Starz University

Presentation: Switching Engineering in Comma

WIDIMONGAR W. JARQUE ID: 2774

CHAPTER 5
EVALUATION OF DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEM

The early version of electronic switching system is the stored program

control (SPC). The SPC systems have temporary memory for storing
transient call information and to carry programming information. The
SPC performs line control, trunk control, ancillary control, maintenance
control etc. The instructions required for performing these operations are
resided in a single processor. For reliability or high availability, the
processor may be duplicated. Thus SPC uses a centralised software and
hardware architectures.
Digitization
The process of converting analog signal into digital signals is called
digitization. It involves the modulation process called pulse code modulation.
With digital transmission system, the quality of the system can be improved.
The digital systems in comparison with the analog, provides a better switching
interface, enhance easier multiplexing and produce clear signals. To convert
analog signals to digital signals, a coding system called pulse code modulation
(PCM) is used. The process of digitization generally involves four steps.

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
Digital transmission demand has continuously increased since its introduction
in 1962 because of its high degree of accuracy. In this section, the adventages
of digital transmission and the technical disadvantages of digital transmission
are first discussed. There are two basic modes of digital transmission namely
asynchronous and synchronous transmission. These two techniques are
described in this section.
Advantages of Digital Transmission
The following paragraphs emphasize the advantages of digital transmission.
The digital transmission use gain and phase equalization to obtain negligible
inter symbol interference.
Satisfactory transmission. The principal advantage of digital transmission is its
satisfactory and quality transmission even in the presence of crosstalk and
noise.
Signal regeneration. In digital transmission, it is possible to use regenerative
repeaters instead of analog amplifiers. During transmission, small amounts of
noise, interference or distortion are added in the channel and it causes the
receiver unable to identify the 0s and 1s of the binary word. Thus, the signal
detection error occurs and does not represent the original data exactly.
Disadvantages of Digital Transmission
Greater bandwidth. A major disadvantage of digital transmission is the
requirement of much greater bandwidth. This is due to the fact that each sample
is represented by an 8 bit codeword and each bit is transmitted as a separate
discrete pulse. For example, T1 system requires approximately eight times as
mush bandwidth as do 24 analog voice channels.

Need of synchronization. For efficient reception of digital signal, a timing

reference, generally a ‘clock’ is needed. The clock specific, when to sample the
incomig signal to decide which data value was transmitted. The sample clock
must be synchronized to the pulse arrival times. For networks when a number of
digital transmission links and switches are interconnected, certain
synchronization procedures must be established to maintain internal
synchronization.
MODES OF DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
The signal is normally transmitted in multiples of a fixed length unit, typically of 8
bits. The bit is represented as a specific voltage level relative to a reference level. A
high signal relative to a reference indicates the transmission of a binary 1 while a low
signal represents a binary 0 in positive logic.
For the receiving device to decode and interpret this bit pattern correctly, it must be
able to determine the following :
The reception of digital data involves sampling the incoming signal once per bit time
to determine the binary value.
To sample the incoming bits properly, the receiving system should know the arrival
time and duration of each bit that it receives.
Asynchronous Transmission
Asynchronous transmission involves separate transmission of groups of
bits or characters. In each group, a specific predefined time interval is
used for each discrete signal. The transmission times of the group are
independent of each other. Hence a sample clock is reestablished for
reception of each group.
The detection of each information bit is accomplished by ideally
sampling the input waveform at the middle of each signal interval.
Asynchronous transmission automatically provides character framing
and is inherently flexible in the range of average rates that can be
accommodated. If a steady stream of character is sent, the interval
between two characters is uniform and equal to the stop element.
Asynchronous transmission has been used in voiced data sets (modems)
for transmission rates upto 1200 bps.
List out the disadvantage of Asychronous transmission
Disadvantages :
Since the sample time for each information bit is derived from a single
start bit,asynchronous system do not perform well in high noise
environments. This problem can be eliminated by adding more than one
start bit, but it causes the system more complex.
Timing error. The asynchronous implies a free running clock in the
receiver. So any offset in the clock frequency of the receiver causes
timing error. If the receiver is 5 percent slower or faster than the
transmitter, the sampling of the eight information bit will be displaced by
45 percent.
 
What is synchronous transmission ?
Synchronous Transmission
To achieve greater efficiency, synchronous transmission is used. The
main advantage of synchronous transmission is speed. Hence it is more
useful in high speed applications like data transfer between computer.
For digital signal, synchronous transmission can be accomplished with
Manchester or differential Manchester encoding. In Asynchronous
transmission, digital signals are sent as separate transmission of groups
whereas in synchronous transmission, the digital signals are sent
continuously at constant rate. Hence the receiving terminal must
establish and maintain a sample clock that is synchronized to the
incoming data for an indefinite period of time.
SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING
The fundamental operation of a switch is to setup and release connection
between subscribers. It involves direct connection between subscriber
loops at an end office or between station loops at a PBX. The switches
are hardware and/or software devices capable of creating temporary
connections between two or more subscribers. In this section, the space
division switching is described and in section 5.6, time division
switching is explained.