UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG (UMP)

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LONG REPORT

BMM3521 ENGINEERING FLUIDS MECHANICS LAB

EXPERIMENT 2: INVESTIGATION OF FLOW PATTERN OVER IMMERSED BODIES

AND BOUNDARY LAYER

DEADLINE 21/04/2021

SUBMISSION
DATE 21/04/2021

1. PANNIRSELVAN A/L RAMACHANDRAN MA19262

2. ESPARAN A/L AYAWO MA19281

STUDENTS’
NAME & ID NO. 3. NAVEN A/L SANKRAN MA19275

4. SIVAGURURAJU A/L R. JAYARAJU

MA19276

SECTION 04

We hereby declare that the work is entirely our own effort. Under no
circumstances did we allow anyone to copy our work. We understand
DECLARATION
and accept that any breach of trust will automatically penalize all parties
and zero mark will be given for the lab.

MARKS
DISTRIBUTION /100

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 ABSTRACT

An experiment with the title of Investigation of Flow Patterns over a immersed bodies and
boundary was conducted to determine the flow pattern of an immersed body and boundary
layer thickness of a plate. It is also as to fulfil the requirement of Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Laboratory (BMM3532). This investigation will have two experiments related to this topic.
The experiments are the determination of flow of fluid when come in contact to an immersed
body that has an aerodynamic shape but with different angle and the other is the determination
of boundary layers according to the surface contact. For the first experiment, the body is
immersed to study the pattern flow from laminar to turbulence or the change of flow in
immersed body. Thus, the flow of a fluid without any disturbance will be a laminar flow. But
with a disturbance, the flow will change from laminar to a turbulence. The aerodynamic-
shaped body is placed in a machine that will flow a vapor that will contact the body that will
show the flow of the vapor. This also includes the changes related to the surface contact of the
immersed body to the flowing fluid which is the second experiment. As the fluid (Air) comes
to contact with a flat and long surface, there will be a boundary layer. Thus, this experiment
will also determine the changes of boundary layer according to the type of surface, which is
smooth and rough. Pressure given by the air that comes to contact to the tip of a small machine
which will flow the air to a tube to measure the amount the pressure.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE

1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1-2

1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Scopes 3

2 CHAPTER 2: THEORY 4-5

3. CHAPTER 3: METHOD AND PROCEDURE 5-9

3.1 Apparatus 6
3.2 Test Set Up 6
3.3 Procedure 8-9

4. CHAPTER 4: RESULT, GRAPHS AND DISCUSSION 10-20

4.1 Result 10
4.2 Graph 11-20
4.3 Discussion 11-20

5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 21

6. Reference 22

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

During the week of 8 August 1904, a small

group of mathematicians and scientists
gathered in picturesque Heidelberg, Germany,
known for its baroque architecture, cobblestone
streets, and castle ruins that looked as if they
were still protecting the old city. Home to
Germany’s
oldest university, which was founded in 1386,
Heidelberg was a natural venue for the Third
International Mathematics
Congress. [2]
One of the presenters at the congress was
Ludwig Prandtl, a 29-year-old professor at the
Technische Hochschule (equivalent to a US
technical university) in Hanover. Prandtl’s
presentation was only 10 minutes long, but that
Figure 1 Ludwig Prandtl ( Founder Of Boundary Layer
Effect ) [1] was all the time needed to describe a new
concept that would revolutionize the understanding and analysis of fluid dynamics. His
presentation, and the subsequent paper that was published in the congress’s proceedings one
year later, introduced the concept of the boundary layer in a fluid flow over a surface. In 2005,
concurrent with the World Year of Physics celebration of, among other things, Albert Einstein
and his famous papers of 1905, we should also celebrate the 100th anniversary of Prandtl’s
seminal paper. The modern world of aerodynamics and fluid dynamics is still dominated by
Prandtl’s idea. By every right, his boundary-layer concept was worthy of the Nobel Prize. He
never received it, however; some say the Nobel Committee was reluctant to award the prize for
accomplishments in classical physics. [2]

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 Against this backdrop, along came Prandtl and his seminal presentation at Heidelberg.
The companion paper, entitled “Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung” (“On
the Motion of Fluids with Very Little Friction”), was only eight pages long, but it would prove
to be one of the most important fluid-dynamics papers ever written.3 Much later, in 1928, when
asked by the fluid dynamitist Sydney Goldstein why the paper was so short, Prandtl replied
that he had been given only 10 minutes for his presentation, and he had been under the
impression that his paper could contain only what he had time to say. [2]

Prandtl’s paper gave the first description of the boundary-layer concept. He theorized
that an effect of friction was to cause the fluid immediately adjacent to the surface to stick to
the surface in other words, he assumed the no-slip condition at the surface and that frictional
effects were experienced only in a boundary layer, a thin region near the surface. Outside the
boundary layer, the flow was essentially the inviscid flow that had been studied for the previous
two centuries.[2]

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Boundary layer behavior over a moving continuous surface is an important type of flow
occurring in several engineering processes. For example, many metallurgical processes
involve the cooling of continuous strips or filaments by drawing them through a quiescent
fluid. These phenomena are same for the boundary layer along moving flat plate. The
boundary layer equations must be used to solve boundary layer problem. There are many
ways to solve boundary layer equation such as Taylor's series that the result sometimes is
not really accurate. The problem may occur if the calculation that had been made got many
errors and not accurate. So, in order to solve the boundary layer equations, others numerical
methods will be used. [3]

1.3. OBJECTIVE

• To configuration complete estimation method for fluid flow and measure the drag.
Moreover, lift powers applied on a symmetrical aero foil at various approaches.
• To determine the velocity distribution for flat plate.
• To decide the limit layer thickness of a level plate exposed to longitudinal flow for
rough and smooth surface.

1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The aim of the experiment to understand the theory in Fluid Mechanics Lab which covers
the boundary layer and determination of flow of fluid when come in contact to and immersed
body that has aerodynamic shape. The main objective to carry out the experiments is to
determine the velocity distribution of the flat plate.

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 CHAPTER 2
THEORY

The first experiment, the experiment is to evaluate the flow over and immersed body.
There is only qualitative explanation for the behavior of the flow over the immersed bodies.
The external flow behaves as the shape of the immersed bodies. Thus, what is studied in this
experiment is the flow of the external flow that will change as the immersed body shape.
Usually, the external flow is characterized by two regions in the flow field which is the solid
surface of the body and the inviscid flow. Once the external flow is near to the body, the data
that can be obtained is the boundary layer of the flow. The boundary layer is also affected by
the surface of the immersed body. Boundary layer is A boundary layer is a thin layer of viscous
fluid close to the solid surface of a wall in contact with a moving stream in which the flow
velocity varies from zero at the wall. The point of separation of the external flow is also needed
to be analyzed. This is due to the pressure distribution and the corresponding forces acting on
the body is impacted by the location.

The above picture is a diagram on a boundary layer. Flow in a duct, the flow in a boundary
layer may vary whether it is a laminar or turbulent. There are a few factors that affect the
boundary layer, which are the surface roughness, pressure gradient, body forces and heat
transfer. Boundary layers are long, essentially flat on the surface.

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 Figure 2 Diving streamline and Stagnation point

The wake region which is the stagnation pressure is bigger compared to zero angle of attack as
shown in Figure above. The dividing streamline and the stagnation point move down, hence
more air flows above the wing and thus there is a decrease in velocity below the aero foil. In
Bernoulli's Theorem, when decrease in velocity, pressure will increase. Therefore, the pressure
below the aero foil is higher than the pressure above the aero foil. The lift force is generated in
this way. [6]

The drag force shall be calculated by:

𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 , 𝐹𝐷
𝐶𝑑 =
1
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 2 𝜌𝑈 2 𝐴

And the lifting force shall be calculated by:

𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 , 𝐹𝐿
𝐶𝐿 =
1
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 2 𝜌𝑈 2 𝐴

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 CHAPTER 3
METHOD AND PROCEDURE

3.1 APPARATUS

• Air flow bench

• Smoke controller
• Manometer
• Aero foil model
• Radial fan (0.55kW)
• Rectifier
• Pitot tube

3.2 TEST SET UP

The air flow bench comprises the following components:

• Mobile rolling frame (1) with benchtop (2)

• Radial fan 0.55kW (3)
• Switchbox (4) and drawer for small parts (5)
• Air intake pipe (6) with throttle valve (7) and thermometer (8)
• Rectifier (9)
• Removable nozzle (effusor) (10)
• Funnel (11) for air inlet
• Off-air pipe (12)
• Fixture (13) for 16-fold water pressure gauge (14), not included.
• Measuring glands for measuring tubes (15)

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 Figure 3 Experimental Setup

The experiment uses the HM 225.02 Boundary layer Apparatus in combination with HM 225
Air Flow Bench, boundary layers can be experimentally investigated. The set-up is fitted to the
nozzle using quick action fasteners. The plate is placed vertically and slid into the unit. The
experiment utilizes the two sides of the plate one with a smooth surface and the other is with a
rough surface. The Pitot tube function is to measure dynamic pressure of the air. [5]

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 3.3 PROCEDURE

Experiment 1: Flow patterns of symmetric aero foil at different angle of attack

1) The experiment setup is as shown in Figure below.
2) The aero foil model is then attached and screwed to the air flow bench.
3) First the experiment started with 0° angle of attack.
4) The switch is turned on and the radial fan is allowed to move.
5) The radial fan speed controller is adjusted at an initial speed of 12.
6) The readings are recorded and tabulated.
7) The smoke controller is then pressed to emit smoke into the flow to view the flow of t.
air on the aero foil.
8) The picture of the flow of the aero foil is taken.
9) Then the radial fan speed controller is then increased by one till speed of 19.
10) The experiment is repeated from step 5 - 8 for 30° and 45°.

(b)
(a)

Figure 4: (a) Set Up of Experiment

(b) Angles of attack in experiment

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 Experiment 2: Flow over flat plate
1) The experiment is setup as shown.
2) The smooth surface flat plate is inserted into the air flow bench.
3) The first distance is taking as zero and the following distance taken.
4) The pitot tube is connected to the Vernier calipers.
5) The pitot tube is first touched to the surface of the flat plate as the first data.
6) The radial fan is then turned on and any data are recorded and tabulated.
7) The distance of the plate is taken from 0 mm increased by 20 mm to 140 mm, while
the pitot tube
8) The distance from the surface of flat plate is taken form 4 mm increased by 4 mm to
32 mm.
9) The experiment is repeated from step 5 - 7 for the rough surface.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: (a) Set Up of Apparatus in Experiment

(b) Material used in Experiment

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 CHAPTER 4
RESULT, GRAPHS AND DISCUSSION

Part A: Flow patterns of symmetric aero foil at different angle of attack

Initial Head 137mm

Fan speed Head, H1

12 133.5
13 130.5
14 122
15 109.5
16 92.5
17 72
18 47.5
19 18

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 Angle of attack 0 degree

H Pdyna U&V Fd Fl
0.0035 0.04065264 0.262049614 0.000151106 0.000215134
0.0065 0.07549776 0.357113427 0.000280625 0.000399534
0.015 0.1742256 0.54249424 0.000647597 0.000922002
0.0275 0.3194136 0.734540673 0.00118726 0.001690337
0.0445 0.51686928 0.934392851 0.001921203 0.002735272
0.065 0.7549776 1.129291813 0.002806252 0.003995341
0.0895 1.03954608 1.325137729 0.003863993 0.005501278
0.119 1.38218976 1.527998691 0.005137599 0.007314548

DRAG & LIFT FORCE vs FAN SPEED

FD FL

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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 Angle of attack 30 degree

H Pdyna U&V Fd Fl
0.004 0.04646016 0.280142821 0.000172692 0.000245867
0.0075 0.0871128 0.383601356 0.000323798 0.000461001
0.017 0.19745568 0.57752922 0.000733943 0.001044935
0.0305 0.35425872 0.773569648 0.00131678 0.001874737
0.0465 0.54009936 0.955159673 0.002007549 0.002858206
0.0675 0.7840152 1.150804067 0.002914184 0.004149008
0.0915 1.06277616 1.339861933 0.003950339 0.005624211
0.12 1.3938048 1.534405422 0.005180772 0.007376015
0.137 1.59126048 1.639493824 0.005914715 0.00842095

DRAG & LIFT FORCE vs FAN SPEED

FD FL

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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 Angle of attack 45 degree

H Pdyna U&V Fd Fl
0.0045 0.05226768 0.297136332 0.000194279 0.000276601
0.008 0.09292032 0.396181776 0.000345385 0.000491734
0.0175 0.2032632 0.58596075 0.000755529 0.001075669
0.031 0.36006624 0.779884607 0.001338366 0.001905471
0.048 0.55752192 0.970443198 0.002072309 0.002950406
0.0685 0.79563024 1.159297201 0.002957358 0.004210475
0.0925 1.0743912 1.347163687 0.003993512 0.005685678
0.1245 1.44607248 1.562910746 0.005375051 0.007652616

DRAG & LIFT FORCE vs FAN SPEED

FL FD

0.009

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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2. Sketch the streamlines of the airfoil at different inclination angles with separation
and stagnation points clearly labeled

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Experiment 2: Flow over flat plate

1. Plot head, velocity & Reynolds number versus boundary layer for smooth and rough
surface at one selected plate distance.

Initial head = 274mm

Experiment 2A: Smooth surface flat plate

Plate Boundary layer thickness (mm)

distance 2.175 4.175 6.175 8.175 10.175 12.175 14.175 16.175
(mm)
Head, H1 (mm)

10 249 231 224 218 215 213 213 213

20 252 230 222 219 215 213 213 213

30 252 231 224 219 217 215 213 213

40 254 231 223 220 218 216 214 213

50 255 234 225 221 219 217 215 214

60 254 234 225 221 218 217 216 215

70 256 236 225 221 219 217 217 216

80 256 235 226 219 218 216 215 214

BLT(m) H1(m) *H(m) P(dynamic) Velocity Reynold

0.002175 0.255 0.019 0.220686 0.610557 1954.83946

0.004175 0.234 0.04 0.464602 0.885889 2836.37921

0.006175 0.225 0.049 0.569137 0.9805 3139.29651

0.008175 0.221 0.053 0.615597 1.019735 3264.91765

0.010175 0.219 0.055 0.638827 1.038797 3325.94943

0.012175 0.217 0.057 0.662057 1.057516 3385.88127

0.014175 0.215 0.059 0.685287 1.075909 3444.77058

0.016175 0.214 0.06 0.696902 1.084988 3473.84089

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 Head vs Boundary Layer Thickness(mm)

0.26

0.255

0.25

0.245

0.24
Head (m)

0.235

0.23

0.225

0.22

0.215

0.21
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Boundary Layer Thickness(m)

Velocity vs Boundary Layer Thickness

1.2

0.8
Velocity(m/s)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Boundary Layer Thicness(m)

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 Reynold vs Boundary Layer Thickness(m)
4000

3500

3000

2500
Reynold

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Boundary Layer Thickness(m)

Experiment 2B: Rough surface flat plate

Boundary layer thickness (mm)

Plate
distance
2.175 4.175 6.175 8.175 10.175 12.175 14.175 16.175
(mm)
Head, H1 (mm)

10 233 225 220 216 216 214 214 214

20 236 228 221 215 215 214 214 214

30 235 227 220 218 216 214 214 214

40 236 220 220 218 214 214 214 214

50 238 220 222 220 215 215 214 214

60 243 230 221 218 216 214 214 214

70 250 232 221 217 216 215 215 215

80 257 233 222 217 215 215 214 214

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BLT(m) H1(m) *H(m) P(dynamic) Velocity Reynold
0.00217
5 0.238 0.036 0.418141 0.840428 2690.82558
0.00417
5 0.22 0.054 0.627212 1.02931 3295.57483
0.00617
5 0.222 0.052 0.603982 1.010069 3233.96987
0.00817
5 0.22 0.054 0.627212 1.02931 3295.57483
0.01017
5 0.215 0.059 0.685287 1.075909 3444.77058
0.01217
5 0.215 0.059 0.685287 1.075909 3444.77058
0.01417
5 0.214 0.06 0.696902 1.084988 3473.84089
0.01617
5 0.214 0.06 0.696902 1.084988 3473.84089

Head vs Boundary Layer Thickness(m)

0.24

0.235

0.23
Pressure

0.225

0.22

0.215

0.21
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Boundary Layer Thickness(m)

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 Velocity vs Boundary Layer Thickness(m)
1.2

0.8
Velocity

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
Boundary Layer Thickness(m)

Reynold vs Boundary Layer Thickness(m)

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018

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2. Plot velocity versus distance of plate for smooth and rough surface.

Velocity vs Distance Smooth Plate

1.2

0.8
Velocity (m/s)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance Smooth Plate (m)

Velocity vs Distance Rough Plate

1.2

0.8
Velocity (m/s)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance Rough Plate (m)

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The experiment is actually able to be managed by us. We managed to design and evaluate
complete measurement technique and experimental procedure for fluid flow and measure the
drag and lift forces applied on a symmetrical aero foil at different angles. The velocity
distribution and the boundary layer thickness of a plate subjected to longitudinal flow for rough
and smooth surfaces are also managed to be obtained. Thus, we gained a lot in terms of working
the experiment and understanding the experiment and the concept of boundary layer. [4]

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REFERENCES

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl
[2] https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2169443
[3]http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/2341/1/SYED_ABDUL_KADIR_BIN_SYED_KHALI
D.PDF
[4]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222419934_An_investigation_on_the_aerodyna
mics_of_a_symmetrical_airfoil_in_ground_effect
[5] https://www.gunt.de/en/products/fluid-mechanics/flow-around-bodies/measurement-of-
boundary-layer/boundary-layers/070.22502/hm225-02/glct-1:pa-148:ca-788:pr-812
[6] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Streamlines-around-an-aerofoil-at-increasing-angle-
of-attack_fig3_230910482

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1