What is matter ?

 Any thing which has mass and occupies space is called matter.

 Study of matter and the changes that matter under goes – which
branch of science?

 Unit 2
 Unit 5
 Unit 8 – study about matter
 Unit 2
Materials and their structure
 Big concepts of this chapter

 2.1 Solids, liquids and gases

 2.2 Changes of state
 2.3 Explaining changes of state
 2.4 The water cycle
-------
 2.5 Atoms, elements and the Periodic Table
 2.6 Compounds and formulae
 2.7 Compounds and mixtures
Name the three states in which matter exist

List various examples for each state

State the properties of each state of matter

Discuss various scientific discoveries made by earlier

scientists related to particle theory
Give two examples of
Solids, liquids and gases
 Identify the three states of matter that make up a
glass of fizzy drink.
 Ans: The ice is the solid,
 the water in the drink is the liquid and
 the bubbles contain a gas (carbon dioxide)
Name a substance/ compound that you know very well
which exists as solid liquid and gas
Comparing the properties of three states of
matter

 Shape
 Volume
 Flow
 Compressibility
 Shape
In solids liquids and gases
 Properties of the three states of matter - solids

Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Definite shape It takes up the It takes up the
shape of the shape of the
container container
Volume and shape
In solids liquids and gases
Video link for – shape and volume of liquids

https://rockwellinternationalschool-my.sharepoint.com/:v:/p/sribindum/EUUwScIh_FdIpSRBI
59fKF0BYWldd0Vdwz2Xmcxt0JEotg?e=LyDJ65
– liquids shape volume flow
 Table showing properties of the three states of
matter.
Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Definite shape It takes up the It takes up the
shape of the shape of the
container container
volume Fixed volume Fixed volume Volume can
change
Flow It does not flow It flows easily It flows easily
compressibility
Video link for - compressibility and volume

https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/48e2fc29-f55f-4b5b-a5fd-6cb07cdce68f
Table showing properties of the three states of matter.

Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Definite shape It takes up the It takes up the
shape of the shape of the
container container
volume Fixed volume Fixed volume Volume can
change
Flow It does not flow It flows easily It flows easily

compressibility It is hard to It is hard to It is easy to

compress compress compress
 Why do different
states of matter
show difference in
their properties?
 “
These different properties of 3 states of matter
can best be explained using _________

”
Particle theory
When an idea has been tested and widely accepted
as valid by other scientists, it is called a theory

Theory
A suggestion for an explanation. This is yet to be
tested carrying out more investigations.
What is that suggestion called as?
Hypothesis
Scientists think about how various phenomenon or
things happen and try to come up with ideas to
explain it.

They form an hypothesis, which is a suggestion for

an explanation.

This hypothesis can then be tested by carrying out

more investigations.

When an hypothesis has been tested and widely

accepted as valid by other scientists, it is called a
theory.
Complete the statement below, using the term hypothesis or
theory.

A scientist observes that penguins move efficiently though water.

The scientist makes a ________________ that if a boat is
designed with a propulsion system that moves like a penguin,
then the boat will be more efficient than traditional boats.
Complete the statement, using the term hypothesis
or theory.

Scientists have developed a ________________ to

explain the characteristics and behavior of light
that is based on work performed by many
scientists.
1. Testable statements often used as the basis for a
single experiment
hypothesis theory neither
2. Developed over a long period of time using the
work of many scientists
hypothesis theory neither
Video link for – particles of water

https://rockwellinternationalschool-
my.sharepoint.com/:v:/p/sribindum/ERFKzJOfPQdIikwukNuCsP0B9Z-
WEItsX0HMJZ3ISHdBZg?e=GU6NeP
Particles
Atoms and molecules
 Particle theory

 Particle theory states that matter is made from particles

 The particles are atoms and molecules.

 Particles are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked
eye
 Why do different
states of matter
show difference in
their properties?

 The particles are

arranged differently in
solids, liquids and gases
The particles are arranged differently in solids, liquids and
gases

 Forces of attraction
 Distance between particles
 arrangement
 Movement
 Energy
 Particles in three states of matter
Forces of attraction
between particles

Solid

Liquid

Gas
 Particles in three states of matter
Distance between
particles

Solid

Liquid

Gas
 Particles in three states of matter
Movement

Solid

Liquid

Gas
 Particles in three states of matter
Arrangement

Solid

Liquid

Gas
Arrangement of particles in 3 states of matter –
video link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwGim-eceS8
 Particles in three states of matter
Forces of attraction Distance between Arrangement Movement
between particles particles

Solid Strong forces hold the particles are close Particles are arranged Particles vibrate to and
particles in a solid together in an orderly manner. fro in a fixed position
together

Liquid The forces of Particles are close Particles are randomly Particles slide over
attraction between together but not as arranged each other
particles of a liquid are close as in solids.
weaker than solids
Gas The forces of Particles are far apart Particles are randomly Particles move
attraction between the from each other. arranged randomly in all
particles in a gas are directions. They hit
very weak each other, bounce and
change direction.
Arrangement of particles in the three states of
matter
Solids have
Strong forces hold the particles in a solid together
particles are close together
Particles are arranged in an orderly manner.
Particles vibrate to and fro in a fixed position

That’s the reason why solids have

Liquids have

That’s the reason why liquids have

Gases have

That’s the reason why gases have

 Arrangement of Particles in three states of matter – linked to their properties

Forces of attraction Distance Arrangement Movement Properties

between particles between
particles
Solid Strong forces hold the particles are close Particles are Particles vibrate to Definite shape
particles in a solid together arranged in an and fro in a fixed Fixed volume
together orderly manner. position Does not flow
Cannot be compressed

Liquid The forces of attraction Particles are close Particles are Particles slide Takes the shape of
between particles of a together but not randomly over each other container
liquid are weaker than as close as in arranged Fixed volume
solids solids. Can flow
Cannot be compressed
Gas The forces of attraction Particles are far Particles are Particles move Takes shape of container
between the particles in apart from each randomly randomly in all No fixed volume
a gas are very weak other. arranged directions. They Can flow
hit each other, Can be compressed
bounce and
change direction.
What is phase change/change of state?

Matter changes from one state to another

this is called as change of state or phase
change
What are the different phase
changes?
 v

v v
Phase change is brought about by
Heating or cooling
Source of energy

 Heat source
 Surrounding
During a phase change the atom or the molecule
with which the substance is made will not change

But what changes!!!!

The arrangement of particles, forces of attraction

between particles , movement of particles, space
between the particles changes.
 Diagram shows – mercury atoms in solid,
liquid and gaseous states

What does not change?

Particles is the same (same atom in solid, liquid and gas state.
What changes?
So, always remember !!!
that

All phase changes are

Physical changes
They are Reversible
No new substances are formed only the
state of the substance changes
What happens during the phase change?
What happens to energy of the particles when
heated?
What happens during the phase change?
What happens to energy of the particles when
cooled?
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/a709ea22-30e0-471a-ade
5-aa148e3e1f58
Simulation

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-bas
ics_en.html
The temperature at which the
phase change happens
Melting point/boiling point ……
Answer questions using appropriate key word

Solid to liquid

What is the change of state?

The specific temperature at which this phase

change occurs?
Measuring the temperature when you heat
water – experiment

Ice to water ; water to vapour

Measuring volume accurately –
meniscus
Measuring volume of water in a measuring
cylinder
Measuring volume accurately –
position of the eye
Measuring temperature
Apparatus
Plan your observation table
Measuring the temperature when you heat
water – experiment simulation

https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/50e52977-2389-4f4d-b932-385f4d177ba2

temperature remains constant during melting and boiling - video link

Measuring the temperature when you heat
water – experiment simulation

https://javalab.org/en/status_change_of_water_en/
Why does the temperature remain constant during the phase
change?

 All the heat is used

to separate the
particles so that
they can move
from their fixed
position and start to
flow over one
another
What happens when you heat the boiling liquid
more vigorously/ strongly?
Will the temperature raise during boiling?

The temperature does not raise but the liquid

will boil quickly.
How do you find boiling point of any liquid?

The boiling point can be found by heating a

liquid and recording its temperature.

When the temperature stops rising and

remains constant, the boiling point of the
liquid has been reached
lets rethink about what we learnt
Temperature remains constant during melting and
boiling

For example during melting – when the solid starts to

melt until it has completely turned into a liquid, its
temperature does not rise/increase.

Why doesn’t the temperature rise or increase?

All the heat energy given is used to make the particles
slide over one another.
Graphs – Two types of questions expected
1. Drawing graph

X – y axis labelled – graphs without labelling will lose marks

Scale taken properly ----same pattern should repeat in taking the scale

Origin only one origin

Graphs – two question categories
1. Drawing graph
• X – y axis labelled – graphs without labelling will lose marks
• Scale taken properly ----same pattern should repeat in taking the scale
• Origin only one origin

2. Interpreting graph – extending graph

Some times graph will be given to you and you will be asked to draw a table from the graph

Graph will be given : for value on x axis what is the value on y axis or vice a versa

extending graph: extend graph and find the answer for x or y beyond the scope of experiment
Graph 1 (c.w)The table shows how the
temperature of a solid changed as it was heated.
Time/ mins 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature 0 10 20 30 40 50 55 57 59 60 60
/ oC

7 a) Plot a graph for this data.

Ans: Draw the graph for the following data
Time on x- axis and temperature on y – axis
Cut and stick it in your note book
As shown to you in the picture
Was the melting point reached? How can you
tell?
ans: Yes, the temperature began to remain constant at 60 oC.
Graph drawing – practice in class
Q What was the temperature of the liquid:
a) At the start of the experiment
ans: 20oC
b)After 2 minutes?
ans: 50oC

10 At what time was the temperature:

a) 30OC
ans: 1 min
b)70OC
ans : 3 min

11 What is the boiling point of the liquid?

ans : 100oC

12How did the rate at which the temperature increased

change as it reached the boiling point?
ans : it slowed down
Graph 2 (HW) The table shows how the
temperature of a water changed as it was heated.
Time/ mins 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Temperature 20 30 50 70 90 96 99 100 100
/ oC

Plot a graph for this data.

• Draw the graph for the following data
• Time on x- axis and temperature on y – axis
• Cut and stick it in your note book
• As shown to you in the picture
Q What was the temperature of the liquid:
a) At the start of the experiment
ans: 20oC
b)After 2 minutes?
ans: 50oC

10 At what time was the temperature:

a) 30OC
ans: 1 min
b)70OC
ans : 3 min

11 What is the boiling point of the liquid?

ans : 100oC

12How did the rate at which the temperature

increased change as it reached the boiling point?
ans : it slowed down
Evaporation and boiling
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/4f02b656-1032-410c-909
5-1b5878693667

Evaporation – video link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=Py0GEBy
Cke4&feature=emb_logo

Boiling – video link

  

Differences between evaporation and boiling.

BOILING EVAPORATION

A process in which a substance A process in which a substance

changes from liquid to gaseous state at a changes from liquid to gaseous state over
certain temperature (boiling point) a range of temperatures.

Fast Slow
Bubbles are formed No bubbles formed
Takes place only from the exposed surface
Occurs throughout the liquid
of the liquid
 Source of energy needed  Energy supplied by surroundings
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/f1e11102-0711-4d97-9e4
b-2b7da9c910e6

Factors effecting rate of evaporation – video link

 Important question
How to determine the
state of matter for a given substance
at given temperature?

 Lets use simple math techniques and do it

 Do you know number line
 Do you no how to deal with negative numbers
 example ; -10 is greater than -40
EXPLANATION
Do the sums discussed in class as home
work as given in the picture below
Water cycle
Try this transpiration experiment at home and share pictures
and your experiences in padlet
 Unit – 2
Materials and
their structure
What are materials made of? ph Gree
ilo
sop k
he r
s
Democritus (460-370 BCE) – gave the concept of atom – which
means indivisible


Democritus (460-370 BCE) – gave the concept
of atom – which means indivisible
Today we not only know that every
thing is made of atoms but also large
kinds of atom, using special
microscopes called scanning
tunnelling microscopes.
The photograph shows the atoms in
some carbon nanotubes.
Element
Element Atom
A substance made of just one kind of atom is called an element. For
example,
carbon is made only of carbon atoms.
Gold is made only of gold atoms.
Silver is made only of silver atoms.
Carbon, gold and silver are examples of elements
Element – how substances are made with
elements – video link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1IBnH4y6-M

watch this video

Particle theory
The Periodic Table is organised into rows and columns. The rows are
called periods. The columns are called groups.
The atoms are organised so that, as you read across each row
(period) from left to right, the atoms increase in mass. Hydrogen
atoms have the smallest mass, then helium
atoms, then lithium atoms, and so on.
 Chemical symbols for
elements
1. Each of the elements has been given a symbol. This is a useful shorthand
way of referring to them
2. Sometimes the symbol is the first letter of the English name of the
element. For example, the symbol for oxygen is O.
3. Sometimes the symbol is the first letter of the English name plus another
letter from its name. For example, the symbol for helium is He.
4. Sometimes the symbol is taken from another language. For example, the
symbol for sodium is Na, from the old Latin name ‘natrium’.
5. The first letter of the symbol is always upper case and the second letter, if
there is one, is always lower case.
 Practice on atoms and
elements in the given
examples

Identify atoms and elements

 Compound

If two or more different types of atom are joined tightly together, by

bonding then the substance is a compound.

A compound is very different from the elements from which it is made.

COMPOUNDS

 The properties of compounds

are very different from the
properties of the elements that
make them up!
Example of compound
Properties of elements and
compounds
Sodium chloride formation
https://rockwellinternationalschool-my.sharepoint.com/:
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GzdcGaHqaj3uelHWoVg?e=6FDIkc
 Naming compounds

● Each compound has a chemical name. The chemical name usually tells
you the elements that the compound is made from.
● There are important rules to remember when naming compounds.
• If the compound contains a metal, then the name of the metal comes
first in the name of the compound.
• If the compound contains a non-metal, the name of the non-metal is
usually changed. For example, the compound made from sodium (a metal)
and chlorine (a non-metal) is not sodium chlorine, but sodium chloride.
• When two elements form a compound the name often ends in ‘ide’.
 Examples
Non-metal Compound
sodium Chlorine
hydrogen Sulfur
Calcium Oxygen
Magnesium Oxygen
Calcium Sulfur
Calcium Chlorine
Iron Sulfur
Compounds with metal and non-metal atom
and oxygen atoms bonded together
● Some compounds contains metal and non-metal
atom and oxygen atoms bonded together.

● These compounds often have names ending with

‘ate’.

● For example, a compound of calcium, carbon and

oxygen is called calcium carbonate.
 Compound with two
non-metals
● Sometimes, the name of a compound tells you how many
of each kind of atom are bonded together.
● Carbon dioxide particles are made up of one carbon atom
joined to two oxygen atoms. ‘Di’ means two.
● Carbon monoxide particles are made up of one carbon
atom joined to one oxygen atom. ‘Mon’ or ‘mono’ means
one.
 Examples
Non-metal Compound
Carbon Two oxygens
Carbon One oxygen
Sulfur Two oxygens
Calcium Nitrogen and
oxygen bonded
together
Magnesium Carbon and
oxygen bonded
together
Lithium Sulfur and
 Compound with
hydroxide (-OH)

● The name of the metal comes first in the name of the

compound.

● One atom of oxygen and one atom of hydrogen bonded

together is called hydroxide.
 Examples
Non-metal Compound
Sodium Oxygen and
hydrogen
bonded together
Potassium Oxygen and
hydrogen
bonded together
Lithium Oxygen and
hydrogen
bonded together
 Examples
Non-metal formulae
sodium Chlorine
hydrogen Sulfur
Calcium Oxygen
Magnesium Oxygen
Calcium Sulfur
Calcium Chlorine
 Examples
Non-metal formulae
Carbon Two oxygens
Carbon One oxygen
Sulfur Two oxygens
Calcium Nitrogen and
oxygen bonded
together
Magnesium Carbon and
oxygen bonded
together
Lithium Sulfur and
 Examples
Non-metal formulae
Sodium Oxygen and
hydrogen
bonded together
Potassium Oxygen and
hydrogen
bonded together
Lithium Oxygen and
hydrogen
bonded together
Mixtures
What is opposite of mixture?

Pure substance
 PURE SUBSTANCE
In science, the word pure is used to describe
something that only contains a single substance.

Pure water contains only water, with no other

substances mixed with it.

There are two types of pure substances…

Elements & Compounds.
 Mixture
A mixture is not pure.

It is made up of different kinds of particle that are

mixed together.

The mixture may be of elements, compounds or

both.
 MIXTURES

1) Element + Another Element

2) Compound + Another Compound

3) Element + Compound
 Mixtures
A combination of two or more pure
substances that are not chemically combined.
substances held together by physical forces,
not chemical
No chemical change takes place
Each item retains its properties in the mixture
They can be separated physically

Chem4kids.com
 Iron and sulphur
mixture
Iron sulphide
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ESJn0HEEMLO8nwkD63nZQ?e=REbcnR

compound
 Practice on atoms and
elements in the given
examples

Identify atoms and elements

Examples of
mixtures
Air
Is water really a
mixture
experiment
Equipment
Summary