Compiler Construction

Instructor: Aunsia Khan

aunsia.khan@numl.edu.pk

Lecture# 01: Introduction

Week 1

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Learning Outcomes
 Understand the basic techniques used in
compiler construction such as
 Lexical analysis,
 Top-down parsing,
 Bottom-up parsing,
 Context-sensitive analysis,
 Intermediate code generation.

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Learning Outcomes
 Understand the basic data structures used in
compiler construction such as
 Abstract Syntax Trees,
 Symbol Tables,
 Three-address code,
 Stack machines.

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Marks Distribution

Marks Distribution

Total Total Marks

Marks Head Marks /Frequency
Frequency /Head

Quiz & Assignment

3 vary 20

Mid Term Paper 1 30 30

Final Paper & Viva 1 50 50

  Total Marks 100

Books
 Textbook:
 Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools, , A. V. Aho, R.
Sethi and J. D. Ullman, Addison-Wesley.
 Reference Books:
 Modern Compiler Design, , D. Grune, H. E. Bal, C. J. H.
Jacobs, K. G. Langendoen, Jo, 1st 
 Writing Compilers and Interpreters: A Software Engineering
Approach, R. Mak.
 Lex & Yacc, J. R. Levine, T. Mason, D. Brown, O’Reilly.
 A Compact Guide to Lex & Yacc, T. Niemann.

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Material & Submissions
 Lecture Notes: LMS
 Helping Videos: LMS

 Google Classroom:
Class code for 5-B: 42djau3

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Week 1
 Introduction to programming process
and the tools used for this task like
Interpreters, Compilers, Assemblers,
 Comparison of interpreters and
compilers

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 Compilers and Interpreters
 Compilation
 Translation of a program written in a source
language into a semantically equivalent program
written in a target language.
Source Target
Compiler Program
Program

Error messages

 As an important part of this translation process, the

compiler reports to its user the presence of errors in
the source program. 8
Compilers and Interpreters
 There are thousands of source languages,
ranging from traditional programming
languages such as FORTRAN and Pascal to
specialized languages.
 Target languages are equally as varied;
 A target language may be another programming
language, or the machine language of any
computer.

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Compilers and Interpreters
 Running the Target Program
 If the target program is an executable machine-
language program, it can then be called by the
user to process inputs and produce outputs.

Input Target Program Output

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 Compilers and Interpreters
 An interpreter is another common kind of language
processor. Instead of producing a target program as a
translation, an interpreter appears to directly execute the
operations specified in the source program on inputs
supplied by the user,
Source
Program Interpreter Output
Input
Error messages
 Interpretation
 Performing the operations implied by the source program.

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Compilers and Interpreters
 The machine-language target program
produced by a compiler is usually much faster
than an interpreter at mapping inputs to
outputs .
 An interpreter, however, can usually give
better error diagnostics than a compiler,
because it executes the source program
statement by statement.

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Example
 Java language processors combine compilation and
interpretation. A Java source program may first be
compiled into an intermediate form called bytecodes.
The bytecodes are then interpreted by a virtual
machine.
 A benefit of this arrangement is that bytecodes
compiled on one machine can be interpreted on
another machine, perhaps across a network.
 In order to achieve faster processing of inputs to outputs,
some Java compilers, called just-in-time compilers, translate
the bytecodes into machine language immediately before
they run the intermediate program to process the input.
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Compilers and Interpreters
 Hybrid Compiler
 Performing the operations implied by the source
program.

Source
Translator
Program

Intermediate Program Virtual

Input Machine Output

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 Language Processing System
Source Program

Preprocessor
Modified Source Program
Compiler Libraries
Target Assembly Program and
Assembler Relocatable Object Files
Relocatable Object Code
Linker/Loader

Machine Code 15
Language Processing System
 Preprocessor can
 Delete comments
 Include other files, e.g.
#include <stdio.h>
 Perform macro substitutions, e.g.
#define SUM(x, y) (x + y)
 Assembler
 Translator for Assembly Language

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 Language Processing System
 Usually, a program called a loader performs the two
functions of loading and link-editing.
 Linker
 Collects code separately compiled or assembled in different
object files.
 Connects object program(s) to the code for standard library
functions.
 The process of loading consists of taking relocatable
machine code, altering the relocatable addresses, and
placing the altered instructions and data in memory at the
proper location.

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 Language Processing System
mouse.c keyboard.c

mouse.c editor.c keyboard.c

Compile
mouse.obj editor.obj keyboard.obj

Linker Libraries

Executable Files
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 Relocation
The modified source program is then fed to a compiler. The compiler
may produce an assembly-language program as its output, because
assembly language is easier to produce as output and is easier to
debug.
Sample Program After Compilation
   
a db 3 0000 a db 3
b db 5 0001 b db 5
c db 0 0002 c db 0
mov AX, a 0003 mov AX, [0000]
mov BX, b 0005 mov BX, [0001]
add AX, BX 0007 add AX, BX
mov c, AX 0009 mov [0002], AX
 
- Assuming each instruction is of 2B
- Addresses are relocatable

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 Relocation
The assembly language is then processed by a program
called an assembler that produces relocatable machine code
as its output.
After Compilation Loaded at 5000
   
0000 a db 3   
0001 b db 5 5000 a db 3
0002 c db 0 5001 b db 5
0003 mov AX, [0000] 5002 c db 0
0005 mov BX, [0001] 5003 mov AX, [5000]
0007 add AX, BX 5005 mov BX, [5001]
0009 mov [0002], AX 5007 add AX, BX
  5009 mov [5002], AX
- Assuming each instruction is of 2B  
- Addresses are relocatable - Addresses are physical

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Use of Compilation Techniques

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 Thank you

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