GOOD

MORNING
ARTICULATORS
 Contents
 Introduction
 Definition
 Evolution and history of articulators
 Classification of articulators
 Purpose of articulator
 Requirements of articulators
 Advantages
 Uses
 Programming of articulator
 Maintenance
 Conclusion
 References

3
 Introduction
 Successful restorative treatment demands meticulous
clinical and laboratory procedures.
 Time spent in various laboratory procedures in the
absence of patient is crucial for the success of
prosthesis.
So it is essential to have an instrument where maxillary
and mandibular cast can be placed in the same
relation as it exists in patients skull.

ARTICULATOR
Sunday, October 24, 2021 4
An articulator is used to simulate the patient’s
temporomandibular joints, muscle of
mastication, mandibular ligaments, mandible
and maxilla, and the complex neuromuscular
mechanism that programs mandibular
movements. It can help accumulate information
and when properly used will assist in some
treatment methods. It cannot however, give
back proper information without proper
handling by the operator1.
5
 Definitions2
A mechanical instrument that represents the
temporomandibular joint and jaws, to which
maxillary and mandibular casts may be
attached to simulate some or all mandibular
movement. (G.P.T. -8)

6
Evolution and History of
articulators 1,2,3,4,5,6 7
► In1756, Phillip Pfaff, dentist
to the court of Frederick the
Great King of Prussia, first
described his method of
making plaster casts.

► For this reason, it has been

assumed that he used a device
to preserve the relationship of
the casts.

8
 In 1805, Jean Baptiste Gariot described
his method of making plaster casts and
extending them posteriorly to provide an
indexing mechanism for preserving the
relationship of the casts. Gariot was indeed
the first to describe a “plaster articulator” .
It was a simple plaster indexing procedure,
which came to be known as the “oiled
board” articulator.
 He is also said to introduce the first
mechanical articulator i.e. Hinge articulator
9
Hinge articulator 10
 Howarth articulator
 1830 described by
Howarth consisted of 2
nested metal boxes
designed to function as a
simple hinge. The boxes
were held in position, and
the hinge movement was
controlled with elastics.
The casts were secured in
place with twine or elastics.
It was the earliest
mechanical articulator. 11
Barn door hinge & Adaptable Barn door hinge

A heavy duty hinge is modified by

bending each arm at 90 degrees to form
upper and lower members

It’s a modified barn door hinge

with incisal pin.
12
 In 1858, Bonwill
developed first
articulator( The Bonwill
articulator) with a
serious effort to imitate
the movement of
mandible in eccentric
positions.

13
 Grittman articulator

 by Grittman 1899
 The condyles are on the
lower member of the
articulator and their
paths are inclined 150
 the casts are mounted
in this instrument
according to the
Bonwill’s triangle.

14
  The Acme articulator in 1906 by Snow

It is a semi adjustable
articulator. It is avail-
able in three models to
accommodate three
ranges of intercondylar
distance

15
In 1908 Gysi adaptable
articulator was introduced

It is a semi-adjustable
articulator and advanced
instrument at that time, uses
extraoral tracing

In 1914 Gysi simplex

It is non-adjustable and mean value articulator. The
condyles are on the lower member, the condylar
paths are inclined at 30º and the incisal guidance is
fixed at 600.
16
George Monson -1918 Maxillo mandilular
instrument based upon spherical theory.

17
 Hanau model H ( developed in 1926)- It had
individual condylar guidance in Sagittal plane ;
Horizontal plane i.e. lateral guidance L= H/8+12

 Galetti articulator(in 1950)3- Holds casts without

plaster.

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 Hanau model H2

 - In 1958 Increased
distance between upper
and lower members.
- Orbital Indicator

Hanau Nonarcon H2
Articulator
19
 Hanau H2- XPR
- Extendable condylar shafts and
- Retrusive - Protrusive adjustments.

 William Windish (in1960) -Verticulator

-Two rigid members that separates and close
only linearly in the vertical dimension. It has
a positive stop and locks in its closed portion

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 Charles stuart – (in 1963)

 -Whip mix articulator

-Semi adjustable, Arcon
-Quick mount Face- Bow
that uses the EAM
(External auditory
meatus) as posterior
Landmark.
-Nasion as an anterior
guide Whipmix Articulator

21
 Denar D5A

 by Niles Guichet 1968

-Used with pantographic
tracings
- Fully adjustable.

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 Hanau Mate (in 1986)
- Average/mean value non
adjustable
articulator
-Fixed Bennett angle -15º,
Incisal guidance- 0º,
Condylar Guidance -30º
-Upper member detachable
and permits lingual visibility.

23
 Classification of
Articulators7,8,9,10,11

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 BASED ON THEORIES OF
OCCLUSION
In the history of articulators 3 theories have
been proposed :

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The Bonwill theory of occlusion:

26
 WGA BONWILL 1854

4”

4”

Teeth move in relation to each other

guided by condylar and incisal guidances. 27
28
 The conical theory of occlusion:
 It proposed that the lower teeth move over the surface
of upper teeth as over the surface of a cone, with
generating angle
It was believed ofthe
that 45condyles
0 with the centre axis of the cone
were Conical theory
tipped
not atthea 45 0 angle to the occlusal plane.
guides to mandibular The Hall
1918
Automatic
movement. articulator designed by Rupret E. Hall is an
articulator designed to confirm the conical theory of
Instead, the occluding planes of the
occlusion.
teeth were the guides for mandibular
Note- the teeth
movement .
having 450 cusp were necessary when the
dentures were made on this instrument.

29
“The lower teeth move over the
surfaces of upper teeth as over
the surface of a cone with a
generating angle of 45 degrees
and with the central axis of
cone tipped 45 degrees to
occlusal plane”

30
 The spherical theory of occlusion

 It shows that lower teeth moving over the surface of the

upper teeth as over the surface of a sphere with a
diameter of 8 inches. The centre of the sphere is
located in the region of glabella, and the surface, and
the surface of the sphere passes through the glenoid
fossae along the articulating eminences of concentric
with them.

31
► The theory was proposed by
George S. Monson in 1918, and
it was based on the observations
of natural teeth and skulls made
by Von Spee, a German
anatomist.

The “Maxillomandibular instrument”

instrument was devised by Monson, was based
on the spherical theory of occlusion.
32
33
Classification based on the Instruments
function

Given at the international Prosthodontic

Workshop on Complete Denture Occlusion at
the University of Michigan in 1972.

34
 Class -I

Function:

-Simple holding instrument

-Accept single interocclusal record or single static

registration

-Vertical motion is possible, but only for convenience.

35
Example:

-Slab articulator (first articulator)

-Hinge joint articulator
-J.B. Gariot articulator (1805)
-Barn door hinge articulator

Barn door articulator

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 Class II

-Permit horizontal & vertical motion but do not orient the motion to the TMJ via
a Face- bow transfer.

Class II.
Subdivision A
Subdivision B
Subdivision C

.
37
 Class II – A
- Permit eccentric motion based on averages and will not accept
a face bow transfer.
E.g.:- Grittman Articulator (By Grittman in 1899)
- Condyles are on lower member of the articulators and their
paths are inclined 15º.
- Casts are mounted on the articulator on the basis of Bonwill’s
triangle, which is a 4 inch equilateral triangle from condyle to
condyle and to the lower central incisor contact point.
 Gysi simplex (by Alfred Gysi in 1914)
(Most popular instrument of this class).
- Condyles on the lower member
- Condylar paths are inclined 30 º; incisal guidance is fixed at
60º.
38
Grittman articulator Gysi simplex articulator

39
 Class II –B
-permits eccentric motion based on arbitrary theories of motion
and will not accept a face-bow transfer.

E.g. Monson maxillomandibular articulator (By Monson in 1918).

- Based on Monson spheric theory of occlusion in which each cusp

and incisal edge conforms to a segment of the surface of a sphere 8
inches in diameter with its center at the Glabella

- Upper member of instruments moves antero-posteriorly and

medio-laterally, according to this theory.

40
Monson maxillomandibular articulator

41
 Class II-C

Permits eccentric motion based on engraved records obtained

from the patient and will not accept a face bow transfer.

E.g. House articulator (by M.M House in 1927)

- casts are mounted arbitrarily.

- instrument is adjusted by means of a Needles – house

“Chew in”, which employs 4 metal studs in the upper occlusion
rim against the lower compound occlusion rim. Diamond –
shaped pathways are generated.
42
House articulator
43
 Class III

-Simulate condylar pathways by using average or mechanical

equivalents for all or part of motion.

-Accepts face bow transfer.

Ex- Hanau-Mate. Arcon instrument

H condylar guidance of 30º and

Bennett angle of 15º.Incisal guide table

value of 10º for both protrusive and lateral movement.

It will not accept static protrusive or lateral interocclusal

records. 44
 Class III-A

Accept a static protrusive registration (protrusive

interocclusal record) and use equivalents for the rest of
motion.

Accept a Face-Bow transfer.

E.g. 1. Hanau Model H (by Rudolph Hanau)

- condylar inclinations are set by means of a

protrusive interocclusal record.

45
E.g- 2. Dentatus (in 1944)

-Relationship between upper and lower

members can be standardized with a “gauge
block”, so that the casts can transferred from
one articulator to another and still maintain the
same relationship

Dentatus

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 Arcon (in 1950 by Bergstrom).
- Similar to Hanau H, except that the condyles are on the lower
member, and the condylar guides are curved and on the upper
member.
- Arcon = Articulator + Condyle.
Instruments that have condyles on the upper member and
condylar guides on the lower member, e.g. Hanau Model H, are
called as Condylar instruments or as Non Arcon instruments.
“Bergstrom” was the first to use the term Arcon.

One advantage of an Arcon articulator is that the condyle

moves in a relationship to their condylar housings that are
similar to the way the condyles move in relationship to the
glenoid fossae in the skull. This does seem to make visualization
and understanding of condylar movements easier.
47
 Class III-B:
Accepts a Face-Bow transfer.

Accepts Protrusive inter-occlusal records, and some lateral inter-occlusal

records.

e.g. 1. Gysi Trubyte articulator:

- Non –Arcon instrument with a fixed inter condylar distance.

-Horizontal condylar inclination are individually adjustable, and

individual Bennet adjustment.

The incisal guide table is adjusted to the patient’s Gothic arch angle.

48
2.Hanau Kinoscope (by Hanau in
1927)
-Has double condylar posts on each side.
-Inner condylar posts have the horizontal
condylar guides and are adjusted medio-
laterally to produce mechanical equivalents
of inter-condylar distance.
-Bennett angle is adjusted by rotating
eccentric cones against the horizontal axis
shaft.
3.Stansberry tripod type
articulator (In 1928)
-One mechanical guide located posteriorly
and two guides anteriorly.
-These guides are set by means of
positional interocclusal records.
49
4.Ney articulator (By De Pietro in 1960)
- True Arcon instrument
- First articulator to have condylar housings
that contained adjustable rear, medial and top
walls in one assembly.
- Intercondylar distance adjustable

5. Hanau 130 -21 (By Richard Beu and

James Janik in 1964)
- Most sophisticated articulator of the Hanau
university series of articulators.
- Has split horizontal axis that can be adjusted
vertically and horizontally, adjustable
Intercondylar distance, Bennett guides, and
horizontal condylar path guides.
-It is utilized with protrusive and lateral 50
interocclusal records.
6. Teledyne articulator (By Richard Beu of the
Hanau division of Teledyne dental in 1975)
- Arcon instrument with adjustable medial and rear walls and
adjustable horizontal condylar guidances.
- Intercondylar distance is fixed.
- With lateral interocclusal records, the patient’s Intercondylar
distance is simulated by adjusting the rear walls.

51

Hanau-Teledyne
7. Panadent articulator
(By Robert Lee)

- Utilizes interchangeable preformed

curved analog fossae for condylar
pathways.
Panadent Model P
- Arcon instrument. Articulator
- Fixed Intercondylar distance.

52
 CLASS IV-A
- Accept three dimensional dynamic registrations
- Face-bow transfer.
- Condylar pathways, are formed by registrations engraved by the patient.

1. TMJ articulator (By Kenneth Swanson in 1965)

-An intraoral registration is generated by studs in autopolymerizing resin
similar to the technique utilized with the House articulator, called
“Stereographic recording”.
- This recording is placed on the articulator and used to mould fossae in auto-
polymerizing resin.
- This fossae produce an accurate analogue of patient’s TMJ function.

53
TMJ-Stereographic
instrument

Stereographs
54
 CLASS IV-B

1. Pantographic tracing apparatus

Accept 3 dimensional dynamic registrations and utilize a Face-bow
transfer.

-Condylar pathways can be selectively angled and customized.

-Six Styli and tracing tables are attached to the maxilla and mandible by
means of Face-bows and clutches attached to the mandible and maxilla.

-Two tracing tables are located adjacent to each condylar area in the
horizontal and vertical planes with help of pins.

55
56
57
• 2 styli placed in front of the face on either side at
the level of mouth inscribe 2 gothic arch tracings

• Mandibular movements then produce pantograms

on the tracing tables.

• All pantographic tracing record centro lateral

movements of the condyle as the lateral pterygoid
muscles contracts .

• These tracings are transferred to the articulator in

the same relationship in which they exist in the
patient.

• All instruments in class IV are referred as 58

gnathologic instruments, because of their full

 2. Pantronic (by Denar in 1982)
Electronic pantograph which provides a computer print-out of
numerical condylar measurements.
In class IV-B, all instruments are
Advantages of Pantronic in comparison with pantographic
Arcon with adjustable Intercondylar distances.
tracing : lessCondylar
time consuming.
housings can be adjusted in the
Several electronic
horizontal, tracings
Sagittal, &can be made
frontal consecutively.
planes.
CondylarEach has a Bennett
measurements guide adjustment.
compared immediately via the
All accept arbitrary or hinge axis Face-bow
computer print-out.
transfers.
Referred as Gnathologic instruments, because of
their full adjustability.

59
According to GPT, Gnathology is a science that
deals with the masticatory apparatus as a
whole, including morphology, anatomy,
histology, physiology, pathology and
thereuptics.

While Gnathology, according to dentists is the

study of occlusion and occlusal rehabilitation
through the used of Pantographs and fully
adjustable articulators.
60
3. Gnathoscope (By Charles Stuart in 1955):
-Bennett guides are situated in the middle of
the posterior aspect of the instrument similar to
Gysi Trubyte articulator.
-Benett guide can be angulated and
customized
- Numerous plastic condylar inserts are
available

61
4.In 1968, Niles Guichet - Denar D4A

fully adjustable articulator.

62
5. D5A is the current Denar fully adjustable

articulator
Is similar to D4A except for refinements in machining and
in the centric latch mechanism located at the rear of the
articulator.

63
 Bergstrom’s classification of articulators.8

1.Arcon
2. Non Arcon

Arcon : Instruments that have condyles on the lower member and

the condylar guides on the upper members are called Arcon
articulators e.g. Ney articulators, Panadent, Teledyne, whip mix,
Hanau H2, Hanau radial shift, Hanau wide vue. 

Non Arcon : Instruments that have condyles on the upper

member and condylar guides on the lower members are called
Non Arcon e.g. Hanau model H 64
65
 Classification of articulators: (Heartwell) 9
Class I
• Receive& Reproduce 3 dimensional graphic recordings (pantograms)
• Permit individual condylar movements in each of 3 planes.
• Capable of reproducing timing of the side shift of the orbiting
(balancing) side & its direction on the rotating (working) side.
• Four dimensional instruments(because they include timing also)
• Capable of being set to reproduce tooth movement along border
pathways in three planes.
Examples:
• Mc Collum Gnathoscope
• Granger Gnathoscope
• Hanau Kinoscope
• Cosmax
66
 Class II
•Not receive 3 D graphic recordings.
•Some have fixed controls, others are adjustable but not in more than two
planes.
•Most set to anatomic averages or with some type of positional records.
•Mini-recording devices & premolded fossae are available.
•Close approximation of condylar movement patterns determined quickly.

Class II (Type1--Hinge)
Opening & closing in a hinge movement.
Few Permit limited non –adjustable excursive like movements.
• The Barn door Hinge
• Gariot
• Hageman Balancer
• Gysi
• Bonwill
• Gysi simplex &Adaptable 67
Class II(Type 2--Arbitrary)
Designed to adapt to specific theories of occlusion.
► Monson
► The correlator
► Transgraph
► The Gnathic Relator
► Verticulator

Class II(Type 3--Average)

Provide condylar guidance by means of averages, positional records.
Permits movement of both horizontal & lateral guidance surfaces
Face –Bow can be used.
► House
► Dentatus
► Hanau
► Whip Mix
► Denar-Mark II & Omni model 68
Class II (Type 4--Special)

Designed primarily for complete dentures.

• Stansberry Tripod
• Kile Dentograph
• Irish Dupli-Functional
 

69
Other classifiactions(Heartwell)
GILLIS(1926)
►-- Adaptable or Adjustable
►-- Average or Fixed type
BOUCHER (1934)
►-- Two dimensional instruments
►-- Three dimensional instruments
 BECK’S (1962)
►-- Suspension instrument
►-- Axis instrument and
►-- Tripod instrument
► 
WEINBERG (1963)
► -- Arbitrary
► -- Positional
► -- Semi adjustable
► -- Fully adjustable
70
POSSELT’S (1968)
►-- Plain line
►-- Mean value
►-- Adjustable

 
C.J. THOMAS (1973)
►-- Arbitrary
►-- Positional
► Axis type
► Non axis type
► Static type
►-- Functional
► Axis type
► Non axis type
► Functional type
► 
Sunday, October 24, 2021 71
JOHN J. SHARRY (1974)
►-- Simple hinge type
►-- Fixed guide type,
►-- Adjustable instruments

HALPERIN et al
►-- Simple or Hinge articulators
►-- Fully adjustable articulators 
►-- Semi adjustable articulators
► Arcon
► Non-arcon
Sunday, October 24, 2021 72
 Classification of articulators: {Tylman}10 
►Non-adjustable Adjustable
►Denar Automark 1.Rectilinear Guidances
►Hanau Gnatus Ortoflexs Denar Mark II
►Hanau LTD Denar Omni
►HanauMate-165-I Denar Track II
►Hanau-Twin Stage Occluder Dentatus
►Trubyte Simplex Hanau 183 Wide Vue
► Hanau 184 Wide Vue
► Hanau 145 Wide Vue
► Hanau 158 Wide Vue
► Hanau 96 H2
► Hanau 181-101
► Quick Perfect
► TMJ Deluxe with
► Mechanical fossae.
► TMJ Mini with
► Mechanical Fossae.
► SAM
► Whip Mix 8500
► Whip Mix 8800
► Whip Mix 9000
► Whip Mix 9800
Sunday, October 24, 2021 73
► 2. Curvlinear Guidances a)Mechanical adjustments
►
► Hanau 166-1 radial shift
► Whip Mix 8300
► Whip Mix 8340
► Whip Mix 2000
► Whip Mix DB2200
► b)Preformed Fossae
► Denar Anamark
► Panadent PCL
► Panadent PSL
► Panadent SL
► TMJ Deluxe
► TMJ Mini
► c)Custom Created
► Denar D5A
► Denar SE
► Stuart Ganathologic
► computer
►
Sunday, October 24, 2021
TMJ stereographic 74
►
RIHANI’S CLASSIFICATION 12
► Fully adjustable

► Semiadjustable

► Nonadjustable

75
Fullay adjustable Semiadjustable Nonadjustable
Can accept all the Can accept all the Can accept one or two
following records: following three records: of the following three
1.face- bow record 1.face-bow record records:
2.Centric jaw relation 2.Centric jaw relation 1.face-bow record
record record 2.Centric jaw relation
3.Protrusive record 3.Protrusive record record
4.Lateral records 3.Protrusive record
5.Intercondylar E.g. Arcon 1950,
distance record. Hanau 130-28, E.g. Gariot,
E.g. Hanau kingscope, Whip-Mix Barndoor hinge
Denar D4-A Gysi simplex
76
 REQUIREMENTS OF AN
ARTICULATOR1:
 Requirements of an articulator for the
fabrication of Complete Denture are not as
sophisticated as for extensive fixed
prosthodontic procedures. These minimal
articulator requirement are necessary for the
fabrication of Complete Denture to the
patient’s centric position. 77
 It should accurately maintain the correct
horizontal and vertical relationship of the
patient’s casts. i.e. it should accurately
maintain centric position.
 Patient’s casts must be easily removable and
attachable to the articulator without losing
their correct horizontal and vertical
relationship.
 Should have an incisal guide pin with a
positive stop that is adjustable and
calibrated (this provides positive control
over the patients occlusal vertical dimension
by the Dentist and Laboratory technician)
78
 Should be able to open and close in a hinge like
fashion.
 Should accept a face bow transfer utilizing an
anterior reference point.
 Should be accurate, rigid, non corrosive, wear
resistant, able to move freely.
 Should not be too bulky and heavy.
 Adequate distance should be there between upper
and lower member and vision should not obscure
from the rear. The articulator should be stable on
the laboratory bench .
79
Additional Requirements for Articulator if
dentures are to be fabricated with balanced
occlusion1
 Condylar guides should allow right lateral,
left lateral and protrusive movements.
 Condylar guides should be adjustable
horizontally.
 Articulator should have provision for
adjustment of Bennett movement.
 Incisal guide table should be a mechanical
table that can be adjusted in the Sagittal
and frontal planes or a table that can be
customized with auto-polymerizing resin.
80
 Articulators that meet the requirements
for fabricating denture to a balanced
occlusion1
-Hanau H2
- Hanau Arcon H2
- Hanau Radial shift
- Hanau wide vue
- Whip Mix
- Denar Mark II
- Denar Omni
Intercondylar distance influences the character and
inclinations of the grooves and cusps of the posterior teeth,
while, immediate Bennett adjustment primarily influences
the width of the central grooves of posterior teeth.
 110mm of Intercondylar distance is more than adequate for
complete denture. 81
 PURPOSE OF
ARTICULATORS1:
 Mounting of dental cast for diagnosis,
treatment planning and patient
representation.
 Fabrication of occlusal surfaces for dental
restoration.
 Arrangement of artificial teeth for complete
and removable partial dentures.

82
What if patient doesn’t match
articulator?

Articulator

Patient
83
84
85
 USES
 Primary function is to act as the patient in absence
of patient.
 It serves as an analogue of the cranio- mandibular
complex.
 It can reproduce the maxillomandibular occlusal
relationship for several position and border
movements, or excursive movements.
 It is valuable in occlusal therapy.
 It helps to learn the biomechanical principles
underlying mandibular movements.

86
 ADVANTAGES:
 Properly mounted casts allow the operator to better
visualize the patient’s occlusion, especially from the lingual
view.
 When articulating teeth for complete dentures, the lingual
view as provided with the articulator is essential if a proper
occlusal scheme is to be developed.
 Patient cooperation is not a factor when using an
articulator once the appropriate interocclusal records are
obtained from the patient.
 Refinement of complete denture occlusion in the mouth is
extremely difficult because of shifting denture bases and
resiliency of the supporting tissues. Interocclusal records
can be obtained and complete denture can be refined
outside the mouth on an articulator.
87
 More chair time and patient appointment time is
required when utilizing mouth as an articulator.
 More procedure can be delegated to auxiliary
personnel when utilizing an articulator for
development of the patient’s occlusion.
 Patient’s saliva, tongue, and cheek are not factor
when using articulators.

Note: Observation of articulation pattern of the teeth

on the articulator is useful in two regards:-
88
 Diagnostically, it is some time difficult to clinically identify
centric relation, maximum intercuspation discrepancies,
balancing interferences, and working or protrusive
interferences. The articulator provides an advantage because
the dentition can be examined from its posterior and lingual
aspects without interferences from oral structures.

 Restorative point of view, the more accurate the

information programmed into the articulator, the less
time is necessary for intraoral adjustment of the
restoration.
89
 Advantages and disadvantages of articulators 8
 Non adjustable:
Advantages
- Relatively inexpensive
- Small amount of time invested in mounting the casts on the
articulator because the mounting procedure is arbitrary.
Disadvantages
- Restoration cannot be properly prepared to meet the occlusal
requirement of the eccentric movement of the patient because this
articulator accurately reproduces only one contact position.
- Unnecessary time is used in adjusting the restoration intraoral in
the appropriate eccentric movement.
- Considerable grinding is needed, poor anatomic form and
occlusal; relationship may result.
90
 Semi adjustable:

Advantages
- Adaptability to the patient’s specific condylar
movements provides a significant advantage.
- Restoration that more closely fit the occlusal
requirements of the patient can be fabricated.
- Minimizing the need of intraoral adjustment.
- Excellent instrument for routine dental treatment.

Disadvantages
- Initially more time is needed to transfer information
from the patient to the articulator.
- More expensive than nonadjustable.
91
 Fully adjustable:

Advantages

- Ability to duplicate mandibular movements.

- Restoration that precisely fit the patient’s occlusion
requirement can be made.
- Minimum intraoral adjustment.
- Stable and anatomic interocclusal relationship.

Disadvantages

- Expensive
- Considerable amount of time must be invested initially in
transferring information properly from the patient to articulator.
- Simple restorative procedures do not justify the use of the fully
adjustable articulator.
92
Hanau Articulator 1,13,14

93
 Hanau brand articulators were first introduced to the dental
profession in 1921.

 The Hanau articulator is a semi adjustable type of

instrument.

 upper member:-condylar guidance
 lower member:- condylar spheres

 The upper and lower members are mechanically connected.

 The upper cast is oriented to the upper member (which

represents the skull) by arbitrary face-bow transfer record.
94
► The lower cast is oriented to the lower member of
the articulator, representing the mandible, by
relating the lower to the upper cast through an
interocclusal CR record.

 The horizontal condylar guidances are adjusted by

an interocclusal protrusive record.

 The lateral condylar guidances are formulated by

Hanau’s formula.

95
HANAU H2
Non arcon
•All features of original H with addition of Auditory pin
•Fixed intercondylar distance of 110 mm.
•Horizontal condylar inclination is determined by
protrusive inter occlusal record.
•The amount of Bennett movement is calculated from
the lateral horizontal condylar inclinations, and the
vertical condylar posts are rotated accordingly.

96
► The mechanical incisal guide table is adjustable both in

Sagittal (single)and frontal(rt &lt) planes.

► Sagital inclination is determined by bringing central

incisors in an end to end relationship.

► Frontal adjustments are determined by bringing cuspids

into an end to end relationship

► Extendable shaft (optional)

97
98
99
It can be used with
►Facia face-bow
►Ear piece face-bow
►Twirl bow
►Adjustable axis face bow

100
 Hanau arcon h2
 By Hanau in 1977.

 similar to the Hanau

H2, except that an
Arcon instrument

101
Hanau wide vue (183) &(184)

The 183 & 184 series have identical features , with

one exception .
The 183 is a one piece model, while the 184 has
separation capability

102
 Hanau wide vue1
► The Hanau Wide Vue and Hanau Wide Vue-II are the
newest articulators introduced by Hanau.
► FEATURES:
► Both are Arcon instruments.
► Fixed intercondylar distance of 110mm.
► The WideVue articulators accept all face bows except
for the adjustable axis face-bow.
► A straight incisal guide pin or an incisal guide pin with
an adjustable foot is available.

103
 Hanau wide vue
The Condylar
Guidances are the
control centers of
the Articulator and
they adjustably
assimilate the
multiple function
of the glenoid
fossa.
104
 Hanau wide vue

Closed Condylar
track
Fixed centric stop
Centric lock

105
Hanau wide vue

106
107
108
109
110
“Crescent” represents
the patient’s infra-
orbitale notch and
is the anterior
reference landmark
of the Frankfort
Horizontal Plane

111
 Wide view II (184)
► Wide Vue-II has
an open condylar track.
► Open condylar track
allows the upper member
to be removed for waxing.
► Condylar retainers are
present on the open condylar
tracks on the WideVue-II
which prevents accidental separation
of the upper member. 112
 Hanau radial shift(166)
 Structure is almost same as Hanau series
articulator.
 It has right & left Centric Latches & the
upper member is easily removed for
waxing.
 Has curvilinear condylar guidances.
 The superior walls have a ¾ inch curved
surface and these walls can be adjusted
from 0 to 60 degrees.

The radial shift adjustment has a 3mm radius and allow upto 3
mm of radial shift before intercepting preadjusted progressive
Bennett angle.
 Programming 1

Articulator preparation:
•Adjust the protrusive inclination of both Condylar guidance to 300
and tighten the thumbnuts.
•Adjust the Bennett Angles of both Condylar guidance at 300 and
tighten their thumbnuts.
• Adjust the incisal pin to align the midline calibration to the top
edge of upper member.

114
► Adjust the Incisal guide to a “zero” degree and
tighten the small locknut.
► Slide the platform to align the incisal pin contact
over zero indicating line on guidance and tighten the
platform lock screw.
► The chisel end of the incisal pin must exactly
coincide with the centre of the table of the incisal
guide.
► Tighten the centric locks to restrict the articulator to
opening and closing movements only.
► Apply a thin coating of petroleum jelly to all the
surface of articulator that will be exposed to stone or
mounting media 115
► After transferring the facebow to the articulator, The tip
of the orbital pointer is brought into contact with the
undersurface of the axis-orbital plate indicator attached to
the upper articulator frame.
► The facebow height is adjusted by using the elevating pin.
Once the height is adjusted, the pin is tightened with
thumb screw.
► A pivot cast support is adjusted to protect the occlusal
fork from any distortion due to the weight of the
maxillary cast and the mounting stone.
► Minimal-expansion slurry- activated stone is added to the
cast to complete the mounting procedure.
116
Mounting the mandibular cast
► Before making face bow transfer, the tentative centric relation
registration is made with a pressureless impression paste such as
zinc oxide eugenol.
► Initially, the upper wax rim is indexed with several V-shaped
notches.
► The lower wax rim is reduced approximately 1.5 to 2 mm and
then cross-hatched with a blade to form undercuts on the wax
surface.
► After the registration is made, both denturebases are removed and
seated on their respective casts.
► The incisal pin is set to 0 and both casts are related again through
the zinc oxide paste record.
► Minimal-expansion stone is added to the base of the mandibular
cast and the articulator is closed.
Adjustment of the articulator
► The protrusive and lateral occlusal record is used to set the
instrument guides.
► An extraoral tracer can be attached to the wax occlusion rims with
the central bearing plates set at the desired vertical dimension.
► The patient is encouraged to make protrusive and right and left
lateral border movements while the pin touches the recording plate
with light pressure.
► With the extraoral tracing assembly, the clinician can visualize the
apex created that indicates centric relation.
► An accurate record can be made by injecting quick-setting stone
between the occlusion rims while the patient maintains the centric
relation position.
► This record can be used to verify the tentative centric relation or
for remounting to a new relation.
► The protrusive occlusal record is also made with stone
as the patient maintains the mandible approximately 6
mm forward of centric relation as determined by the
tracing.
► The record is used to relate the split maxillary cast to its
mounting stone base.
► The condylar thumbscrews are loosened and the incisal
pin is raised. With the casts firmly seated in the stone
protrusive record, the slope of the condylar path is
adjusted until the cast is accurately keyed to the
mounting base.
► After recording the horizontal condylar guidance, the
formula L = H/8 + 12 is used to calculate the lateral
condylar guidance(Bennett angle).
► Once the horizontal
and lateral condylar
inclinations are set,
the incisal guidance
can be established by
making adjustments
in the incisal guide
table.
Whip- mix Articulator1
:

122
 Whip- mix articulator
 It was designed by Charles
Stuart in 1955.
 Semi adjustable arcon type
of articulator
 The intercondylar distance is
adjustable to three positions
i.e. small(S) 96mm;
medium(M)110mm

large(L)124mm. 123
► The upper and lower members are not
mechanically connected but can be held
together by spring latch assembly.

124
 There are two different face-bows
that can be used with the Whip-Mix
articulator i.e. the Quick Mount or
ear piece face-bow and the
adjustable axis or kinematic face-
bow.

The ear piece face-bow is mostly

used with complete dentures while
the adjustable axis face-bow is most
commonly used with fixed
prosthodontics
 The bridge of the nose is used
as the anterior reference point
with the ear piece face bow.
125
► First face bow record is made.
► Maxillary cast is mounted on the articulator
1) Prepare the articulator to receive the cast
2) Separate the upper and lower members
3) Adjust the guides to an angulation of 30 degrees
4) Secure the mounting plates to the upper and
lower members of the articulator
5) Remove the incisal pin
6) Guide the pin on the outer surface of the
condylar guide into the hole on the inner surface
of plastic ear piece on both side
126
Three thumbscrews on facebow tightened and guide pin removed
127
Setting condylar guidance

Condylar inclination set at 0 degrees

128
 Setting condylar guidance

Lateral translation controls set at maximum

opening
129
 Setting condylar guidance

With right lateral interocclusal record in place, left condyle does not
contact the 130
superior wall(A) or medial wall (B)
 Setting condylar guidance

Rotate the guide inferiorly untill the condyle contacts the superior
wall 131
 Setting condylar guidance

Slide the lateral transition guide laterally until it touches the medial
surface of the condylar element
132
 The Whip-Mix articulator is equipped either with a
mechanical incisal guide table or a plastic incisal guide
table

 The mechanical incisal guide table has a single sagittal

adjustment and right and left frontal adjustments.

 The adjustments are made to compensate for the

amount of horizontal and vertical overlap incorporated
in the anterior arrangement of the denture teeth.

133
 Anterior guidance
► Definition: (GPT8)
► The influence of the contacting surfaces of
anterior teeth on tooth limiting mandibular
movements.
► Purpose :
► By the registration of anterior guidance it is
possible to duplicate the influence of anterior
teeth on the movements of the casts even if the
anterior teeth are prepared and the incisal edges
are shortened 134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Recent Advancement 141
 Virtual Articulator

Virtual Articulators are also called as

`SOFTWARE articulators`. They are not
concrete but exist only as a computer
program. They comprises of virtual
condylar and incisal guide planes. Guide
planes can be measured precisely using
jaw motion analyser or average values are
set in the program like average value
articulator.15 142
Korda B and Gartner C et al in 2002 gave the
concept and development of virtual articulators in
dentistry.15

Virtual articulator based on mechanical dental

articulator was introduced by graphic design and
engineering project developments, the University
of the Basque Country in 2009.16

143
Types of virtual articulators
17,18

Types
Of
Virtual
Articulators
145
146
147
Advantage
•No deformation in bite registration material (eg, wax is
susceptible to heat) 
•Repositioning the cast into the bite impressions without
leaving any space
•The stability of the articulator itself
•The correct orientation of the cast
•The use of rigid and expanded plaster material.
•Visualization of contact points dynamically during jaw
movement.

Disadvantages
A record has to be made for each patient, which is
certainly not practicable for every clinician.
 Maintenance of articulator
► Cleaning Use a mild soap and water solution
with the aid of a brush to dissolve the
accumulations of wax and to wash away
carborundum grit. Then air dry and lubricate. do
not use strong detergents, gasoline or naphtha as
cleaning agents.

► Lubrication lubricate the working and bearing

components with a thin film of sewing machine or
high speed headpiece type oil. Wipe of excess oil
to prevent accumulations of dust or grit.
149
 Maintenance of articulator
► A thin coating of petroleum jelly must be applied to
all articulator surfaces that will be contacted by
gypsum mounting material.
 
► Storage store articulator in a clean dry atmosphere
free of plaster and carborundum dust . Wait a full
day after mounting casts before storing the
articulator in a carrying case . Moisture
dissipation from the stone in an enclosed area causes
alkalinity of the stone mixture which can damage the
articulator surface.
  150
 Summary and conclusion

Its been more than 70 years that the Hanau articulators have evolved
drastically to serve the prosthodontists and master technicians
worldwide. The desired occlusion that is developed no longer contains
shortcomings as a result of restriction of mechanical design.It now
dictates the instrument chosen. Even though the Hanau articulators
have some inherent limitations,without doubt they will be the first
choice in establishing balanced occlusion in complete dentures and
occlusal reconstruction in removable and fixed partial prostheses.
► No existing articulator will reproduce all
mandibular movements exactly, nor is this its
primary objective. The goal is to make
restoration with occlusal morphology
compatible with the movements of mandible.
The more closely the articulator matches the
patient’s anatomy, usually the better the
outcome and the less adjustment is required at
chair-side on fitting prostheses.

152
 References
1.

2.
 
Sheldon Wrinkler ; Essentials of complete denture Prosthodontics ; 2nd edition ; Page no. 142 – 182

Batra P. Articulator and face bow: review of literature and history of articulators. Journal of oral health and
community dentistry.2013;7(1).

3. Edgar N. Starcke ; The History of Articulators: Unusual Concepts or “It Seemed to Bea Great Idea at the
Time!” ; Journal of Prosthodontics.1999;8(3).

4. Edgar N. Starcke ; The History of Articulators: Unusual Concepts or “It Seemed to Be aGreat Idea at the
Time!” ; Journal of Prosthodontics,2000;9(3).

5. Edgar N. Starcke ; The History of Articulators: Unusual Concepts or “It Seemed to Bea Great Idea at the
Time!” ; Journal of Prosthodontics2001;10(3).

6. Edgar N. Starcke ; The History of Articulators: Unusual Concepts or “It Seemed to Be aGreat Idea at the
Time!” ; Journal of Prosthodontics.2003;12(1).

7. Carl O. Boucher , Judson C. Hickey , George A. Zarb ; Prosthodontic treatment for complete denture
patients ; 7th edition ; Page no. 295 – 312

8. Herbert T.Shillinburg, Sumiya Hobo, Lowell D.Whitsett, Richard Jacobi, Susan E.Brackett; Fundamentals
of fixed prosthodontics; 3rd edition; Page 47-55
153
8. Heartwell ; Syllabus of complete dentures ; 4th edition

9.Stephen F. Rosenstiel; Contemporary Fixed prosthodontics; 2nd edition.

10. W.F.P.Malone, D.L.Koth, E.Cavazos, Jr. ; Tylman’s Theory and Practice of Fixed
prosthodontics ; 8th edition.

11. Edgar N. Starcke ; The Historv of Articulators: A Perspective on the Early Years, Part
I ; Journal of Prosthodontics,1999;8(3)

12. Rihani A. Classification of articulayirs. Journal of prosthodontc,1980;43(3).

13. Dental Clinics of North America, volume 39, Number 2,April 1995.

14. Hanau Wide-Vue Arcon Articulator and Wide-Vue II Articulators; Illustrated

Instruction Manual; Waterpik.

15. Szentpetery A, Debrabant K, Riquier R. Mathematically simulated virtual articulator

and its use in correcting virtual occlusal surfaces. QJDT 2008(6);3: 212-220.
154
16. Kordaß B, Gartner C, Sohnel A, Bisler A, Voß G, Bockholt U, Seipel S. The
virtual articulator in dentistry: concept and development. Dent Clin N Am 46
(2002) 493–506

17. Tamaki K, Celar AG, Beyrer S, Aoki H. Reproduction of excursive tooth

contact in an articulator with computerized axiography data. J Prosthet Dent
1997;78:773–9.

18. E. Solaberrieta, O. Etxaniz, R. Minguez, J. Muniozguren, A. Arias. Design of

a virtual articulator for the simulation and analysis of mandibular movements in
dental CAD/CAM. CIRP Design Conference 2009: 323.

155
156
 Limitations of hanau articulator

► Validity of hanau’s formula

H
L = ( ------- ) + 12
8 
l = lateral condylar inclination
(bennett angle)
  H = horizontal condylar inclination
► Weinberg(1963) stated that during the lateral
movements, the balancing condyle moves forward,
downward and medialward. however during protrusive
movement the same condyle is supposed to move
forward and downward. But during protrusive
movement the mandible can easily deviate to one side.
This may change actual horizontal condylar guidance
readings on the articulator.
► If hanau’s formula is used,there would be an error in
lateral condylar inclination, which will result in a lack
of balanced occlusion in complete denture.
► This error may be eliminated by using both lateral and
protrusive interocclusal records.
► Knap and ziebert (1969)also suggested protrusive and
lateral interocclusal records to determine condylar
guidance elements.

► Ortman(1971)suggested “milling” of occlusion with the

registered condylar guidance inclinations increased and
then decreased by 5 degrees. If the condylar guidance
inclinations were accurate, the additional procedures
were not necessary.
► Javid and Porter(1975) conducted a study where the casts of five
patients whose kinematic mandibular axes were previously
recorded were mounted on six articulators including Hanau
model 130-28.
► The horizontal and lateral condylar guidances of all articulators
were adjusted by using 15 interocclusal records (5 protrusive
and 10 right and left lateral)made in cold cure acrylic resin.
► The adjustments for each articulator were repeated 20 times
within 5 days.
► The lateral condylar guidances as adjusted by interocclusal
records were compared with those established by Hanau’s
formula.
► Significant difference was found.
► The values lateral condylar guidance was smaller when Hanau’s
formula was uses compared to values with interocclusal records.
► The combined amount of bennet movement (ISS+PSS) is the bennet angle
of the orbiting (non working condyle). It is the angle formed by the
orbital path (horizontal lateral condylar path) and the sagittal plane. It
varies from 2-44 degree with a mean value of 160 .
► Hanau(1922) recommended a formula for calculating the bennet angle
using lateral condylar check bites, but Hobo’s studies using an electronic
mandibular recording device showed no significant correlation between
the bennet angle and the sagittal lateral condylar path, calling into
question Hanaus formula. Hence the new generation of articulators such
as Kavo prtar, Hanau radial shift, denar mark II, Pendent, Panhoby,
SAM etc., have ISS &PSS adjustments.

161