CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ChE420
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3

EXPERIMENT 46
AGITATED THIN FILM EVAPORATOR

Group No: Tuesday - 14

Group Members:
Adem Can UŞAK 2091379
Anıl Can KARSLI 2091122
Haşim KURAN 2091155
İsmail Baha MARTI 2091171

Instructor: Dr. Cevdet ÖZTİN

Teaching Assistant: Neslin GÜLER
Experiment Date: 26.03.2019
Submission Date: 02.04.2019
ABSTRACT

The main objective of this experiment is to study working mechanism of agitated thin film
evaporator. The performance of agitated thin film evaporator and its components are also
dwelled on. Saturated steam at 4 bar is used as heating agent to provide evaporation. The
experiment was conducted for pure water feed first in order to compare evaporator’s
performance with glycerin-water feed. The experiment was done under vacuum medium in order
to ensure evaporation at relatively lower temperatures which results in decreasing the heat
required for evaporation. Vacuum medium was obtained by closing each valve which was
previously open to the atmosphere. Another critical thing was to supply cooling water to the
system in order to prevent any components of evaporator during the experiment. Feed was sent
to the evaporator together with steam which enters the jackets. More volatile component was
evaporated which is water in the glycerin-water feed due to the heat that emerges from
condensation of saturated steam. By observing temperatures of concentrated product and
condensed water, it was understood that system reached steady state and samples were taken.
For pure water feed, before starting energy and mass balance calculations reference plane was
taken as 0 ˚C, 0.5 bar since our vacuum pressure is 0.5 bar feed. After that, the necessary
calculations were carried out and heat loss was found as 2.6 kW. Accordingly, evaporator
economy, evaporator capacity and steam consumption were calculated as 0.38, 30.4 g/min and
80.1 g/min, respectively. For glycerin-water feed, the refractive index of feed, concentrated
product and condensed water were measured as 1.346 (11% w/w glycerin), 1.359 (21.5% w/w
glycerin) and 1.334 (0.5% w/w glycerin), respectively. After that, energy and mass balance
calculations were carried out and energy loss throughout the evaporator was found as 1.4 kW. In
addition to that, it was seen that mass balance calculations were consistent and there was just a
little amount of mass loss in the value of 0.1 g/s. During these calculations, reference plane was
again taken as 0 ˚C, 0.5 bar since our vacuum pressure is 0.5 bar. Moreover, evaporator
economy, evaporator capacity and steam consumption were calculated as 0.74, 0.57 g/s and
0.77 g/s, respectively for glycerin-water feed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6

1.1. Evaporators ...................................................................................................................... 6

1.2. Steam Traps ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.3. Steam Consumption ......................................................................................................... 8

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS .................................................................................................. 9

3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 10

3.1. Material and Energy Balance around the Evaporator ...................................................... 10

3.1.1. Material Balance on the System ............................................................................... 11

3.1.2. Energy Balance on the System................................................................................. 11

3.1.3. Heat Loss for Run of Pure Water Experiment ........................................................... 12

3.2. Evaporator Economy, Capacity and Steam Consumption Analysis ................................. 13

3.3. Assumptions and Possible Errors.................................................................................... 13

4. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 14

5. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 15

6. APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 16

6.1. Glycerin-Water Feed Calculations ................................................................................... 16

6.2. Mass Balance ................................................................................................................. 16

6.3. Capacity and Economy of the Evaporator ....................................................................... 17

6.4. Pure Water Feed Calculations ........................................................................................ 17

6.4.1. Evaporator Economy, Capacity and Steam Consumption......................................... 17

6.5. Evaporator Heat Loss ..................................................................................................... 17

6.6. Percentage Energy Supplied by Steam ........................................................................... 18

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Agitated Thin Film Evaporator [2] ................................................................................. 7

Figure 2: Thermodynamic Steam Trap [3] ................................................................................... 8
Figure 3: Experimental Set-Up .................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Block Diagram of the System ..................................................................................... 10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Material Properties in the System ................................................................................ 10

Table 2: Mass Balance around the Evaporator .......................................................................... 11
Table 3: Energy Balance around the Evaporator ....................................................................... 11
Table 4: Energy Balance for Pure Water Experiment around the Evaporator ............................ 12
Table 5: Economy, Capacity and Steam Consumption for Each Run ........................................ 13
NOMENCLATURE

Symbol Explanation Unit

Cp,cp Specific heat capacity of concentrated J/g.K
product
Cp,cw Specific heat capacity of condensed water J/g.K
Cp,feed Specific heat capacity of the feed J/g.K
Ein Energy supplied to the system W
Eout Energy going out from the system W
∆Hcondensation Latent heat of condensation of saturated J/g
steam at 4 bar

Hcp Enthalpy of concentrated product J/g

Hcw Enthalpy of condensed water J/g

Hfeed Enthalpy of feed J/g

mcp Mass flow rate of concentrated product g/s

mcw Mass flow rate of condensed water g/s

mfeed Mass flow rate of the feed g/s

Qloss Heat loss in evaporator W

Qsteam Energy supplied by steam W

Tcp Concentrated product temperature ˚C

Tcw Condensed water temperature ˚C

Tfeed Feed temperature ˚C

ρcw Density of condensed water g/cm3

ρfeed Density of the feed g/cm3

ρsteam Density of steam g/cm3

1. INTRODUCTION

Chemical industries always need separation processes in production plants, and these
separation processes can be physical or chemical. As an example for the physical separation
processes, phase change units are used, like evaporators. In this experiment, evaporator is
used for the purpose of separation of water-glycerol solution. There are lots of types of
evaporators used in industry, and the one used in this experiment is called as agitated thin film
evaporator.

1.1. Evaporators
There are six main evaporator types widely used in the chemical industries. These
evaporators are as follows:

✓ Natural/Forced Circulation Evaporators

Natural circulation of the products caused by density differences that occurs from heating
is the main principle of natural circulation evaporators. Rising Bubbles resulting from boiling of
the water create circulation, and this circulation attains the separation of liquid and vapor at the
top of the heating tubes.

✓ Falling Film Evaporators

This type of evaporators consists of tubes enclosed by steam jackets. The solution
enters the evaporator and gains velocity as it falls down through the evaporator. Boiling point
difference is the key of this kind of evaporators, and the substances having higher boiling point
accumulates at the bottom of the evaporator. This type is generally used for highly viscous
solutions.

✓ Rising Film (Long Tube Vertical) Evaporators

Boiling takes places in the tubes and heating applied to the tubes are from outside of the
tubes generally provided by steam in this type of evaporators. Water vapor bubbles in the tubes
create a rising flow enhancing the heat transfer coefficient. Although this type of evaporators are
very efficient, quick scaling of the internal surfaces of the tubes is the main disadvantage of this
kind.

✓ Multiple-Effect Evaporators

Instead of single effects evaporators, this type of evaporators can be composed of

several evaporator effects. Using series of evaporators saves lots of energy, heat. The number
of effects is limited with seven effects because the energy requirement and cost saving are not
balanced after seven evaporators.

6
 ✓ Agitated Thin Film Evaporators

This type of evaporators like in this experiment are very successful with difficult to handle
products. The method of these evaporators is to separate components by using their volatility.
Indirect heat transfer and mechanical agitation are used in this methodology. Vacuum conditions
are normally used in this separation technique in order to maximize temperature differences
while keeping the temperature of the product constant. The following figure shows the flow
directions and the structure of the agitated thin film evaporators.

Figure 1: Agitated Thin Film Evaporator [2]

1.2. Steam Traps

Steam is used for the separation processes as a heating agent. Steam traps are used to
provide a safety usage of steam. There are three main functions of steam traps, which are:

➢ They discharge the condensate coming from evaporator immediately after it is formed.
➢ They are very energy efficient, meaning that they have a very few steam consumption.
➢ They are capable of discharging all other non-condensable gases.

There are mainly four steam trap types. Thermodynamic steam trap is the one used in
this experiment, and the others are as follows:

✓ Mechanical Steam Traps

Their working principle is based on the condensate level, describing that there is a
mechanical valve opening and closing.

7
 ✓ Temperature Steam Traps

These steam traps are designed based on sensitivity analyzes of temperature difference
of the condensate. In other words, the valve waits to open until the condensate cools up to a
certain temperature.

✓ Venturi Nozzle Steam Traps

Two phase flow is the main method of Venturi nozzle steam traps to discharge
condensate from system. Venturi nozzles throttles condensate in multiple stages where steam
and condensate passes through.

✓ Thermodynamic Steam Traps

This kind of steam traps work by using the velocity change in the compressible and
incompressible fluids. When the steam enters, static pressure increases and warns the trap. As
the steam condensates, the trap cycles since the static pressure caused by steam over disk
decreases. After a certain pressure decrease is achieved, the trap opens and discharges the
steam. In this experiment, thermodynamic steam trap is used, and the following figure shows the
working principle of the trap.

Figure 2: Thermodynamic Steam Trap [3]

1.3. Steam Consumption

Steam consumption is a very important issue for the separation processes since
generation of steam or purchasing steam is very costly. That’s why, steam usage is always tried
to be minimized. The following three equations around the evaporator provide the opportunity to
calculate the steam consumption in the evaporator’s separation process.

- Evaporator Economy = kg of evaporated solvent / kg of heating steam

- Evaporator Capacity = kg of evaporated solvent / Time

Steam Consumption = Evaporator Capacity / Evaporator Economy

8
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

Agitated Film Evaporator was studied in this experiment. Points of this experiment were
to study equipment and to investigate its performance by concentrating aqueous solution under
vacuum. Experiment was started with giving lubricant and cooling water. Lubricant water cools
down the shafts. Shafts are essential to system so that solution becomes thinner. Vacuum pump
is started by turning electricity on following heated steam is given. It lasted almost 20 minutes to
system reach steady state. After system becomes stable feed which is pure water for initial run
is given to system as 5 L/h. Once system reached the steady state, temperature of
thermocouples are recorded. Same procedure was applied for solution feed case as second
trial. System works based on boiling point difference. Water has high boiling point compared to
glycerol, water was evaporated by hot steam. As a result of evaporation, water vapor is present
in evaporator eventually it is moved to condenser. In condenser, evaporated water condenses
and it is gathered as condensate. Meanwhile, glycerol was obtained at the bottom as
concentrate. It is called concentrate since obtained glycerol was not pure. It is composed of
water-glycerol mixture. Also, during the experiment; there is no proper equipment to determine
the composition of the mixture. For this purpose, refractometer was used. In addition, steam trap
was used to measure how much steam was sent to system. In these traps, steam was obtained
as condensate in liquid form since it is inappropriate to capture at vapor phase. In the end of the
experiment, clean water was circulated the system for cleaning purposes. After cleaning was
over, system was turned by firstly closing hot steam, later shutting down electricity and finally
cutting off cooling water.

E2
E1
D1

D5

D3

G1

D4
D2

G2

Figure 3: Experimental Set-Up

9
3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION
3.1. Material and Energy Balance around the Evaporator
By using collected data from the experiment, material and energy balance calculations
were done based on the system shown in Figure 4. Converted data which were used in the
calculations are also tabulated in Table 1.

Stea
m Water Vapor

E
J V J
A
Feed a P a
O
c *Reference Plane = 0⁰C, 0.5 bar
R c
A
k k
T
O
R

Stea Concentrate
m
Figure 4: Block Diagram of the System

Table 1: Material Properties in the System

Mass Flowrate Composition Temperature

Material Pressure (bar)
(g/s) (w/w%) (Celsius)

Feed 1.42 11 0.4 20

Steam 0.768 — 4 143.6

Water Vapor 0.570 5 0.4 61.2

Concentrate 0.950 21.5 0.4 59

10
3.1.1. Material Balance on the System

Material balance was performed based on amount of water and glycerol at the inlet and
outlet. Also, total amount of feed was compared with the total outlet quantity and results are
shown in the following table.

Table 2: Mass Balance around the Evaporator

Mass Balance
Inlet 0.16 g/s
Glycerol
Outlet 0.49 g/s
Inlet 1.26 g/s
Water
Outlet 1.03 g/s
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Feed Inlet 1.42 g/s
Balance Total Product Outlet 1.52 g/s

3.1.2. Energy Balance on the System

Overall energy balance was performed around the evaporator. By using heat capacity
values at the system conditions for each substance, inlet and outlet energies were found. Also,
literature values were used for condensation enthalpy at the literature temperature instead of
thermometer indicator to eliminate error in the calculations. It was assumed that steam is coming
from the boiler room as saturated steam at pressure indicator shows the exact value as 4 bar.
While doing calculations, it was taken that water vapor is pure and does not contain glycerol
because it is only %5 in the reality and it is too low to affect results. Calculated results are shown
in Table 3.

Table 3: Energy Balance around the Evaporator

Energy Balance

Ein 1844.75 W
Eout 364.57 W
Qloss 1480.19 W

To perform material and energy balance, volumetric flowrates which were collected from
the experiment were converted to mass flowrates by using densities at each condition. Also, mix
density was calculated by considering mass fractions that can be found by refractometer. When
mass flowrates were converted, it was observed that system was working in the little amount of
the feed, so we performed in gram amount per second. Consequently, calculations have been
very sensitive to any parameter. As it is shown in the Table 2, there are differences for each

11
material based on mass and total mass indicates that amount of outlet is higher than feed. It
does not make sense because there is no possibility for this system. If there was any leakage or
remained product in the tubes, less product would be obtained but results show opposite
circumstance. However, this difference is not very high because it is approximately 0.10 gram/s.
As it is stated before, calculations are very sensitive thus any parameter directly affects the
balance. The possible source of this error can be temperature sensor because it did not show
the expected values on the screen. We expected that temperature should be the same or too
close at the bottom and the top of the evaporator. In other words, temperature of the
concentrated product and evaporated water should be closed because we know that
temperature does not change during evaporation, but it may be little bit cooled until reach the
temperature sensor. However, it shows that evaporated water temperature is higher than
concentrated temperature approximately 3-degree Celsius. We may assume that water vapor is
still heated up by steam during it goes upward through the system but still temperature change
should not be too much.

Another issue is that temperatures are not consistent when we compare the saturated
water vapor temperature at the system pressure with the literature. It should have been around
75 oC but thermometer of the system indicates the temperature as 57.6 oC. Possible error may
come from the pressure value, but it cannot be only effect for this huge difference. In general,
temperature effects can be the source of both energy and material balance because it is directly
related to heat capacity and density values. As it is shown in Table 3, heat loss is higher than
what we expected. In addition to temperature effect, isolation may not be sufficient for this
system and it increases the heat loss. Another possible error may be weight fraction of the
substances because refractometer is not suitable to obtain exact data. Although we tried to use
refractometer two times, we could not obtain parallel data, but we chose the best fit data which
makes sense with our balance calculations. Thus, it may affect our both mass and energy
balance slightly.

3.1.3. Heat Loss for Run of Pure Water Experiment

Before sending glycerol-water mixture to system, pure water was sent to system and
experiment performed based on water. Heat loss and percentage of energy was also calculated
for pure water and shown in the Table 4.

Table 4: Energy Balance for Pure Water Experiment around the Evaporator

Energy Balance

Ein 2952.3 W
Eout 352.3 W
Qloss 2600.0 W
Esupplied 96 %

12
3.2. Evaporator Economy, Capacity and Steam Consumption Analysis

For pure water experiment and glycerol-water mixture experiment, economy, capacity
and steam consumptions were calculated and tabulated in Table 5.

Table 5: Economy, Capacity and Steam Consumption for Each Run

Pure Water Experiment Glycerol-Water Experiment

Evaporator Economy 0.38 - 0.74 -
Evaporated Capacity 0.51 g/s 0.57 g/s
Steam Consumption 1.34 g/s 0.77 g/s

It is seen that economy, capacity and steam consumption increased when we used
mixture in the system instead of pure water. Also, literature [1] states that economy is the amount
of water vaporized from steam supplied. For single effect evaporator, economy is about 0.8. The
economy for n-effect evaporators is n times 0.8. So, maximum economy is 0.8 for single effect
evaporator. Results are consistent with the literature as it is in the Table 5.

3.3. Assumptions and Possible Errors

The Following assumptions are considered during the experiment.

✓ Saturated steam at 4 bars condenses as saturated liquid.

✓ Condensed water is pure water. (0.5% w/w glycerin)

✓ Feed was pumped to system 5 L/h continuously.

✓ Feed was at 20 oC.

Possible errors were discussed in section 1.2 in detailed but they are briefly stated below.

✓ Components can’t be separated 100%. A little amount of solute stays in solvent recovery.

✓ During the first trial, steam is collected a little late as planned. Therefore, excess amount
of steam and its consequences were expected in calculations.

✓ Equipment that is used in experiment might not be handy as desired. Some apparatuses
are old or junk that they can’t operate properly.

13
4. CONCLUSION

The main purpose of the experiment is to study and understand the working principles of
an agitated thin film evaporator system and its other components. Also, determining the
performance of the system by concentrating an aqueous solution under vacuum is another
objective of the experiment. Before recording the data obtained from the samples, the system is
waited until the steady state conditions are reached. At the end of the experiment, samples are
taken from the tanks to be measured by refractometer for the concentrations of glycerol. The
refractive indices and concentrations of feed, concentrated product and condensed water were
determined as 1.346 (11% w/w glycerol), 1.359 (21.5% w/w glycerol) and 1.334 (0.5% w/w
glycerol), respectively. After that, by making energy and mass balances energy loss from the
evaporator was calculated and found as 1.4 kW. In order to make these calculations, reference
plane was taken as 0 ˚C, 0.5 bar since the vacuum pressure was 0.5 bar. When the energy
balance calculations were carried out, energy supplied by steam is found as 96%. Finally,
evaporator economy, evaporator capacity and steam consumption were calculated as 0.74, 0.57
g/s and 0.77 g/s, respectively for the glycerol-water feed.

14
5. REFERENCES

[1] “NPTEL :: Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering Design - II.” n.d. Accessed April 2,
2019. https://nptel.ac.in/downloads/103103027/.

[2] “Agitated Thin Film Evaporator -” n.d. Accessed April 1, 2019.

https://www.google.com/search?q=agitated+thin+film+evaporator&safe=strict&source=ln
ms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy04-
93K_hAhWKZFAKHbSpBkQQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=BFNhlF1x4NzZaM:

[3] “Thermodynamic Steam Trap -” n.d. Accessed April 2, 2019.

https://www.google.com/search?q=thermodynamic+steam+trap&safe=strict&source=lnm
s&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjaydCQjrDhAhVMYVAKHXIGBrsQ_AUIDigB&biw=13
66&bih=576#imgrc=x6YVkl6wH_KSdM:

15
6. APPENDICES

Reference Plane = 0⁰C, 0.5 bar. Saturated water is selected as 0 kJ/kg.

6.1. Glycerin-Water Feed Calculations

Xfeed =0.11 % w/w

1
ρsteam = 0.11 0.89 = 1020 kg/m3 = 1.02 g/cm3
+
1261.3 996.5

5𝐿 1000 𝑐𝑚3 1.02 𝑔 1ℎ

mfeed = ∗ ∗ ∗ = 1.42 g/s
ℎ 1𝐿 𝑐𝑚3 3600𝑠
1
ρcp = 0.215 0.785 = 1.03 g/cm3
+
1235.08 979.7

Vcp = 55.5 mL/min

0.0553 𝐿 1000 𝑐𝑚3 1.03 𝑔 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
mcp = ∗ ∗ ∗ = 0.95 g/s
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝐿 𝑐𝑚3 60 𝑠

Cp,feed = (2121.45 J/kg.K*0.11) + (4102.18 J/kg.K*0.89) = 3884.3 J/kgK = 3.88 J/g.K

Cp,cp = (2204.7 J/kg.K*0.215) + (4280.3 J/kg.K*0.785) = 3.83 J/g.K
Vcw = 34.7 mL/min, Xcw = 0.5 (assumed as pure water)
0.0347 𝐿 1000 𝑐𝑚3 0.983 𝑔 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
mcw = ∗ ∗ ∗ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 𝒈/𝒔
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝐿 𝑐𝑚3 60 𝑠

Cp,cw= 4.19 J/g.K

6.2. Mass Balance

min-mout = mfeed- mcp- mcw=1.42 g/s-0.95 g/s-0.57= -0.1 g/s (very near to zero)
msteam *∆Hcondensation +mfeed*Cp,feed*(Tfeed-Tref)- mcp*Cp,cp*(Tcp-Tref)- mcw*Cp,cw*(Tcw-Tref)=Qloss
Vsteam condensate = 750 mL/15 min = 0.05 L/min,
0.05 𝐿 1000 𝑐𝑚3 0.92 𝑔 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
msteam= ∗ ∗ ∗ = 0.77 g/s
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝐿 𝑐𝑚3 60 𝑠

(0.77g/s*2132.9 J/g) + (1.42 g/s *3.88 J/g.K) *(20-0) – (0.95 g/s *3.83 J/g.K) *(59-0) – (0.568
g/s*4.19 J/g.K) *(61.5-0) =

Qloss= 1.4 kW

16
6.3. Capacity and Economy of the Evaporator

0.57 𝑔/𝑠
Evaporator Economy = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒
0.77 𝑔/𝑠
𝑔
0.57 ∗15∗60𝑠
𝑠
Evaporator Capacity = = 0.57 g/s
15∗60 𝑠

0.57 𝑔/𝑠
Steam Consumption = = 0.77 g/s
0.74

6.4. Pure Water Feed Calculations

6.4.1. Evaporator Economy, Capacity and Steam Consumption

𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Evaporator Economy =
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

ρsteam = 0.9846 g/ml (saturated water density at 4 bar), ρcondensate= 0.998 g/mL

Vevaporated= 30.53 mL/min, mevaporated = 30.44 g/min

Vsteam = 81.33 mL/min, msteam= 80.08 g/min

𝟑𝟎.𝟒𝟒∗𝟏𝟓
Evaporator economy = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟏
𝟖𝟎.𝟎𝟖∗𝟏𝟓

𝑘𝑔 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Evaporator Capacity =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

mevaporated = 30.44 g/min t= 15 min

𝟑𝟎.𝟒𝟒∗𝟏𝟓
Evaporator Capacity = 𝟏𝟓
= 𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 g/min

𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Steam Consumption =
𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦

Capacity = 30.44 g/min, Economy = 0.3801

𝟑𝟎.𝟒𝟒
Steam Consumption = = 80.1 g/min
𝟎.𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟏

6.5. Evaporator Heat Loss

Qloss = min*∆Hin– mout*ΔHout

Qloss = (mfeed*Hfeed + msteam*Hsteam) – (mcw*Hcw + mcp*Hcp)

17
 5𝐿 1000 𝑐𝑚3 0.998 𝑔 1ℎ
mfeed = mfeed = ∗ ∗ ∗ 3600𝑠 = 1.38 𝑔/𝑠
ℎ 1𝐿 𝑐𝑚3

msteam = (81.33 mL/min)*(0.9846 g/mL)/60 = 1.33 g/s

mcp = (61.33 mL/min)*(0.998 g/mL)/60 = 1.02 g/s

mfeed*Hfeed = mfeed*cp*ΔT cP= 4.187 J/(g.K)

mfeed*Hfeed = (1.38 g/s)*(4.187 J/g.K)*(20 ⁰K) = 115.6 W

During the calculations, saturated steam at 4 bar is assumed to enter the column.

Hsteam = 2132.9 J/g (saturated vapor enthalpy at 4 bar)

msteam*Hsteam = (1.33 g/s) * (2132.9 J/g) = 2836.7 W

mcw = (30.53 mL/min) * (0.998 g/mL)/(60) = 0.51 g/s

Hcw = 238.61 J/g

mcw * Hcw = (0.51 g/s) * (238.61 J/g) = 121.7 W

mproduct = 1.02 g/s

Hproduct = 226.06 J/g

mproduct * Hproduct = 230.6 W

Overall Heat Loss throughout the evaporator;

Qloss = (115.6 + 2836.7) – (121.7 + 230.6) = 2600 W

Qloss = 2.6 kW

6.6. Percentage Energy Supplied by Steam

Qsteam = 2836.7 W
2836.7
% Q supplied by steam = 2836.7+115.6 ∗ 100 = 96 %

18