1.

what is meant by telecommunication network

Telecommunications network, electronic system of links and switches,
and the controls that govern their operation, that allows for data transfer
and exchange among multiple users. ... Each link in such a network is called
a communications channel.

2. What is the range of voice frequency

In telephony, the usable voice frequency band ranges from approximately
300 to 3400 Hz. It is for this reason that the ultra low frequency band of the
electromagnetic spectrum between 300 and 3000 Hz is also referred to as
voice frequency, being the electromagnetic energy that represents acoustic
energy at baseband.

3. Define Bandwidth
The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet connection
in a given amount of time.

4. Tabulate bandwidth and bit rate of various applications

The bandwidth determines how much capacity is available on a certain

channel to send or receive data. The bit-rate is the amount of data (in
bits) transferred in one second. Latency is the time it takes from when a
user requests a response (e.g. click a link) to when the server triggers a
response. The round-trip time is the sum of latencies in both directions,
i.e. user to the server and then back.
Here Are

5. Plot the speech spectrum

Spectrum plots are commonly x – y plots in which the x axis represents the
vibration frequency and the y axis represents amplitudes of a signal's
individual frequency components.

6. Define Decibel
A decibel is a unit of measurement which is used to indicate how loud a
sound is. Continuous exposure to sound above 80 decibels could be
harmful.
7. Component of telecommunication
The six basic components of a telecommunication system are:
 Input and output devices.
 Telecommunication channels.
 Telecommunication processors.
 Control software.
 Messages.
 Protocols

8. list the end systems of instruction of telecommunication systems

elements of telecommunication system. A basic telecommunication system

consists of three elements: A transmitter that takes information and
converts it to a signal A transmission medium that carries the signal;
and, A receiver that receives the signal and converts it back into usable
information.

9. What are the different types of transmissions?

Automatic Transmission (AT) ...
Manual Transmission (MT) ...
Automated Manual Transmission (AM) ...
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
10.what are the various switching techniques in computer communication

There are 3 common switching techniques: Circuit Switching. Packet

Switching. Message Switching.

11.What is GOS
Grade of Service (GoS) In telecommunication, and in particular teletraffic
engineering, grade of service is the probability of a call in a circuit group
being blocked or delayed for more than a specified interval, expressed as a
vulgar fraction or decimal fraction.

12.What is blocking Cateria

 blocking criterion: In telephone traffic engineering, a criterion that specifies
the maximum number of calls or service demands that fail to receive
immediate service.

13.What is delay Cateria

Network delay is a design and performance characteristic of a
telecommunications network. It specifies the latency for a bit of data to
travel across the network from one communication endpoint to another.
It is typically measured in multiples or fractions of a second.

14.What is congestion
Congestion, in the context of networks, refers to a network state where a
node or link carries so much data that it may deteriorate network
service quality, resulting in queuing delay, frame or data packet loss and the
blocking of new connections.

15.The two types of congestion

In general, we can divide congestion control mechanisms into two broad
categories: open-loop congestion control (prevention) and closed-loop
congestion control (removal) as shown in the Following figure. In open-
loop congestion control, policies are applied to prevent congestion before it
happens.

16.How can GOS be express

Grade of service is the probability of a call in a circuit group being blocked
or delayed for more than a specified interval, expressed as a vulgar fraction
or decimal fraction. ... This is always with reference to the busy hour when
the traffic intensity is the greatest.

17.What is component GOS

In telecommunication engineering, and in particular teletraffic engineering,
the quality of voice service is specified by two measures: the grade of
service (GoS) and the quality of service (QoS).

18.Define Traffic
The load carried on a telecommunication network is called traffic. ... A
telecommunication network must support two types of traffic: signalling
 traffic and user traffic. Service providers raise revenue from user traffic and
thus we refer to it as payload.

19.Define Average Occupancy

20.Explain briefly with neat diagrams, the centralized switching and distributed
switching.

Centralized Switching:

Since the central switch of each centralized network distributes the data

between that network and other networks, this type of system is called a
distributed network.

What is a distribution switch?

A distribution switch is a distribution layer switch, which uplinks to upper layer
core switch and links down to the access/edge switch. Simply put, an aggregation
switch in between functions a bridge between core layer switch and access layer
switch.
 21.Draw the typical hierarchical network structure and explain.

22.What is MAN and WAN

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that is larger
than a single building local area network (LAN) but is located in a single
geographic area that is smaller than a wide area network (WAN). Generally,
it is several LANs interconnected by dedicated backbone connections

A wide area network (also known as WAN), is a large network of

information that is not tied to a single location. WANs can facilitate
communication, the sharing of information and much more between devices
from around the world through a WAN provider.

23.D

24.Write short not on ISDN

What is ISDN in data communication?

ISDN or Integrated Services Digital Network is a circuit-switched telephone
network system that transmits both data and voice over a digital line. ... Faster
speeds and better connections allow data transmissions to travel more reliably

An intelligent network (IN) is a service-independent telecommunications network.

That is, intelligence is taken out of the switch and placed in computer nodes
that are distributed throughout the network. This provides the network operator
with the means to develop and control services more efficiently.