INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

in
TELECOMMUNICATION

Manu Pritha
(2017009023)
B. Tech ECE- 7th Sem
Date of Joining: 12-july-2020(4-weeks)
Company Name: BSNL
Place : Online
Objective of the presentation

Overview of Telecom Network

Evolution of Electronic exchanges
Components of PSTN Network
PCM Principles
What is Telecom ?

Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over

a distance for the purpose of communication.
It is the technology of transferring information over a
distance. Information can be of several type:
Audio – Telephone
Text - Telegraph , email, SMS
Pictures – Picture attachments
Video – Clipping over internet

The same telecom technology/service cannot communicate all

types of information.
OVERVIEW OF TELECOM NETWORK

There are three networking approaches

Circuit-switched,
Internet / Data Network and
Cellular mobile

Telecommunications is the transfer of information from a

transmitter to a receiver over a distance.
A telecommunication network is required to transmit messages
between any of its users (who are usually called customers or
subscribers), and the messages may be conveyed by signals that
are either digital or analog
Transmitter: originates information transfer
Receiver: receives the transferred information
Circuit: a communications path between transmitter and
receiver over an established medium
Link: a two-point segment of an end-to-end circuit

Switch: a device that establishes, maintains, and changes

connections over circuits
Network Elements of PSTN

A telecommunication network may therefore be

considered as a system consisting of following
network elements:
Transmission
Switching
Signaling
TRANSMISSION
Transmission is the conveyance of signals from one place to
another.
Signals may be audio, video, or data
Transmission systems include:
Open Wire
Copper wire cable (Twisted Wires)
Co-axial Cable
Microwave radio (terrestrial and satellite)
Fiber optic cable
Other wireless

Modern networks use “multiplexing”, the sharing of a transmission

medium by multiple signals
Electronic Exchanges

Digital switches are simply computers that make

logical routing decisions to connect circuits to
complete calls
When a call is dialed, the end-office switch decides
whether it can handle the call or if it needs to pass it
up the hierarchy
Each switch in succession makes the decision to
pass it up or down the hierarchy until it reaches the
end-office that can complete the call
SIGNALING

Signaling performs several functions:

Supervising: monitoring the status of a line or
circuit to see if it is busy, idle or requesting service;
and performing diagnostics
Alerting: indicates a specific condition such as the
arrival of an incoming call (ringing), off-hook
status (alert tone), busy signal, etc.
Addressing: transmitting routing, billing and
destination information
Basic Phases of a Call
Next Generation Networks
A unified packet transport layer for all types of
services
A session based control architecture
For user to user voice , video and data services over
the packet infrastructure
A common Service delivery platform