Principles of Accident

Prevention
 Objectives
• In this session we will know about
– History of safety movement
– Reasons to manage HSE
– Scope & Nature of Occupational Health &
Safety, Environment
– Accident Causation Theories
– Principles of HSE Management
– Role of national governments and international
bodies
 Job Sec
urity

Req
t io n

Sta
p ut a
Re

uire
tut
ory
me
nt
t
Cos
HSE
an
um i ng
H fer
f
Qu Su
ali
ty

Productivity
 Business
"The first duty of business is to survive and
the guiding principle of business
economics is not the maximization of profit,
but the avoidance of loss.“

Peter Drucker
Management Guru
History of Safety Movement
 PREHISTORIC
• Wild Animals
• Defensive weaponry
• Silicosis from hard quartz

BABYLONIANS
• 2000 B.C. – 6th Ruler, Hammurabi
– Set precedent for the an early form of worker’s compensation
insurance
– “If a man has caused the loss of a gentleman’s eye, his own
eye shall be caused to be lost”
 17 TH
CENTURY
• Construction and world exploration
• Some power-driven factories
• Start of textile industry
• Poor living conditions
 18 CENTURY
th

• Ramazzini “ Father of Occupational

Medicine”
– Wrote Discourse on Disease of Workers
– Suggested physicians ask: “What is your
occupation?”
• Mass manufacturing textiles cotton & wool
followed by metal, wood and leather goods
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Inanimate power sources - coal & steam
• Substitution of machines for human skills
• Invention of new methods of
manufacturing.
• Organization of work in large units

• What effect did these changes have on the

safety and health of workers?
Industrial Revolution
 Riveting

Industrial
Revolution

Lifting
Supervising
 Slinging

Inspection

Lifting
Industrial Revolution
Factory managers reasoned that workers
were hurt because

Number is Up
Carelessness People Error

ACCIDENT
Cost of doing
Act of God
Business
PEOPLE PROBLEM
 Safety Movement
• Lack of working force led engaging women
• Visionary's Thought
– Not to make money over poor’s blood
• Researches & Modern Management concepts identified
– Efforts & profits are drained through accidents
• Trade Unions movements
• Major Industrial Accidents
– 1984 Bhopal Accident in India
 National Law making Bodies

• International Pressure • Bureau of Indian Standards

– International Labour Organisation
• National Safety Council
• National Laws
• Respective Ministries
Volunteer Organizations
– Ministry of Labour & Employment
• Trade Unions
• DGFASLI
• Inspector of Factories • NGOs
– Ministry of Surface Transport
– Petroleum Ministry
– Ministry of Environment & Forest
 International Bodies
International Labour
Organization
Origins and history
The ILO was founded in 1919, in the wake of a destructive war, to
pursue a vision based on the premise that universal lasting peace
can be established only if it is based upon decent treatment of
working people.
•INDIA is a founder member of the ILO.
•It has 175 Member countries Now.
•It is tripartite character (Govt, Employee & Employer represents)
•Brings out decisions in the forms of Conventions &
Recommendations
•Ratifying Conventions becomes legal obligation.
SCOPE AND NATURE OF
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY
 Define Safety

• Freedom from danger.

• A thing is provisionally categorised as

safe, if its risks are deemed known and in
the light of that knowledge, it is judged to
be acceptable
 Scope and nature of occupational
health and safety
Primary concern is protecting the safety, health
and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment.

Secondary effect, may also protect

– co-workers,
– family members,
– employers,
– customers,
– Suppliers etc
 What is OH&S
OHS is a discipline with a broad scope involving many
specialized fields.

In its broadest sense, it should aim at:

– the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations

– the prevention among workers of adverse effects on health

caused by their working conditions;
 Environment
• Surroundings in which operations carried
out, including
– air,
– water,
– land,
– natural resources,
– flora, fauna, humans,
• and their interrelation.
Poor OHS performance results in
increased costs
•for social security
•payments to the incapacitated,
•costs for medical treatment,
•and the loss of the "employability" of the worker.
•legal fees,
•fines,
•compensatory damages,
•investigation time, lost production,
•lost goodwill
 COST of ACCIDENT
DIRECT COSTS
Direct Costs
Medical costs
Payments whilst absent
Claims/Litigation

INDIRECT COSTS
Damaged equipment & goods
Can be as high as 36 times Lost production and quality
Production Interruptions/Yield Losses
Damage to Customer Relations &
Public Image
Unplanned time spent reacting to events
Insurance premium increases
ACCIDENT CAUSATION
THEORIES
 Define Accident ?
Incident:

• Work-related event(s) in which an injury or ill

health or fatality occurred, or could have occurred.
– Note 1: An accident is an incident which has given rise to
injury, ill health or fatality.

– Note 2: An incident where no injury, ill health, or fatality

occurs may also be referred to as a “near miss”
Domino Theory
1932 First Scientific Approach to
Accident/Prevention - H.W. Heinrich
“Industrial Accident Prevention”

Social Fault of the Unsafe Act

Environment Person or Accident Injury
and Ancestry (Carelessness) Condition

MISTAKES OF PEOPLE
Heinrich’s Theorems
• INJURY - caused by accidents.
• ACCIDENTS - caused by an unsafe act –
injured person or an unsafe condition –
work place.
• UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITIONS - caused by careless
persons or poorly designed or improperly maintained
equipment.
• FAULT OF PERSONS - created by social environment or
acquired by ancestry.
• SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT/ANCESTRY - where and how a
person was raised and educated.
 ACCIDENT CAUSATION
 Domino Theory.
(One act or condition)

 The unsafe act: Climbing a defective ladder.

 The unsafe condition: A defective ladder.
 The corrective action 1: Replace the ladder.
 The corrective action 2: Forbid use of defective ladder.
Reasons for unsafe behavior
Updated Domino Theory
Frank E Bird
 Was he or she properly trained?
 Was he or she reminded not to use it?
 Did the employee know not to use it?
 Why did the supervisor allow its use?
 Did the supervisor examine the job first?
 Why was the defective ladder not found?
Accidents Ratio

1 Serious Injury

Minor Injury
10
Damage to
equipment
30
Near Miss
600

Accidents Ratio
- By Frank Bird JR, 1969
Exercise
 PRINCIPLES OF
HSE MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLE ONE

An unsafe act, an unsafe condition,

an accident; all these are symptoms
of something wrong in the
management system.
 PRINCIPLES OF
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLE TWO

Certain sets of circumstances can be predicted

to produce severe injuries. These
circumstances can be identified and controlled:

Unusual, non-routine High energy sources

Nonproductive activities Certain construction
situations
 PRINCIPLES OF
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLE THREE

Safety should be managed like any other

company function.
Management should direct the safety effort by
setting achievable goals, by planning,
organizing and controlling to achieve them.
 PRINCIPLES OF
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLE FOUR

The key to effective line safety

performance is management
procedures that fix accountability.
 PRINCIPLES OF
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLE FIVE

The function of safety is to locate and define the

operational errors that allow accidents to occur.
This function can be carried out in two ways:

1. by asking why - searching for root causes

of accidents, and
2. by asking whether or not certain known
effective controls are being utilized.
Any Questions ?
Nurture Safety

Thank You