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I am Prima Fithri, MT
You can find me at pfithri28@gmail.com
 Chapter 1
Introduction to
safety and health
SAFETY VS HEALTH
1
 SAFETY VS HEALTH

Safety and health although closely related are not the same.

One view is that Safety is concerned with injury-causing situations,

whereas health is concerned with disease causing situations.

Another view is that safety is concerned with hazards to humans that

result from sudden severe conditions; health deals with adverse
reactions to prolonged exposure to dangerous but less intense hazards.

An acute effect is a sudden reaction to a severe condition, while a

chronic effect is a long-term deterioration due to a prolonged exposure
to a milder adverse condition (Asfahl).
 ◉ Injury or illness to members of the workforce
◉ Loss of profit
◉ Loss of credibility as a responsible company
◉ Liability of not addressing safety and health
◉ Loss of productivity
Why Is ◉ Loss of employees due to danger, risk, injury, illness,
death, or unsafe/unhealthy work environment
Occupational ◉ Decrease of employee morale
◉ Damage to or loss of capital investment (e.g.,
Safety and equipment or facilities)
◉
Health ◉
Decrease in reputation and integrity of the company
View that the company does not exhibit good

Needed? business practices

 ◉ 1. Hazard recognition, evaluation, and control
◉ 2. Workplace design and engineering
◉ 3. Safety performance management
◉ 4. Regulatory compliance management
◉ 5. Occupation health
◉ 6. Information collection
◉ 7. Employee involvement
The Components ◉ 8. Motivation, behavior, and attitudes
of Safety and ◉ 9. Training and orientation
Health Initiatives ◉ 10. Organizational communications
◉ 11. Management and control of external exposures
◉ 12. Environmental management
◉ 13. Workplace planning and staffing
◉ 14. Assessments, audits, and evaluations
 Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now

1950 the curre

1907 over 3200 rate from work
1900s in the US has
people were killed in injuries is ap
developed steadily
mining per 100,000
than a third of
 Improvements have been the result of :
◉ The pressure for promote safety and
health,
◉ The steadily increasing costs
Safety and associated with accidents and injuries,
Health ◉ The future improvements will be
driven by cost effectiveness and
Movement, resultant competitiveness gained from
a safe and healthy workplace.
Then and ◉ The professionalization of safety as
Now an occupation.
 ◉ The safety movement traces its roots
to England.
◉ Industrial Revolution Outbreak of
fever among the children working in
cotton mills led people in Manchester
Milestones in demand better working conditions in
the factories.
the Safety
Movement
 ◉ When the industrial sector
began to grow in the US,
hazardous working conditions
became common.
◉ Following the Civil War, the
Milestones in
seeds of the safety movement
the Safety were sown.
Movement ◉ Factory Inspection – 1867 First
barrier safeguard patent – 1868
mine safety law – 1869 Bureau
of Labor Statistics established
 Milestones in the Safety Movement

1877 1892 1907

a law requiring safeguards First recorded safety Bureau of Mines created
for hazardous machinery program established in IL

Frederick Taylor conducts

first systematic study on Concept o
Employer’s liability law efficiency in manufacturing Compens

1877 1900 1908

 Milestones in the Safety Movement

1912 1915 2000

First cooperative study NCIS changed name to US firms begin
congress 1912 National Safety Council registration for

National Council of Industrial Total Safety Management

Safety formed concept introduced

1913 1996
What do you see in this picture
 Definitions

◉ Health – The protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the materials, processes
or procedures used in the workplace.
◉ Safety – The protection of people from physical injury. The borderline between health and safety is ill defined
and the two words are normally used together to indicate concern for the physical and mental well-being of the
individual at the place of work.
◉ Welfare – The provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of individuals at the workplace.
Welfare facilities include washing and sanitation arrangements, the provision of drinking water, heating, lighting,
accommodation for clothing, seating (when required by the work activity or for rest), eating and rest rooms.
First-aid arrangements are also considered as welfare facilities.
◉ Occupational or work-related ill health – This is concerned with those illnesses or physical and mental
disorders that are either caused or triggered by workplace activities. Such conditions may be induced by the
particular work activity of the individual, or by activities of others in the workplace. The time interval between
exposure and the onset of the illness may be short (e.g. asthma attacks) or long (e.g. deafness or cancer)
 ◉ Environmental protection – These are the arrangements to
cover those activities in the workplace which affect the
environment (in the form of flora, fauna, water, air and soil)
and, possibly, the health and safety of employees and others.
Such activities include waste and effluent disposal and
atmospheric pollution.

◉ Accident – This is defined by the Health and Safety Executive

(HSE) as ‘any unplanned event that results in injury or ill
health of people, or damage or loss to property, plant, materials
or the environment or a loss of a business opportunity’. Other
authorities define an accident more narrowly by excluding
events that do not involve injury or ill health.

DEFINITIO ◉ Near miss – This is any incident that could have resulted in an
accident. Knowledge of near misses is very important as
research has shown that, approximately, for every 10 ‘near

NS miss’ events at a particular location in the workplace, a minor

accident will occur.
 DEFINITIONS

◉ Dangerous occurrence – This is a ‘near miss’ which could have led to serious injury or
loss of life. Dangerous occurrences are defined in the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases
and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (often known as RIDDOR) and are always
reportable to the enforcement authorities. Examples include the collapse of a scaffold or
a crane or the failure of any passenger-carrying equipment.
◉ Hazard and risk – A hazard is the potential of a substance, person, activity or process
to cause harm. Hazards take many forms including, for example, chemicals, electricity
and working from a ladder. A hazard can be ranked relative to other hazards or to a
possible level of danger. A risk is the likelihood of a substance, activity or process to
cause harm. A risk can be reduced and the hazard controlled by good management.
three basic drivers for good health and
safety management;

moral legal financial

 ◉ Alliance for American Insurers
◉ American Board of Industrial Hygiene
◉ American Conference of Government
Industrial Hygienists
◉ American Industrial Hygiene Association
American Insurance Association
◉ American National Standards Institute
◉ American Occupational Medical
Development Association

of Safety ◉ American Society of Testing and Materials

◉ American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Organizations
 ◉ Chemical Transportation
Emergency Center
◉ Human Factors Society
◉ National Fire Protection
Association
Development of ◉ National Safety Council
Safety National Safety Management
Organizations ◉ Society Society of Automotive
Engineers
◉ System Safety Society
◉ Underwriter’s Laboratories
SOLVE
IT!
THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at
@primafithri / ima_044@yahoo.com