POST-LAB DISCUSSION

(PHARMACEUTICAL
CALCULATIONS)
April Mergelle R. Lapuz, RPh
 Experiment 5

OBJECTIVES
o To familiarize to the instruments used in heating

purpose
o To demonstrate the proper handling and conduct in

using heating apparatus and on heating substance

o To identify the parts of a flame and burner
Incineration VS Ignition
 Incineration – the action of strong heat on
combustible matter, usually of organic origin. This
is done without access of air.

 Ignition – the action of heat upon incombustible

inorganic substances.
 Instruments for Heating Purpose

 Bunsen Burner- the most common instrument

which provide flame for heating and warming
up solution through combustion of gas
 Hot plate- a heating device which provide heat

through the conversion of electrical energy

into heat at the metal plate of the stove.

*NOTE: READ THE THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN USING HOT PLATE

 Parts of Bunsen Burner

NOTE: READ THE PROPER PROCEDURE ON SETTING UP THE BURNER

Parts and Functions
 Gas line- provide the gas to be combusted to be a flame
 Gas valve- controls the amount of gas entering the burner
 Air ports- where air from atmosphere enters
 Barrel- sets as the body of the burner and where the flame is coming
out
 Base- supports the whole body of the burner
 Burner tubing- connects the burner to the gas valve and provide
enough distant of the flame from the gas line
 Gas outlet- by which the tubing is attached with
 Collar- regulates the opening of air ports to control the entry of
oxygen which be combusted and be perceived through the color
changes of flame
Parts of the Flame
 Luminous part
 Is made up mostly of the outer part of the flame recognized by the sooty yellow
color part of the flame. This yellow color is produced to the incomplete
combustion of oxygen and the sooty part is due to the incomplete
decomposition of carbon which may deposit into the container subject to
burning.
 Nonluminous part
 Is made up most of the inner core of the flame and distinguishable by the blue
to colorless color. This blue color is due the complete combustion of oxygen
and complete conversion of carbon into carbon dioxide.
 Hottest part
 Is found at the tip of the inner core in the nonluminous part of the
flame (approximate temp: 1500ºC)
 Coolest part
 Is found at bottom part of the either the inner or outer part of the flame.
 Part of the Flame

Luminous
flame

Nonluminous
Flame
Auxiliary Apparatus used in Heating Purpose

 Wire gauze- fine metal-made mesh of wire with

asbestos at he center which regulates the flame from
burner and avoid breakage of glass container upon
direct contact to the flame.
 Tripod- a three-legged stand used to support the wire
gauze and container of liquid to be heated
 Water bath- a water container equipped to prevent
solution from direct heating
 Thermometer- used to measure the temperature of the
solution
Auxiliary Apparatus used in Heating Purpose

Wire gauze

Tripod Thermometer

Water bath
Meker Burner
 A type of burner which is
similar as the Bunsen
burner yet it has a metal
screen at its opening which
enable it to produce a much
finer and hotter flame than
the Bunsen.
Temperatures

TEMPERATURE (deg. Celcius)

Very dull red heat 500 – 550
Dull red heat 550 – 700
Bright red heat 800 – 1,000
Yellow red heat 1,000 – 1,200
White heat 1,200 – 1,600
 Experiment 6

OBJECTIVES
o To know the principle of constant weight and its

important
o To demonstrate the process of acquiring the

constant weight of the crucible

o To familiarize to the instruments used in acquiring

constant weight
Constant Weight

 Is the unchanging or definite weight of a specific

container or substance to be used in analysis which is
acquired through continuous heating, drying, cooling,
and weighing of the container or substance to attain
the weight difference to the initial weight of not more
than 0.2mg/g or 0.5mg/g
 Formula:
Constant wt= Initial wt of crucible- Final wt of crucible
*wt difference nmt 0.2mg/g or 0.5mg/g
Importance of Attaining Constant Weights
 For Containers
1. To remove presence of some remnants of the substance previously
they contained
2. To eliminate some adulterants presence in the container for them
may react and contaminate the sample
3. To lessen the percentage error especially on weighing sample
 For Sample
1. To remove inorganic contaminant, impurities and adulterants
which unnecessary for that sample
2. To serve as identity and standard value for identifying and
classifying an unknown sample
3. To attain at least the %percent content of the sample
4. To minimize percentage error on weighing the sample
Apparatus for Acquiring Constant Weights

 Clay triangle- used in holding small container for

constant heating such crucible
 Crucible tong- enables to hold the hot crucible and
other materials and transfer it to be cooled
 Crucible- heat-resistance vessel, usually porcelian-
made, used for melting substances requiring extreme
heat and temperature
 Burner
 Tripod
Apparatus for Acquiring Constant Weights

 DESICCATORS
 a glass vessel containing a drying agent
that provides a dry atmosphere in cooling
hot objects and ensuring moisture-free
environment
 Sealable enclosed container used for
reserving moisture-sensitive materials and
protecting hygroscopic chemicals from
humid environment
 It contain:
 Drying agent- e.g. silica gel
 Coloring compound-e.g. cobalt chloride
Experiment 7

OBJECTIVES
o To be able to reduce and enlarge a formula

from master formula

 MASTER FORMULA FOR
SYRUP

 FORMULA

Sucrose 425g
Purified water qs
To make 500ml

* from this formula, make a syrup 60ml of volume

 Ratio and Proportion

 Sucrose

_425g_ = __x__
500ml 60ml
x= 51g
*51g of sucrose dissolve to water to make 60ml

 Concentration of Syrup
__51g__ x 100 = 85%w/v
60ml
 By Factor:
Formula:
Desired Volume = __60ml__= 0.03
Given Volume 500ml

 Sucrose

425g x 0.03 = 51g will be used

Experiment 8
OBJECTIVES
o To determine the specific gravity of the mineral oil

and acetic acid

o To familiarize in the use of pycnometer in

determining specific gravity

o To know the importance of the knowing specific

gravity
Specific gravity

 Defined as the ratio of the mass of a substance to

the mass of an equal volume of another substance
such as water at 25ºC
 Formula:
Pointers to Remember

 The presence of bubbles in the pycnometer must be

avoided because there will be error in reading the
weight of the pycnometer
 Temperature must be kept the same with water to
avoid the substance to expand and contract at
different rates when temp changes; hence, variation
occur in its specific gravity
Specific Gravity VS Density

 Density- is the mass per unit volume of the

substance and specific unit such g/cm3, g/cc, or g/ml
 Specific gravity- abstract and no unit
Instrument used in Measuring Specific Gravity

 Mohr-Westphal Balance
 Hydrometer
 pycnometer
Archimedes Principle
 This law states that a body immersed in the liquid
displaces an amount of the liquid equal to its own
volume and suffers an apparent loss in weight equal
to the weight of the displaced volume.
 This principle is applied using the plummet as
determining specific gravity
Experiment 9

OBJECTIVES

 To be able to prepare the following

concentration
 To determine how to calculate and express the

concentration of given solution

CONCENTRATION

 Is the amount of solute dissolve in definite volume

of solvent
 Can be expressed in the different term such as
percent by weight, percent by volume, percent
weight by volume, molarity, normality, ratio
strength
Expressing Concentration

 Percent by weight (%w/w)- grams of solute in 100

grams of mixture of solute and solvent
 Percent by volume (%v/v)- ml of solute in 100 ml of
mixture of solute and solvent
 Percent weight by volume (%w/v)- grams of solute in
100ml of Mixture of solute and solvent
 Ratio strength- means 1 part of solute to the nth part of
the mixture of solute and solvent
Expressing Concentration
 Molarity (M)- moles (n) or (wt of substance/MW) of
solute per liter of solution
Formula:
M= wt of solute in g/ MW
L of solution
 Normality (N)- number of equivalent weight of the solute
per liter of the solution.
Formula:
N= GEW_______
L of solution
Experiment 10
OBJECTIVES
o To be able to prepare the following reagent

o To learn the proper calculation for diluting

reagent solution from stock sloution

Dilution

 Is the process of adding sufficient solvent to a

stock/concentrated solution to make a desired
volume of the diluted solutions
 Formula:
C1 V1 = C2 V2
EXAMPLE
 Make 50ml of 40% ethyl alcohol. Available
concentration of ethyl alcohol is 95%

 Computation:
C 1 V 1 = C 2 V2
(50ml) (40%)= (x)(95%)
x= 21.05ml
*21.05ml of 95% ethyl alcohol added water sufficiently
to make 50ml desired volume.