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Bahan Tambahan Makanan/Pangan (BTM/P) Food Additive
Bahan Tambahan Makanan/Pangan (BTM/P) Food Additive
(BTM/P)
Food Additive
Undang-undang Pangan
• Article 1:
• 2. For the purposes of this Directive ‘food additive’
means any substance not normally consumed as a
food in itself and not normally used as a characteristic
ingredient of food whether or not it has nutritive value,
the intentional addition of which to food for a
technological purpose in the manufacture, processing,
preparation, treatment, packaging, transport or
storage of such food results, or may be reasonably
expected to result, in it or its by-products becoming
directly or indirectly a component of such foods.
FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND
COSMETIC ACT (USA)
• CHAPTER II - DEFINITIONS, SEC. 201. [321]
• (s) The term ''food additive'' means any substance
the intended use of which results or may reasonably
be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its
becoming a component or otherwise affecting the
characteristics of any food (including any substance
intended for use in producing, manufacturing,
packing, processing, preparing, treating, packaging,
transporting, or holding food; and including any
source of radiation intended for any such use),.......
Categories of food additives (89/107/EEC)
01.6
Keju dan keju tiruan (analog) 50
08.3 Produk olahan dari daging unggas dan hewan buruan yang
dihancurkan, utuh atau potongan 500
OH O
O H
H O
CLogP: -2.174
LC-50 = 0,02 ppm (ikan)
Zat Pengawet Tidak Langsung
• Asam atau Basa, tergantung pH, dapat
menghidrolisis amida atau ester asam fosfat
(terdapat dalam struktur nukleotida),
sehingga terjadi penguraian nukleotida
• Asam lemah mampu mendenaturasi protein
• Menjadi dasar penggunaan beberapa
senyawa pengatur keasaman spt as. Asetat
dan garamnya, sebagai pengawet
Penggunaan BTP Pengawet
• Boleh digunakan bila secara teknologi diperlukan
• Kinetika kerja antimikroba zat pengawet,
kebanyakan mengikuti reaksi orde 1
• Kerja penghambatan mikroba zat pengawet
berbanding langsung dengan
jumlah/konsentrasinya
• Zat pengawet hanya akan efektiv, bila angka
mikroba rendah (harus ada upaya mengurangi
angka mikroba)
As. Benzoat Metil-p-hid. benzoat Etil-p-hid. benzoat
O OH O O O O CH3
CH3
CLogP: 1.885
LC-50 = 212,83 ppm
OH OH
CLogP: 1.9846 CLogP: 2.5136
LC-50 = 204,303 ppm LC-50 = 83,519 ppm
Propil-p-hid. benzoat
O O O
CH3
H3C As. propionat
OH
O
CLogP: 0.335
O
H3C OH
As. Sorbat
CLogP: -0.194
OH H3C OH
CLogP: 3.0426 As. asetat CLogP: 1.514
O O
S S
NaO ONa NaO OH
Na-Bisulfit
Na-Sulfit
O O
S S S
O O NaO O ONa
Belerang dioksida Na-Metabisulfit
O
N
N
NaO O
NaO O
Na-Nitrit
Na-Nitrat
O O
H3CO O OCH3
Dimetildikarbonat
BTP Pewarna Makanan:
Tabel Beberapa Zat Pewarna Sintetik
Rapat 24-26
Agustus ADI BM BM/ADI Σ GFAA Σ GFS Σ GFPL
No Nama Pewarna Warna 2005
Merah Ungu-
Biru Tua
Jingga Biru
Kuning Hijau
Absorpsi Sinar Tampak dan Warna
Zat Warna
Inorganik (pigment) Organik
Alami Sintetik Alami atau Sintetik
Identik Alami
Kapur Titanium Oksida Carotenoid Pewarna dan
Pigmen Azo
Ochre Chromium Carmine Triaryl methane
Yellow dan Xanthen
Umbra Ultramarine Chlorophyll Quinophtalone
Grafit Besi Oksida Xanthophyll Phtalocyanin
Terra di Siena Aluminum Anthraquinone
dll. Indigoide
dll.
Pengertian Beberapa Istilah
CH2CH3
N C
H2
N+
CH3
SO3Na
Indigotine
NaO3S H
N
N
H SO3Na
CH2CH3
HO N C
H2
SO3-
N+
CH3
SO3Na
ERYTHROSINE
I I
O O ONa
I I
COONa
OH
NaO3S N
N
SO3Na
QUINOLINE YELLOW
R1
R2
6 salt: R1 = SO3Na, R2 = H
NaO3S N N
H3C
SO3Na
FD & C Red No. 40, CI 16035
TARTRAZINE
NaOOC
N
N SO3Na
NaO3S N N
OH
HO
NaO3S N N
NaO3S N N
SO3Na
BROWN HT
HO N N SO3Na
NaO3S N N
HO CH2OH
PONCEAU 4R
NaO
O
O S
O
NaO S N N O
O S ONa
HO O
CLogP: 0.3888
Hasil Urai PONCEAU 4R
NaO
O O
CLogP: -2.152
S
NaO S NH2 O
H2N O
O
S ONa
HO
CLogP: 0.117 O
Buttergelb
CH3
N N N
Buttergelb CH3
Achtung!!
Hasil Penelitian Terbaru dar UK
• Agency revises advice on certain artificial
colours (Tuesday 11 September 2007):
• The colours – Sunset yellow (E110), Quinoline yellow (E104),
Carmoisine (E122), Allura red (E129), Tartrazine (E102) and
Ponceau 4R (E124) – were studied as part of new FSA-
commissioned research
• The research, carried out by Southampton University, suggests
that eating or drinking certain mixes of these artificial food
colours together with the preservative sodium benzoate could be
linked to a negative effect on children’s behaviour
• http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2007/sep/foodcolours
• EFSA STATEMENT (Parma, 6 September 2007):
• EFSA to consider new UK study on behavioural changes
associated with certain food colours
Findings of researchers from
Southampton University
• Project title: Chronic and acute effects of artificial colourings
and preservatives on children’s behaviour (1 September
2004 to 28 February 2007)
• Contractor: School of Psychology, University of Southampton,
Highfield, SOUTHAMPTON SO17 1BJ
• PI: Prof. Jim Stevenson
• Co-PIs Prof. Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Prof. John Warner
• Scientific Publication:
• Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and
8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised,
double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (The Lancet Early
Online Publication, 6 September 2007, DOI:10.1016/S0140-
6736(07)61306-3)
Buttergelb
CH3
N N N
Buttergelb CH3
Antioksidan
• Sinergis Antioksidan (Sekuestran)
• Zat Mudah Teroksidasi
• Penangkap Radikal Bebas
Sinergis Antioksidan
(Sekuestran)
• Zat yang dapat membentuk kompleks
dengan ion logam berat/transisi
• Sesepora ion logam dapat
mengkatalisis reaksi oksidasi
• Contoh sekuestran: EDTA, Asam Sitrat
dan garamnya, Asam Glukonat dan
garamnya, dll.
Zat Mudah Teroksidasi
• Zat/senyawa yang lebih mudah
teroksidasi dari komponen makanan
• Contoh: Vitamin C, As. Eritorbat,
Askorbilpalmitat, Vitamin E, Betakaroten
Penangkap Radikal Bebas
• Senyawa yang mudah bereaksi dengan
radikal bebas
• Sifat radikal ditularkan pada senyawa
tersebut, namun radikal yang terbentuk
distabilkan dengan mekanisme
resonansi (adanya konjugasi dengan
sistem elektron terdelokalisasi)
Radical
• Radical are atoms or molecule with one or
more unpaired electrons
• They are formed in a homolytic spliting of a
Bond:
dan panas H
O O°
peroksida
H H
+ °
R1 C R2
H H H
R1 C R2
O O
OH
OH
OH
BHA
TBHQ
Log P: 5,54
CLogP: 5.426 Log P: 2,96 Log P: 3,22
CLogP: 2.534 CLogP: 3.3002
O C15H31
Log P: -3,36
CLogP: -1.7599
HO
O
O O Log P: 2,95 O O
CLogP: 6.5427
HO
HO
HO OH
HO OH
As. Askorbat
Askorbil Palmitat
CO2C3H7 CO2C12H25
CO2C8H17
HO OH HO OH
HO OH
OH OH
OH
Prop. Galat Okt. Galat Dod. Galat
Log P: 1,51 Log P: 3,6 Log P: 5,27
CLogP: 1.98943 CLogP: 4.63443 CLogP: 6.75043
Reaktivitas dan Stabilitas
Antioksidan BHT, BHA, TBHQ
Pendekatan Komputasi
PENDAHULUAN
• Pangan Kebutuhan dasar mahluk hidup
• Diperlukan jaminan - Nilai gizi yang tinggi
- Rasa dan aroma
yang baik
- Penampilan yang baik
- Aman serta tahan lama
antioksidan sintetik
memiliki gugus fenolik
bersifat carry through (tahan pada proses
pengolahan dan stabilitas yang baik pada produk
akhir)
larut dalam lemak (bersifat lipofilik) dan efektif pada
konsentrasi rendah
radikal antioksidan terstabilkan secara resonansi
pada cincin aromatiknya.
radikal-radikal antioksidan dapat saling bereaksi
membentuk produk non-radikal (Hamilton,1983)
MEKANISME OKSIDASI LIPIDA
Radikal peroksida
REAKSI ANTIOKSIDAN-RADIKAL LIPIDA
STABILISASI RADIKAL ANTIOKSIDAN
TUJUAN PENELITIAN
BHA
BHT
HASIL PERCOBAAN
TBHQ
HASIL PERCOBAAN
Reaktivitas Antioksidan
Gap Molar
Antioksida Total Energi Surface
HOMO-LUMO Refractivit
n (kkal/mol) Area (Å2)
(eV) y (ų)
-
BHA 48,959 56,843 378,388
49296,59847
-
BHT 49,299 72,657 3891,601
56324,75981
Kestabilan - Antioksidan
Radikal
TBHQ 48,825 52.074 349,160
45860,58913
Antioksida Total Energi
n (kkal/mol)
BHA -
radikal 48919,25490
BHT -
radikal 55947,30737
KESIMPULAN
Reaktivitas Antioksidan
HO HO H
HO OH CH2OH
HO OH
H OH
OH O
sorbitol Xylitol OH
H OH
H2C O OH
HO OH HO CH2OH
Isomalt OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
H OH
O
HO H OH
HO H OH
HO OH
HO H
Mannitol H O CH2OH
OH
H OH
H OH OH O
OH
HO OH CH2OH Maltitol H OH
OH H2C O OH
O OH OH
HO O
HO OH
HO OH
Laktitol
Senyawa Sintetik
• Acesulfame K
• Aspartame
• Cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salts
• Saccharin and its Na, K and Ca salts
• Sucralose
• Thaumatin
• Neohesperidine DC
• Neotame
• Salt of aspartame-acesulfame1
O
HO O-
O
H2N O S
O NH
H3C OH
NH
CH4O S
O
Mol. Wt.: 32,04 O
C, 37.48; H, 12.58; O, 49.93 Cyclamate
O
O NH
Saccharin
O OH
O
O OH OCH3
CH3 SO2 R
Aspartame
N-
C14H18N2O5 H3C O
Mol. Wt.: 294,3
C, 57.13; H, 6.16; N, 9.52; O, 27.18 Acesulfame
OH O
R = Rhamnose-D-Glucose
O Hesperidin-Dihydrochalcon
HO
OH
OH
CH3 HO
H3C O
H HO OH
N
N
H3C H Cl
O
O
O CH3 Cl Cl
O O HO
N-[N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine-1-methylester
( Sucralose )
( Neotame ) OH
1,6-Dichloro-dideoxy-D-fructopyranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-D-galactopyranoside