THE ROLE OF

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
IN A RESEARCH

Thaufiq Boesoirie

Faculty of Medicine
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
If you have a problem,

How can you get a valid

answer
conforms to a scientific
norm ?

2
 SOLVING
PROBLEM ANSWER

KNOWLEDGE SOLVING

THE VALID THE VALID

HOW COULD KNOWLEDGE ANSWER
KNOWLEDGE
BE VALID ?
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD

3
Problem example :

Can kedacillin be used as a prophylactic

antibiotic for meningoencephalitis due to
a severe skullbase fractures ?

Answer possibilities:
Yes, it can be used
No, it can not be used

4
If it can be used, why ?
Basic logical reasoning :
1.87% of the etiologi of meningoencephalitis due to
severe skullbase fractures are p.aeruginosa (research)
2.Sensitivity test : p.aeruginosa is sensitive to kedacillin
(research)
3.To cure a meningoencephalitis, an antibiotic must has
an ability to penetrate blood brain barrier (general
concept)
4.Penicillin and its derivates can penetrate the blood-
brain barrie (general concept)
5.Kedacillin is a derivate of penicillin (general concept)

5
PREMISES
 Conclusion ?
( Hypothesis )
BASED ON A LOGICAL SCIENTIFIC REASONING

Temporary answer
Kedacillin can be used as a prophylactic
antibiotic for meningoencephalitis due to
severe skullbase fractures
6
Question :
Does oxytocin i.v. causes
tachycardia?

Answer possibilities:
1. Yes, it does
2. No , it doesn’t
If it causes tachycardia, why?
Basic Logical reasonings (premises)
1. 90% of the oxytocin receptors are in smooth muscles (research)
2. Oxytocin produce relaxation of smooth muscles
(general concept)
3. Tunica media of arterias consist of smooth muscles
(general concept)
4. Relaxation of the arterial smooth muscles cause vasodilatadion
(general concept)
5. Vasodilatation produce hypotension
(general concept)

Conclussion ?
 Conclussion:
Hypotension cause tachycardia, or

Oxytocin cause tachycardia

Temporary answer
( Hypothesis )
 PROBLEM

GENERAL CONCEPT RESEARCH RESULTS:

THEORY
ANALYSIS SYNTHESIS
GENERALIZATION
SPECIFICATION

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
THINKING THINKING

INTERACTION
TEMPORARY
ANSWER
HYPOTHESIS
50% of Research is Reading 10
 BUT ……………….!
The Hypothesis (logic-rational) is true,
only if supported by the facts (tested-
verified)

Scientific method
Rational-Tested

Logico – Hypothetico - Verificative

11
 SCIENTIFIC REASONING

TO ANALYZE DEDUCTIVE THINKING

THE VALIDITY (RATIONALISM)

INDUCTIVE THINKING
(EMPIRICALISM)

PRODUCE
KNOWLEDGE

DEDUCTIVE : SPECIFIC CONCLUSION DRAWNFROM

SOME GENERAL STATEMENTS

INDUCTIVE : GENERAL CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM

SOME SPECIFIC STATEMENTS 12
 DEDUCTION :
GENERAL SPECIFIC
DEDUCTIVE : SYLLOGISM OF THINKING

2 STATEMENTS
(MAYOR PREMISE, MINOR PREMISE)

MAKE THE CONCLUSION

Example of sylogism

- All creatures have eyes (Mayor premise)

- Husin is a creature (Minor premise)
SO : HUSIN HAS EYES (CONCLUSION)
13
RATIONALISM
Based on Deductive Thinking
RATIONAL THINKING
RECOGNIZING
THE PROBLEM

FORMULATE THE IDEAS

P R E M I S E S
DEDUCTIVE
THINKING

PRINCIPLES UNDERSTAND
UNDERLYING
THE PROBLEM THE PHENOMENON
CHARACTER :
 ABSTRACT
 APART FROM EXPERIENCES
 HAS A SUBJECTIVE TENDENCY
14
INDUCTIVE
SYNTHESIS

SPESIFIC GENERAL

Example :
• WE ATE 10 GREEN ORANGES
ALL WERE SOUR

• IF WE ATE THE 11TH GREEN ORANGE

PREDICTION SOUR

CONCLUSION : ALL GREEN ORANGES ARE SOUR

INDUCTIVE : NO DEFINITIVE CONCLUSION

ONLY PROBABILITIES
15
 EMPIRICISM
(Based on Inductive Thinking)
EXPERIENCE

CAUGHT BY SENSES

CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS
REGULARITY

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
INDUCTIVE
CHARACTER :  DESCRIPTIVE
 INCONSISTENT
 LIMITATION OF SENSES

EINSTEIN : INDUCTIVE METHOD :

NO POSSIBILITY TO DEVELOP
A BASIS OF SCIENCE 16
 SUPERSTITION

COMMON SENSE

APPLIED ART SCIENCE

RATIONALISM EMPIRICISM

17
RATIONALISM DEDUCTIVE

SOMETIMES CONCLUSION IS TRUE

IN A LOGICAL MANNER.
BUT IT IS CONTRADICTORY WITH
THE REALITY/FACT

HOW COULD THE SCIENCE BE DEVELOPED TO,

AT THE SAME TIME, REFLECT THE REAL FACT
AND USE A RATIONAL EXPLANATION?

18
 RATIONALISM + EMPIRICISM

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
o THEORETICAL EXPLANATION
o EMPIRICAL PROOF

FIRST DEVELOPED BY MOSLEM SCIENTISTS (9-12 A-C)

TO MAKE :  MIRACULOUS MEDICINE TO STAY

YOUNG (ELIXIR VITAE)
 FORMULA TO CREATE GOLD FROM METAL

19
 RESEARCH

 A PROCESS & ARRANGEMENT OF STEPS

WHICH ARE PLANNED AND SYSTEMATIC,
 TO OBTAIN A VALID ANSWER TO A CERTAIN
QUESTION

20
RESEARCH
FORMULATE
THE PROBLEMS

LITERATURE ARRANGEMENT
STUDY OF THE CONCEPTUAL
(LOGIC) FRAMEWORK
ARRANGEMENT OF
THE RELEVANT PREMISES
TEMPORARY FORMULATE
ANSWER THE HYPOTHESIS

VERIFICATION PROVE THE HYPOTHESIS

SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSION
METHOD NEW THEORY
21
Problem Formulation :

Can kedacillin be used as a prophylactic

antibiotic for meningoencephalitis due to
a severe skullbase fractures ?

Answer possibilities:
Yes, it can be used
No, it can not be used

22
If it can be used, why ?

Conceptual Framework : ( PREMISES )

1.87% of the etiologi of memingoencephalitis due to

severe skullbase fractures are p.aeruginosa (research)
2.Sensitivity test : p.aeruginosa is sensitive to kedacillin
(research)
3.To cure a meningoencephalitis, an antibiotic must has
an ability to penetrate blood brain barrier (general
concept)
4.Penicillin and its derivates can penetrate the blood-
brain barrie (general concept)
5.Kedacillin is a derivate of penicillin (general concept)
23
 Conclusion ?
BASED ON PREMISES REASONING

HYPOTHESIS
Kedacillin can be used as a prophylactic
antibiotic for meningoencephalitis due
to severe skullbase fractures

Prove the Hypothesis

(VERIFICATION)

Conclussion
NEW THEORY 24
Problems Formulation :
Does oxytocin i.v. cause
tachycardia?

Answer possibilities :
1. Yes, it does
2. No , it doesn’t
If it cause tachycardia, why ?
PREMISES

1. Some of the oxytocin receptors are in smooth

muscles
2. Oxytocin produce relaxation of smooth muscles
3. Tunica media of arterias consist of smooth muscles
4. Relaxation of smooth muscles produce
hypotention

Conclussion ?
 Conclussion:
Hypotension cause tachycardia, or

HYPOTHESIS
Oxytocin cause tachycardia
The truth Temporary answer

Prove the Hypothesis

(VERIFICATION)

Conclussion
NEW THEORY
 Conclusion

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
EXPLAINED
BY

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science will answer some questions :

• How can we make a valid scientific conclusion in a research?
• What kind of instruments do some one need in
a scientific thinking activity

28
TRADITIONAL RESEARCH
CLINICAL TRIAL
MEDICINE NEW MEDICINE
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD

BELONG TO ALL SCIENTIST

LOGICO, HYPOTHETICO VERIFICATIVE

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

29
 ACUAN USULAN PENELITIAN
1. APAKAH JUDUL TELAH SESUAI DENGAN ISI PENELITIAN ?
JUDUL TIDAK BOLEH BERPENGERTIAN GANDA !

2. APAKAH RUMUSAN MASALAH TELAH SESUAI DAN DAPAT

DIMENGERTI ?
APAKAH DARI RUMUSAN TSB DAPAT DIBUAT HIPOTESIS ?

3. APAKAH HIPOTESIS BERKESESUAIAN DENGAN RUMUSAN

MASALAH ? APAKAH HIPOTESIS TELAH MENJAWAB
MASALAH YANG TERKANDUNG DIDALAM RUMUSAN MASALAH ?
APAKAH HIPOTESIS DAPAT DIUJI ?

4. APAKAH PREMIS TELAH DAPAT MENJAWAB HIPOTESIS ?

APAKAH TERDAPAT PREMIS YANG TIDAK RELEVAN ?
PREMIS YANG MENJELASKAN MENGAPA PENELITIAN DILAKUKAN
BUKAN SUATU PREMIS, TETAPI LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH

5. PREMIS-PREMIS HARUS BERURUTAN DAN TERTATA MENURUT

POLA PIKIR DEDUKTIF

30
TERIMA KASIH
WASSALAM
KREATIVITAS DALAM ILMU

oleh

Prof. DR. dr. M.Thaufiq S. Boesoirie, MS, Sp.THT-KL(K)

Creativity is a modern concept.

33
 Brains :
 are our greatest resource, but we use them
ineffectively.
 Most men and women develop only a small
fraction-perhaps only 10 percent- of their
potential.

34
The creative individual must have a
liberal portion of three qualities:
 mental capacity
 judgment
 motivation.

35
Mental Capacity

 Something related to intelligence quotient,

but
something not precisely measured by any of
the standard tests.
 Almost all creative scientists probably have
I.Q.'s of 130 or above.
 Mental capacity is largely genetically
controlled.

36
Judgment
 an important characteristic in a scientist.

 In research one is continually faced with multiple choices

as to what experiment to do next and how to do it.

 The effort that goes into a sterile experiment can be as
great as that which goes into an illuminating one.

 The quality of judgment is also probably genetically

controlled, but
the individual can improve his endowment with
experience, and he can tap the wisdom of others.

37
Motivation

 is the factor in creativity which is most

subject to change by one's surroundings.

 It is also an essential component, for without

it the best minds accomplish little.

 With adequate motivation comes the self-

control necessary for tapping one's resources.

38
 Creative effort differs from most
other activities in that it generally
requires unusual discipline.

Creativity:
Thinking outside the box

39
Kreativitas

 Kreatifitas diperlukan untuk menjawab

tantangan permasalahan yang dihadapi di dunia
ini. 
 Kreatifitas menjadikan suatu bangsa unggul
dalam ilmu dan teknologi, dan bukan nilai
kebenaran atau kebijaksanaan yang mereka
kumpulkan.

40
 INOVASI

Sebagai Bagian dari entrepreneur

 Pengembangan model-model Inovasi
 Eksekusi model
 Mampu dilaksanakan

41
 INOVASI

 Keuntungan ( Innovation is Profitable )

 Bertahap
 Sekaligus

BIG BANG
Perlu Kecepatan Menggunakan Peluang

Buy The Future With Present Value

42
 Penelitian kreatif :
Bisa dibagi dalam suatu matriks 3 x 3. 

 Pada sumbu datar adalah jenis kreatifitas dari

segi kematangan untuk digunakan, yaitu
observatif, analitik, kreatif. 
 Pada sumbu tegak adalah tingkat kesulitan
mendapatkannya, yaitu aplikatif, modifikatif,
inovatif.

43
Jenis-Jenis Penelitian

Kreatifitas Observatif Analitik Kreatif

Inovasi

Inovatif Nobel Nobel Paten

Modifikatif Paten

Aplikatif 1 2 3

Riset para peneliti di negara berkembang umumnya

hanya berupa riset pada kotak nomor 1, 2 atau 3

44
Riset observatif-aplikatif

 Pengamatan mencari data dengan

menggunakan teknik yang telah lazim diketahui
 Hanya diterapkan pada medan yang baru. 
 Jarang kita kembangkan metode observasi yang
baru untuk menangkap fenomena yang
sebelumnya sulit didekati. 

45
Riset analitif-aplikatif

 Analisis antara berbagai data dengan menggunakan

pisau analisis yang telah ada. 
 Jarang ditemukan pengembangan baru, sekalipun hanya
modifikasi. 
 Paling populer, di berbagai perguruan tinggi, seakan-
akan tak mungkin suatu riset tanpa statistik dan data
real. 

46
Riset kreatif

 Pada riset kreatif, statistik atau data real

tidak terlalu mutlak, yang lebih penting
adalah terciptanya suatu alat atau
software yang bisa digunakan

 Namun riset kreatif di negera berkembang

umumnya juga hanya aplikatif, sekedar
menggunakan (try-out) produk yang sudah
dibuat orang dari negara maju.
47
 Kreatif = Thinking out side the box

 Kreatif – inovatif = Entrepreneur

48
John Assaraf:
(Wiraswastawan dan ahli pengolah keuangan)

 Kita dapat memiliki apapun yang kita pilih. Terlepas dari

seberapapun besarnya.
 Rumah seperti apa yang anda inginkan?
 Apakah anda ingin menjadi jutawan? Bisnis seperti apa
yang anda inginkan?
 Apakah anda menginginkan lebih banyak sukses. Apa
yang sungguh-sungguh anda inginkan ?

49
References:

 Current comment: Eugene Garfield .

 http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v12p
296y1989.pdf
, tanggal 12.12.2009
 Essays of an Information Scientist: Creativity,
Delayed Recognition, and other Essays, Vol:12,
p.296, 1989 Current Contents, #43, p.3-7,
October 23, 1989
 Creativity in the Sciences, Science 21 June 1963,
Volume 140, Number 3573.
 Creativity in the Sciences, 21 June 1963, Volume
140, Number 3573 , Science
50
JUDUL PENELITIAN PREMIS DAN
HIPOTESIS

Thaufiq Boesoirie
 …….kutinggalkan kamu dua perkara, tidak kamu
akan tersesat selamanya, selama kamu masih
berpegang kepada keduanya, yaitu Kitabullah
dan Sunah Rosul-Nya

Pendidikan Tinggi
S1 : Pragmatis
Acuan kependidikan S2 : Konseptual
S3 : Inovatif

Qur’an dan Hadist

 MASALAH :
Apakah Firaun mati tenggelam di Laut Merah ?

 HIPOTESIS :
Firaun mati tenggelam di Laut Merah

 Al-A’Raaf 136 :
Kemudian Kami menghukum mereka maka Kami
tenggelamkan mereka di Laut disebabkan mereka
mendustakan ayat-ayat Kami…….

 PREMIS PENDUKUNG (menurut kaidah ilmiah) :

1. Firaun adalah Ramses IV
2. Laut Merah mengandung ganggang merah
3. Orang mati tenggelam akibat masuknya air kedalam
alveoli paru-paru
4. Hasil Biopsi paru-paru Ramses IV mengandung ganggang
merah
 FORMULATE
PROBLEMS THE PROBLEMS

LITERATURE ARRANGEMENT
STUDY OF THE CONCEPTUAL
(LOGIC) FRAMEWORK
ARRANGEMENT OF
THE RELEVANT PREMISES

TEMPORARY FORMULATE
ANSWER THE HYPOTHESIS

VERIFICATION PROVE THE HYPOTHESIS

SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSION
RESEARCH PROCESS NEW THEORY
CHARACTER :  SYSTEMATIC
 EXPLICIT
BELONGS TO ALL SCIENTIST

SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNICATION

NEW THEORY THEORY THEORY

ALL SCIENTISTS ARE DEEPLY INDEBTED TO

OTHER SCIENTISTS.

HYPOTHESIS THEORY PREMISE HYPOTHESIS

 ACUAN USULAN PENELITIAN

1. APAKAH JUDUL TELAH SESUAI DENGAN ISI PENELITIAN ?

JUDUL TIDAK BOLEH BERPENGERTIAN GANDA !
2. APAKAH RUMUSAN MASALAH TELAH SESUAI DAN DAPAT
DIMENGERTI ?
APAKAH DARI RUMUSAN TSB DAPAT DIBUAT HIPOTESIS ?

3. APAKAH HIPOTESIS BERKESESUAIAN DENGAN RUMUSAN

MASALAH ? APAKAH HIPOTESIS TELAH MENJAWAB
MASALAH YANG TERKANDUNG DIDALAM RUMUSAN MASALAH ?
APAKAH HIPOTESIS DAPAT DIUJI ?

4. APAKAH PREMIS TELAH DAPAT MENJAWAB HIPOTESIS ?

APAKAH TERDAPAT PREMIS YANG TIDAK RELEVAN ?
PREMIS YANG MENJELASKAN MENGAPA PENELITIAN DILAKUKAN
BUKAN SUATU PREMIS, TETAPI LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH

5. PREMIS-PREMIS HARUS BERURUTAN DAN TERTATA MENURUT

POLA PIKIR DEDUKTIF.
56
TERIMA KASIH

57
 ACUAN USULAN PENELITIAN
1. APAKAH JUDUL TELAH SESUAI DENGAN ISI PENELITIAN ?
JUDUL TIDAK BOLEH BERPENGERTIAN GANDA !
2. APAKAH RUMUSAN MASALAH TELAH SESUAI DAN DAPAT
DIMENGERTI ?
APAKAH DARI RUMUSAN TSB DAPAT DIBUAT HIPOTESIS ?

3. APAKAH HIPOTESIS BERKESESUAIAN DENGAN RUMUSAN

MASALAH ? APAKAH HIPOTESIS TELAH MENJAWAB
MASALAH YANG TERKANDUNG DIDALAM RUMUSAN MASALAH ?
APAKAH HIPOTESIS DAPAT DIUJI ?

4. APAKAH PREMIS TELAH DAPAT MENJAWAB HIPOTESIS ?

APAKAH TERDAPAT PREMIS YANG TIDAK RELEVAN ?
PREMIS YANG MENJELASKAN MENGAPA PENELITIAN DILAKUKAN
BUKAN SUATU PREMIS, TETAPI LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH

5. PREMIS-PREMIS HARUS BERURUTAN DAN TERTATA MENURUT

POLA PIKIR DEDUKTIF.

58
TERIMA KASIH
WASSALAM