Feeding standards

Manynard and Looslie. 1969. Animal Nutrition. Sixth edition

Pages 390-406

• Tables
• Amount of nutrients that should be provided in the ration
of different species for different purpose:
• Growth, fattening and lactation
• Maintenance, production and reproduction
• Guidelines for feeding animals
• Energy
• Proteins: CP, DP, MP; amino acids
• Minerals: macro and micro
• vitamins
Limitations and usefulness of Feeding standards
• Feeding standards provides information on all nutrients
required by the animal body on which quantitative data is
available
• Provide best general guidelines for feeding animals
• Should be considered subject to modifications in special
instances
• Economic factors should be taken into account
• Rate of gain or level of milk production that is most
economical
• No standard is a complete as other factor such as
palatability and physical nature of the feed must be taken
into account
History
1810:
Many years before the nature of organic nutrients was appreciated
Thaer, a German agronomist, developed hay values as relative
measure of food value
Hay values consisted of the sum of the ingredients extractable with
water, alcohol, dilute acid and dilute alkali

1859:
Following the recognition of proteins, fats and CH2O as the essential
organic nutrients
Grouven made use of these analyses and published first feeding
standards for Farm Animals
1864
Wolff devised a standard based on Digestible protein, digestible
ether extract and Digestible CH2O
He calculated the ratio of digestible protein to carbohydrates called
albuminoid ratio

1874:
Atwater a US scientist brought these standards to the attention of
American workers
1890:
Atwater proposed a feeding standards based on “available fuel
values” of feeds
Protein: 4.1 kcal per gram
Fat: 9.3 kcal per gram
CH2O: 4.1 kcal per gram
1898:
Henry published first edition of his book Feed and feeding
The tables also include TDN values

1914:
Haecker improved these feeding standards

1915:
Henry and Morrison’s Feeding standards

1942
NRC of US:
Recommended feeding allowances

ARC of UK
How to consult Feeding standards

• Dairy animals
• Maintenance and production
• Large breed vs small breeds
• Stage of lactation
• Quality and quality of milk produced
• Nel NEm and Neg