typically used with a
separate screen that is either mounted on a well hung from a ceiling. It was
common in the 1950s to the 1970s as an entertainment.

PARTS OF SLIDE PROJECTOR :

a. Electric incandescent light or other light source : A slide projector uses

an intensely hot, high powered halogen lamp. They are designed to last
for atleast 80 hours of use in normal circumstances.
b. Reflector and condensing lens to direct the light to the slide : There is a
flat piece of heat absorbing glass placed between the lens and the slide
to help keep the slide from being damaged the glass transmitting the
visible wave lengths of light while absorbing infrared.
c. Slide holder
d. The fan assembly : An electric motor drives a small fan inside of the
slide projector which blows air across the bulb in order to cool it . there
are vents on the outside of the slide projector and from these both the
intake of air and exhaust of air occur.
e. The slide tray : A Slide is placed in a tray that attaches to the slide
projector . this tray can be rectangular in shape , moving the slide to
be viewed from front to back, or circular, moving the slide to be viewed
in an arc.
f. The Slide: A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a
single pictorial image/scene/graphic image has been photographed or
reproduced otherwise. Molded slides range in size from 2 by 2 or 4.5 by
4 inches. Slides can be made from photograph and pictures taken by
teachers and students when they go on fieldtrips for historical,
geographical, literary or scientific excursion. The 35mm slide frame has
a unique shape that sets it apart from other presentation media. The
2:3 ratio (height: width) appears wider when projected than overhead
transparencies and video images. If the slides are not created in the
proper ratio, they usually end up with partially filled slides, wasting
valuable space.

HOW TO USE SLIDE PROJECTORS:

INSTRUCTIONS:
Arrange the slides in a carousel in order of appearance. Place each
slide upside down with the emulsion side toward the screen. Choose
the images carefully.
Check the focus. Most newer projectors are automatic focus, but there
might be a projector with a manual focus or some combination of the
two. If the projector does not have a zoom lens, then it may be
advantageous to set the machine on a cart with wheels.
 Test the remote control for the projector. This allows the speaker, to
stand in front of the audience and advance the pictures by the push of
a button. Usually the remote control is connected to the projector by a
small wire, and it has a button for both forward and reverse.

 TIPS AND WARNINGS:

1. Do not use the best slides in a projector with an ordinary light bulb as a
light source.
2. A good presenter who is using a slide projector can use the projector to
focus the audience's attention on himself or on the images. A blank
slide can then be thrown in so that the audience is not distracted and
refocuses their attention on the presenter.

ADVANTAGES OF SLIDE PROJECTOR:

 35mm slides are small, inexpensive, and easy to project.

 Help in retention of material taught in the minds of the pupils
 Attract attention
 Arouse interest
 Test student understanding
 Review instructions
 Facilitate student teacher participation
 Better quality photos or images
 Space saving
 Easy to install
 Their small size makes them more manageable and portable than
overhead transparencies. When kept in their trays, they are easy to
handle and relatively safe from most mishaps. A case containing a slide
projector and a tray of up to 140 slides can easily fit under an airplane
seat.

DISADVANTAGES /LIMITATIONS OF SLIDE PROJECTOR:

 Dark room often required: Most slide projection setups require at least
a partially darkened room for maximum readability but the darkness
diminishes eye contact and prohibits the presenter from being able to
monitor the audience's reaction, and contributes to audience
drowsiness
 A speaker cannot write on or directly affect a projected slide for
emphasis (except for the limited use of a pointer.
 Because of the imaging and processing requirements of slides, last-
minute changes (less than 4 hours) can be impossible.
 A carousel of slides is bulky for travel.
 Slides can jam. The remote can break. The bulb can burn out.
 Slides have to be mounted in trays before viewed efficiently in
sequence.
 Mounting out-of-order, upside-down or backwards is a common
 Maintenance required: All projectors operate on lamps that need to be
replaced periodically. The frequency of lamp replacement depends on
the model and on our usage, but many projector users replace lamps
every two to three years. In addition to lamp replacement, most
projectors have air filters that need to be cleaned or replaced every
couple of months. Failure to keep filters clean can reduce lamp life and
increase the chances of dust getting into the unit and creating fuzzy
spots on the projected image.
 Rainbow artifacts: Some users of projectors color separation artifacts,
commonly known as rainbows, or rainbow artifacts. This is an
unfortunate side-effect of the spinning color wheel in the light engine
of a projector. Most people are not sensitive to this phenomenon, but
those who are can experience it as anything from a minor distraction to
a severe flaw that makes the projector unwatchable. In addition to
being visually distracting, the effect is also reported to cause headaches
and eyestrain.