Solutions

Experiment:2
 Objective
 To prepare
(1)a true solution of common salt,Sugar and alum
(2) a suspension of soil, Chalk powder and Fine
sand in water
(3) a colloidal of starch in water and egg albumin
in water and distinguish between these on the basis
of
(a) transparency
(b)Filtration criterion
(c) Stabtlity
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Distilled water, dry corn starch, big hard glass test

tube ,250 ml beakers, filter paper, glass rod egg, alum
(phitkari), dilute sulphuric acid/acetic acid/dilute
HCL ,coloured paper, funnel , test tube stand etc…..
 THEORY
Solution: Homogeneous mixture formed by . mixing
two (or more) things , one in large amount (solvent) and
other in small amount (solute) is called Solution.
The maximum mass of a substance that is dissolved
in 100 g of a solvent under particular condition of
temperature and pressure (say the condition of room
temperature and pressure) is referred to as the Solubility of
that substance in that solvent under the specified
conditions . This solution so obtained is said to be a
Saturated Solution. It means that no more solute gets
dissolved in the solvent at the given temperature and
pressure .
Solubility varies with temperature and pressure. For
example , solubility of salt/sugar increases with the rise
in temperature . The solution in which no more solute is
soluble in the solvent at given temperature and pressure
conditions is said to be a saturated solution under those
specified conditions.
The solutions which we generally come across are
not saturated . They contain leaser amount of solute . The
composition of such solutions is expressed as
Concentration which refers to the quantity of a solute
dissolved in a definate weight or volume of the solution .
The concentration may be expressed in terms of either
mass or moles.The number of moles of a solute present
in one liter of asolution is called the molarity of that
solution .
 If 58.5 g NaCL ( Na=23+CL=35.5) is present in 1000ml of a solution ,it
will be known as 1 M (1 molar ) solution of NaCL.
Dispersions may gives rise to a homogeneous (solution)or
heterogeneous material (a suspensions or a colloid).The distinction lies
in the size of the dispersed particles.

In suspension, the particle size is of the order of 10 –5 cm or larger .

The particles can be seen distinctly from the dispersion medium
(solvent ) by naked eye or under an ordinary microscope . The
suspension are not very stable .The suspended particles may settle
down after sometimes e.g..,muddy water ,smoke in air .

Colloids have the particles smaller than 10-5 cm (generally10-7 to

10-5 cm). The dispersed particles show very little tendency to separate .
Colloid particles cannot be seen by naked eye or under microscope .
Colloids are stable e.g., gum, milk, and blood are typical colloids.
In a solution , the particles are of molecular dimension , smaller
than 10-7 cm .solutions are transparent and Homogeneous.
In a solution , mass percentage of solute is equal to 100
minus mass percentage of solvent
Mass % age of solute=100 – mass %age of solvent
To find out mass percentage of solute in its solution in
water, we apply the following formula:
mass % age of solute= mass of solute/mass of solute
+ mass of water * 100
The mass of water is always equal to its measurement
in ml at room temperature and pressure For example ,
mass of 50 ml of water is equal to 50 g because:
Mass of water =Volume of water*Density of water
= 50 ml* 1.00g/ml
= 50 g
 PROCEDURE
1.Preparation of a true solution of common salt , sugar and alum
Take three beakers with 90 ml water in each . Lable as A, B, C. Add 10 g of fine
powder of each common salt,sugar and alum in beakers A,B and C
respectively . Stir the solution of each beaker thoroughly with the help of
glass rod. When ready keep the solutions for further use.
2. Preparation of a suspension of soil , chalk powder and fine sand in water
Take three beakers . Put 90 ml of water in each beaker. Lable them as D , E
and F. Add 10 g of each fine sand (without litter), fine chalk powder and fine
sand in each beaker respectively.Stir the content of each beaker well with the
help of glass rod .
3. (1) a colloidal of starch in water
Mix 1% dry corn starch with 3 ml of distilled water . To this add
97ml of boiling distilled water .Stir it well. Cook it for 2 minutes
stirring the constantly . Cool it for further use. Lable test tube as
G.
(2) a colloidal of egg albumin in water
Take 1 g of egg albumin and 5 ml of distilled water in a
beaker. Mix it well. Slowly add 95ml of distilled water
while stirring continuously . After mixing add a few
drops of acid (dil. HCL/dil H2SO4 or acetic acid ) and
stir well.The clear solution of albumin and water will
become turbid . Lable the test tube as H.
Property to be Experimental Observations Inference
Tested procedure
Transparency Paste small strips Colour spot is clea A true solution
of same coloured rly seen from the is Transparent
cellophane paper other side of test
on oneside of each tube A,B,and C.
test tube A,B,C and
D,E,F and G and H.
Property to be Experimental
tested producer
Arrange test tube in groups
according to solution suspension
Transparency and colloid now observe the
coloured paper of each test tube of
the set from the other side of the
test tube through the liquied one by
one.
Filter the content of test tubes
A ,B ,and C separately.
Filter the content of test tubes
D,E and F separately.
Filter the contents of test tube G
Filtration and H separately.
Leave the test tube A,B and
C,D,E,F and G test tube for
sometimes( say for 15 to 20
minutes )
Stability
Observation
Coloured spot is not visible from
other side of test tube D,E,and F.
Coloured spot appears dim from
the other side of test tube G,and H
No residue is left on the filter
paper. A clear filtrate is obtain.
Particulate suspension is seen
on the filter paper in each case
but filtrate is a clear liquid.
No residue left on the filter paper
in both the cases, but filtrate
obtain is Translucent
No change the solution remains
as it is without any settlement
In the test tube D,E,F there is
gradual settlement of solid
particles at the bottom
No charge is observed in test
tubes G and H.
Inference
A Suspention is OPAQUE
A colloid is transulant
Solid paticles cannot be separate
from the true solution by
Filtration .
Suspended components of a
suspension can be separted by
Filtration.
Components causing colloid
cannot be separated by
Filtration.
The true solution are stable and
do not show deposition of
components.
Suspensions is unstable and
show settle of heavier
particles ..
Colloids are stable. There solute
particles do not settle down after
lapse of sometime.
 Results :
1. Colloidal solutions are somewhat translucent and
their particles can pass through filter paper to give
translucent filtrate. No residue particles are left as
residue over filter paper.
2. True solutions are transparent, they pass through
filter paper leaving no residue over filter paper, The
filtrate is also transparent.
3. Suspensions are somewhat opaque or dull. They
leave residue particles over filter paper on filtration .
The filtrate is more or less clear and transparent .
GUIDED BY: DONE BY:
A. Muntaz Begam E. Sankeerthana
( mam)
PGT Chemistry
bai
9th B/sction
Roll no: 9