Experiments to be written in journal(these are available in AW too.

(Experiments3,4
and 5)

Experiment No. 1
To prepare
a) a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum
b) a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water
c) a colloidal of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish between these on
the basis of
i) Transparency
ii) Filtration criterion
iii) Stability

Requirements: common salt, sugar, alum, soil, chalk powder, fine sand, starch, distilled
water egg albumin, test tubes, funnel, filter paper, test tube stand, glass rod, beakers.

Theory:
• Solution is a homogeneous material formed by mixing of two substances, one in large
amount (solvent) and the other in small amount (solute) .The particle size is smaller than
10-7 cm.
• The solution in which no more solute is soluble in the solvent at a given temperature and
pressure conditions is said to be a saturated solution.
• A suspension is a heterogeneous material in which the solid particles can be seen by
naked eye and magnifying glass. The suspended particles can be separated by filtration or
by sedimentation as the particles settle down on standing. The particle size is of the order
of 10-5 cm or larger.
• A colloid is a heterogeneous material. The particles of a colloidal system can be seen by a
powerful microscope. A colloidal system is stable; its components do not settle down
under gravity and components cannot be separated by filtration. The particle size is
generally in between 10-7 to 10-5 cm.

Procedure:
a) Preparation of a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum:
Take three beakers marked A, B and C containing 90ml of water in each. Add 10g of fine
powder of each common salt, sugar and alum in beakers A, B and C respectively. Stir the
solution of each beaker thoroughly with the help of a glass rod.
b) Preparation of a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water :
Take three beakers marked D, E and F each containing 90ml of water. Add 10g of fine
soil, fine chalk powder and fine sand in each of the beakers respectively. Stir the contents
of each beaker well with a glass rod.
c) Preparation of a colloidal solution:
i) a colloidal of starch in water: Mix 1% dry cornstarch with 3ml of distilled water. To
this add 97ml of boiling distilled water and stir it well. Cook it for two minutes stirring
the solution continuously. Cool it and store in a test tube marked G.
ii) a colloidal of egg albumin in water :
Take 1g of egg albumin and 5ml of distilled water in a beaker and mix it well. Slowly add
95ml of distilled water while stirring constantly. After mixing add a few drops of dil.HCl
or dil.H2SO4 and stir well. The clear solution of albumin and water will become turbid.
Store this in a test-tube marked H.
 Property to be Experiment Observation Inference
tested
1.Transparency Paste small strips of same coloured Colour spot is A true solution is
cellophane paper on one side of clearly sen from the transparent while colloids
each test-tube (A, B, C, D, E, F, G other side of the and suspensions are not.
and H). test-tubes A, B and
Arrange test-tubes in groups C
according to solution, suspension
and colloid. Now observe the
coloured paper of each test-tube
from the other side of the test-tube
through the liquid one by one.
2. Filtration Filter the contents of test-tubes A, No residue is left Solid particles cannot be
B and C separately. on the filter paper. separated from true
A clear filtrate is solution by filtration.
obtained.
Suspended components of
Filter the contents of test-tube D, E Particulate a suspension can be
and F separately. suspension is seen separated by filtration.
on the filter paper
in each case but
filtrate is a clear Components of a colloid
liquid. cannot be separated by
filtration.
Filter the contents of test-tubes G No residue left on
and H separately. the filter paper in
both the cases. But
the filtrate obtained
is translucent.
3. Stability Leave the test-tubes A, B, C, D, E, No change in test The true solutions are
F and G for sometime. tubes A, B and C. stable and do not show
the solution deposition of components.
remains as it is
without any Suspensions are unstable
settlement. and show settlement of
In test tubes D, E, F heavier particles.
there is a gradual
settlement of solid Colloids are stable. Their
particles at the solute particles do not
bottom. settle down after some
No change is time.
observed in test-
tubes G and H

Result:
(a) Colloidal solutions are somewhat translucent, and their particles can pass through
filter paper to give translucent filtrate. No particles are left as residue on the filter
paper.
 (b) True solutions are transparent; they pass through filter paper leaving no residue on the
filter paper. The filtrate is also transparent.
(c) Suspension is opaque or dull. They leave residue particles over filter paper on
filtration. The filtrate is more or less clear and transparent.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim To prepare a) a mixture b) a compound using iron filings and Sulphur powder and
distinguish between these on the basis of:
i) Appearance i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity
ii) Behavior towards a magnet
iii) Behavior towards carbon disulphide a solvent.
iv) Effect of heat.

Apparatus required:
A hard glass tube; test tube holder; pestle and mortar, two watch glasses, a hand lens, a
magnet, a rack full of clean test tubes, burner.
Chemicals required:
Iron filings (10g), sulphur powder (5g), carbon disulphide
Theory: Physical Change-Changes in which original components do not change their
properties and no new substances are formed.
Chemical Change- Changes in which original components undergo change to form new
substances with entirely different properties.
Procedure:
a) Preparation of a mixture of iron and sulphur
Take the entire amount of iron filings and sulphur powder and put them in pestle and
mortar. Grind the constituents thoroughly. The product so formed is a mixture of iron and
sulphur. Divide the mixture into two halves and place them on two watch glasses.
b) Preparation of the compound of iron and sulphur (iron sulphide)
Transfer half of the mixture from one of the watch glasses to a hard glass
test tube. Hold the test tube with the test tube holder and heat the mixture strongly on a
Bunsen burner till its contents start glowing with a reddish glow. Stop heating, the test
tube will continue glowing for some time because iron reacts with sulphur to form its
compound iron sulphide with the release of heat energy. When the contents of the test
tube cool, break the tube and gently remove the pieces of broken glass. Transfer the
compound formed in the pestle and mortar and grind well. Now transfer the powdered
compound onto the watch glass.
Fe + S FeS
Procedure:
Experiment Observations Inference
1.Action with bar magnet: a) In case of mixture, iron a) Constituents of a mixture retain
Roll the bar magnet in the particles cling to the their properties and can be separated
mixture as well as its magnet. by physical means.
compound. b) In case of its compound b) But constituents of a compound
the black particles do not cannot be separated by physical means
cling to the magnet.
2. Appearance: a) In case of mixture the a) Mixtures are heterogeneous in
grey particles of iron can nature
 Observe the mixture as
well as its compound
under magnifying glass by
spreading them thinly on a
paper.
be seen clearly in yellow
particles of sulphur and
they are not uniform
throughout.
b) In case of the b) Compounds are homogeneous in
compound, uniform black nature.
particles are seen.

3. Action with carbon
disulphide:
Place a small amount of
the mixture and its
compound in separate test
tubes and add 5 ml of
carbon disulphide and
shake them well.
4. Action of heat: Take
small amount of mixture
and compound in different
test tubes respectively and
heat them on the Bunsen
flame.
a) In the case of mixture, a) Sulphur retains its properties in the
the yellow particles of mixture.
Sulphur dissolve and black
particles of iron settle
down.
b) In the case of b) Sulphur does not retain its
compound, no change properties in the compound.
occurs.
a) In case of mixture the a) On heating, mixture of iron and
test tube starts glowing Sulphur reacts and forms iron suphide.
with a reddish glow. When
the heating is stopped the
reddish glow will continue
for some time. A grey
solid mass is formed. b) No reaction takes place on heating
b) In case of compound iron sulphide
no visible change occurs

Result:
i) When iron filings and sulphur powder are mixed, both retain their properties. It means they
have not undergone any chemical reaction. Thus, it is a physical change.
ii) When iron filings and sulphur powder are mixed and heated, they undergo a chemical
reaction. A new substance iron sulphide is formed which has properties entirely different
from iron and sulphur. Thus it is a chemical change.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Heat the mixture of iron and sulphur in a hard glass tube only.
2. Remove the pieces of broken glass with forceps only. Do not use bare hands as you
are likely to injure your fingers.
3. Carbon disulphide should be kept away from the flame (It is volatile and can catch
fire).
4. Hydrogen sulphide should not be inhaled. It can cause a headache.

Experiment No. 3
Aim: To carry out the following chemical reactions and record observations. Also, to identify
the type of reaction involved in each case.
A. Burning of Magnesium in air.
B. Zinc with dilute Sulphuric acid
C. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
D. Sodium sulphate with Barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.
E. Heating of Copper sulphate

EXPERIMENT NO.3A
Aim: Burning of Magnesium in air.
Requirements: a) A strip of magnesium ribbon, tongs, china dish, burner.
Theory: Magnesium is a reactive metal; it combines with oxygen to form an oxide.
Combination reaction: It is a reaction in which two elements combine to give a compound
e.g.
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
magnesium oxide
Magnesium forms a basic oxide as it dissolves in water to form magnesium hydroxide.
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide turns red litmus blue.

S.No. Experiment Observations Inference

1 Take a clean strip of It burns with a dazzling Magnesium
magnesium ribbon and flame forming a white combines with
hold it with the tongs. powder. oxygen to form
Burn it the flame of Magnesium oxide.
burner.
2. Collect the white powder Red litmus paper turns blue. Magnesium oxide is
in the china dish and basic in nature.
dissolve it in distilled
water and dip a red
litmus paper in it.

Precautions:
• The magnesium ribbon should be cleaned before the experiment because it is a
reactive metal; it combines with oxygen in air to form an oxide.
• The dazzling flame should not be seen directly for long time.
• The strip of magnesium ribbon should be held with a tongs to protect our hands from
burning.
• The white magnesium oxide powder should not be touched by hand.

EXPERIMENT NO.3B

Aim: Reaction of Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid

Requirements: Piece of zinc metal, dilute sulphuric acid, test tubes.
Theory: Zinc is very reactive metal and can displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
Displacement reaction: When metals like Zn, Mg, Fe, more reactive than hydrogen, react
with dilute acid hydrogen gas is liberated e.g.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
This is also an example of a Redox reaction ie reaction in which oxidation and reduction are
taking place simultaneously.

S.No. Experiment Observations Inference

1. Take a few pieces of zinc in
the test tube and add about
20ml of dil. H2SO4 to it.
2. Bring wet red and blue litmus
papers near the mouth of the
test tube.
3. Close the mouth of the test
tube with your hand to
prevent the gas from going
out and then bring a burning
matchstick near the mouth
of the test tube.
Bubbles are formed
immediately showing gas
being evolved
No color change is
observed on either red or
blue litmus papers.
The matchstick goes off
with a ‘pop’ sound but
the gas burns with a blue
flame.
Hydrogen gas is
evolved.
Hydrogen gas is neither
acidic nor basic.
Hydrogen gas does not
support combustion but
is combustible.

Precautions:
• Dil. Sulphuric acid should be handled with care.
• Zinc granules should be cleaned before adding them to acid.
• Test for hydrogen gas with a matchstick should be done carefully.

EXPERIMENT NO.3C

Aim: Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.

Requirements: Iron nail, copper sulphate, distilled water.
Theory: Iron is more reactive than copper as it is above copper in the reactivity series.
Displacement reaction: It is a reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive
metal from its salt solution.
Reaction:
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
(blue) (green)

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Clean an iron nail and put it a
test tube.Add about 10 ml of
copper sulphate solution to it
and leave it for some time.
After 15 minutes the colour
of the solution changes
from blue to light green
and a brown coating is
observed on the surface of
the nail.
The brown coating
on the nail shows
that copper from the
copper sulphate
solution has been
displaced by iron and
green coloured
ferrous sulphate has
been formed. Iron is
 more reactive than
copper
Precautions:
• Iron nail should be thoroughly cleaned.
• A clean nail and some solution of copper sulphate should be kept aside for
comparison.
• During the experiment the test tube should not be disturbed.

EXPERIMENT NO.3(D)
Aim: Sodium sulphate with Barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.
Requirements:
Sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution, conical flask and glass rod.
Theory:
• Double displacement reaction: A reaction in which exchange of two metal atoms
takes place simultaneously, e.g.

BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl (aq)

(White ppt)

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Take 10 ml each of sodium A white precipitate A double displacement
sulphate and barium chloride is formed reaction takes place. A
solutions in different test white precipitate of barium
tubes. Mix the two solutions. sulphate is formed and
sodium chloride remains in
solution

Precautions:
• All glass apparatus has to be handled with care.

EXPERIMENT NO.3 (E)

Aim: Heating of Copper sulphate crystals.
Requirements: Copper sulphate crystals, hard glass test tube, burner, test-tube holder.
Theory: Copper sulphate decomposes and forms water vapour, leaving white anhydrous
copper sulphate. The compound will become white in colour as the water evaporates. This
compound is still copper II sulphate but in dehydrated form. This reaction is reversible. If
water is added to anhydrous copper sulphate then the solution turns blue again accompanied
by a rise in temperature.

heat

CuSO4.5H2O -----------→ CuSO4 + 5H2O

On very strong heating (almost above 250ºC), the anhydrous the copper sulfate decomposes
to form copper oxide.
CuSO4 (aq) ==> SO2(g) + CuO(s)
Decomposition reaction: A compound breaks down to form two or more compounds.
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a small amount of Water droplets are The crystals lose the water of
copper sulphate crystals in a collected at the cooler crystallization on heating.
dry test-tube. Hold the test- sides of the test tube. The crystalline shape and blue
tube with a test-tube holder. The blue colour colour is lost due to loss of water
Heat the test-tube over the disappears and the of crystallization.
flame of a burner first gently crystals become a CuSO4 decomposes to form
and then strongly. white powder. copper oxide.
On very strong
heating, a black solid
remains in the test
tube.

Precautions:
i) Keep the mouth of the test-tube away from your face and also from other classmates.
ii) Always use test-tube holder while heating the test-tube.
iii) Use Pyrex hard glass test tubes as the normal ones may crack with the heat supplied.