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NEBOSH- IGC- NOTES- IGC 1-

INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF
H&S
C Charles, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;
I
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Instruction: Candidates to apply the learning for better marks.
ELEMENT-1 -Foundations in Health and Safety
1.1 Definitions
Q1) Define the following terms
ty:-
The protection of people from physicalinjury. The borderline between health and safety
is ill-defined and the two words are normally used together to indicate concern for the
physicaland mentalwell-being of the individualat the place of work.
It is the absence of danger
Accident:-
It can be defined as an unplanned event which results in loss of life or injury or loss of
property or damage to the property or everything.
Incident:-
It can be defined as an unplanned event which results in loss of property,

damage to the property.
Near Miss:-
It can be defined as an unplanned event which has the potential to cause

harm but nothing has happened, but requires to be investigated to prevent
further recurrence.
ous Occurrence (Do):-
lt is an unplanned event, which has the potential to cause harm that

requires to be reported to statutory authority.
Examples are:
About to f all or about to Collapse of lif ts and lifting

equipment;
The protection of the bodies and minds of peopl e from illness resulting
from the materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace
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The provision of facilities to maintain the health and weU-being·of individuals at
the workplace. Welfare facilities include washing and .sa itation·-arrangements,
the provision of drinking water, heating, lighting and accommodation for
clothing, seating (when required by the work activity), eating and rest rooms.
First aid
arrangements are also considered as welfare fadlities.
C·Chartes, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

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s:-n/;.:n::mental protection - arrangements to cover those activities in the

Yo 7ace which affect the environment (in the form of flora, fauna, water, air and
soil) and, possibly, the health and safety of employees and others. Such activities
include waste and effluent disposaland atmospheric pollution.
d - a physicalsituation with a potentialfor human injury, damage to property or

some combination of these.
- A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event and the

severity of injury.
Ill-health: Illness caused by work place activities. It may be physiologicalor psychological.
Fatal Accident - OccupationalInjury leading to death
1.2 Reasons to Promote HB:S Standards
Q2) Reasons to Maintain Good Standards of H 8: S
There are three basic requirements to maintain the stand rds of health and safety.
i. Legalrequirement:-
Section-2 of HASAWA 1974, MHSWR-1999, fLO C155 and other regulations
are to be in compliance by the employer.
The Responsibilities of employers
According to HASAWA-1974 Sec-28: 3 employers have the following responsibilities.
To provide and to maintain workplace work methods are safe

SFARP(So far as is reasonably practicable)
Employer is required legally to provide a safe system of work.
Employer has a DUTY of CARE towards Employees, Visitors,
Contractors and public.
Legally the Employer is required to provide safe work place,
safe work methods, competent people, safe access &: egress.
Failure to compliance to the acts and regulations may attract
legalfine,penalty and prosecution.
To provide 1.1.T.S.
To provide safe access and egress.
To provide safe working policy.
Consultation with employees.
To ensure H.S of visitor, public and contractor.
Provide PPE
Article 16 of ILO C155
· Employer has to provide safe work place, machine and ·safe

process without any risk to the health of workmen.
To provide OHS arrangements.
C Charles, Approved Lead Trainer -

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llv Safe work methods.

llv Welfare arrangements.
llv The employer has to provide correct PPE to prevent risk and to
protect H aS
ii. Moral Requirement:-
An Employer has to provide a safe work place to ensure moral requirement.

The Society has the right to demand a safer work place.
The employer has to manage Health and Safety, so far as is reasonably
practicable (SFARP). The employer has to investigateaccidents, incidents and
near misses to ensure H a S morally.
ILO's statistics reveal that 2.3 million people die every year from work place
injuries. 37% people of miners suffer from Silicosis in Latin America.
WHO reports that 18% people suffer from hearing loss.
These reveal that the moral requirements are greater and are to be met by
an employer. .
iii. Economic Requirement:-
Any accident or incident may involve associated cost. The employer has to
avoid penalty cost and compensation claims. The cost can be divided into
four parts
Direct Cost:-
The costs that are arising directly from the accident.
It includes:claims, damage to buildings, medical cost, damaged equipment,

fines,compensation cost, First aid, workers sickness pay, overtime,rehabitations are
considered as direct cost.
Indirect Cost:-
The costs that arise indirectly from the accident are indirect costs. Examples include:
The investigation time; compliance with enforcement, recruitmentcost, cost of

reputation, failure to meet the target and damage to industrialrelations etc.,
The ratio of direct cost to indirect cost is 1:8 to 36.

Insured Cost:-
Costs that are met by the insured company, if there is a valid premium by Liability
Insurance Act are called insured cost. · · ....
Exampel s include:
C Chartes, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

Damage to the plant, Damage to building, Medical Cost, Compensation paid will be
concerned under insured cost, liability claim.
Uninsured Cost:-
Costs that are not met by the insured company are called insured cost.
Production delay, loss of raw material, investigation time, training new employees
, loss of reputation , Court Cost, OT, fines from prosecution, sick pay, replacement
of staff, legalrepresentation, cleaning the site are uninsured Cost.
Q3) Replacementft: retraining of staff is a cost that an organization may (ace

following a workplace accident
(Or)Replacement or repair of damaged plant ft: equipment is a cost that an

organization may (ace following a workplace accident
a. List eight other possible costs to an organization when an employee has

been seriously injured in such an accident .
.1Qd
List eight other possible costs to an organization following a workplace
accident
Answers:
Lost production
Staff absence & temporary replacement
Repair of damaged plant & equipment
Damage to products
Investigation & remedialaction
Additionaladministration incurred
An increase in insurance
premiums
Fines & damage awarded & court & other legalrepresentation
Q4) Outline possible reasons why good standards of health and safety in the
workplace may not be achieved .
Reasons why good standards of health and safety may not be achieved in the workplace
include:
lack of management commitment,

poor morale among the workforce and lack of motivation,
request changes in the organization,
lack of resources possibly due to harsh economic climate,
Conflicting demands with priority being given to production targets and meeting
deadlines.Poor communicati on and consultation with the workforce,
failure to provide adequate training leading to a lack of awareness amongst
workers,

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Failure to complete risk assessments and to produce safe systems of work and
method statements, and generally poor standards of health and safety in the
industry leading to a lack of peer pressure.
1.3 Role of National and International Bodies
Q5) Identify the right of workers
To demand a safe work place.

To refuse any unsafe work.
Not to be dismissed for implementing the right.
1\:> To be consulted on safety matters.
Not to be charged to implement health and safety.
1\:> The Chemical, Physical and biological hazards are eliminated to
ensure health and safety.
1\:> Not to be discriminated
1\:> Be informed on examinations and investigations relating to health.
Q6) the role and responsibmties of employee
According to section 7 and 8 of HASAWA 1974," the employees a·re required to:
Take care of their own safety (Responsible care)

Take care of the safety of their colleagues
1\:> They must coordinate and cooperate with the employer
1\:> Report allnear misses, acci dents and inddents
1\:> To·comply with PPE rules
Not to misuse the safety equipments.
Q7) Identify the Powers of Inspectors
According to HASAWA 1974 Sec-20 following powers are given to the inspector.
1\:> Power of entry.

Can be accompanied by a police constable.
Take any other person or any equipment.
Require a person to gvi e information.
Inspect and copy books and documents.
Requires facilities and assistance.
Any other power.
Examination and investigation.
Instruct the premises to remain undisturbed.
Take measurements, photographs or recordings.
Take samples.
1\:> Dismantle of test dangerous articles or substances.
1\:> Take possessi on and detain items as mentioned above.
Enforcement Op6on Available For the Inspector
1\:> VerbalWarning.

Written Warning.
Improvement notice.
Prohibition notice.
Deferred prohibition notice.
Fines, penalty and prosecution.
1.4 Sources of Information
Q8) List EIGHT sources of information that might usefully be consulted when
dealing with a Health and Safety problem at work. (8)
Sources of Information on Health & Safety
Internal sources
Inspection reports
Gives the status & levelof compliance towards established norms and procedures. An
analysis could also revealareas requiring improvement.
Audit report:
Findings from the audit report helps to know where the H&S system goes wrong and the
corrective measures.
Risk assessment
Gives information about the hazards existing in the work place and the risk
control measures put in place.
Medicalreports
Gives a fair idea of health effects to the employees as a result of exposure to

hazardous conditions in the workplace.
Accident records
Gives information about the trends of previous accidents and the preventive
measures initiated.
Health & safety committee
Gi ves information on the constitution of the committee, H&S issues

prevailing in the workplace and course of action taken earlier. It also can
show the l evel of commitment from top management and the prevailing
H&S culture in th e work place.
Health & safety practitioner
Can give information on the complete health & safety status of the work
place. He has access to all documents and records related to H&S and can be a
singl e point of communication to anyone who would like to know about the H&S
status of that workpl ace.·
Externalsources
Government organizations
Provides valuable information on the locallaws & regul ations, approved code
of practice & guidance pertaining to that industry.
C Charles,Approved Lead Trainer -

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National safety organizations

They can provide information & guidance to comply with the legal requirements,
sector specific safety requirements, case studies & safety performance of the sector as
a whole and the country etc.
Suppliers & manufacturer
Provide valuable information like Material Safety Data Sheet, Equipment Safety
manual & all H&S matters related to that particular product or equipment.
InternationalStandards
International Conventions, Recommendations from ILO, Standards from

International Standards Organization (ISO) & other international publications
provide a range of information in all topics of H&S.
Consultants & specialists
May be consulted to obtain specific guidance on HfrS matters.
Insurance Companies
They can provide data on claims & compensation in any sector of

business, analysis of the losses occurring in each & every _sector.
Internet
Websites can provide valuable information on H&S. egwww.ilo.org
Introduction to Ele 2 to 5- HSMS
Q9) Explain the key elements of HSMS
An Occupational Health and Safety Management System provide a framework for

managing OHS responsibilities so they become more effident and more integrated into
overall business operations.
OHS Management systems are based on standards, which specify a process of achieving
continuously improved OHS performance and complying with legislation

NEBOSH;
There are severalhealth and safety management systems available like
1 HSG65 "SuccessfulHealth & Safety Management Systems"- U.K
2 OHSAS 18001: "Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems

Spedfication"
3 ILO /OSH2001 ILO Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health

Management Systems
HSG65 "SuccessfulHealth & Safety Management Systems" - U.K
Successful health and safety management (HSG65) is the model adopted by "Health &
Safety Executive- U.K" which i s the enforcement body in U.K.
HS(G}65
Policy
development
Organl tional
development
Developing
techniques of
planning.. measuri
·················.· .. and reviewing
]
Information
CONTROLUNIC
Policy:-
Policy is the clear statement of intent provided by the senior most person of the
management, establishing health and safety as a committed target of management.
Organizni g:-
The roles and responsibilities of H & S are clearly defined by the Organization. The
roles are defined from the senior management to the worker level.
Planning &Implementation:-
Detailed arrangements are to be made to identify the hazards, risks and to

implement SSOW. Plann,ng indwdes Risk assessment, hazard identification,
implementation of safe systems of work and protective measures.
Measurement:-

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Methods are given to monitor and to review the arrangement to manage H & S. It is to
monitor and to review the effectiveness of the system. Attention is given towards
monitoring LTI rates, statistics, inspection etc.,
Review:-
Gaps identified through review for corrective action.
Audit:-
This is a Systematic,critical, independent examination of the system. Audits can be

either internalor external. The shortcomings are measured against the set targets and
procedures and corrective steps are provided to rectify the gaps.
Application Et further questions
Q10)An employee has been injured in a workplace accident. A subsequent

investigation by an inspector from the Health& Safety Executive has discovered that
no risk assessment for the particular activity exists.
a. Described the enforcement actions that would be available to the inspector.in

such a situation, explaining the grounds for each type of action.
Model Answer:
Part (a)
1¢ An improvement notice could be issued where the inspector believes that a
statutory requirement is being breached (or that there has been a breach that i
s likely to be repeated or continued) & would require remedialaction to be
taken within a gvi en period of time
1¢ A prohibition notice would be appropriate where,in the inspector's opinion, there
is a risk of serious personalinjury & would prohibit the use of an item of equipment
or a process until the action required to reduce the risk has been taken
Element-2 HSMS - Policy
Q 1) Identify the purpose of statement of intent of policy
The key purposes of the H & S policy are
1¢ To protect the H &S of allmember of the company.

1¢ To prevent work related injury, health, and diseases.
1¢ To comply with relevant nationalor internationalH &S rules.
1¢ To ensure that workers are consulted to partidpate in H & S.
1¢ To set measurable target for the company.
1¢ To define the roles and responsibilities for the employees.
1¢ To set the scope and actions required by allin the company to manage
H & S.
Q2) Explain the purpose of the following sections of a health and safety policy:

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a) 'Statement of intent'
b) Organization
c) 'arrangements
Statement of intent:The statement of intent of H & S policy demonstrates

the management's commitment towards health &safety.
It sets the H & S goals, objectives for the organization to improve the
company's overall performance.
The statement of intent recognizes the managers and workers at all level
within the company to comply with the policy.
Organization: The purpose of the 'organization' section is to allocate health and safety
responsibilities within the company and to ensure effective delegating and reporting.
Arrangements: The 'arrangements' section is to detail the systems and procedures which
assist in the implementation of the policy (practicalarrangements).
Q3) Outline the circumstances under which the health and safety policy is to be
reviewed.
o The following are the circumstances under which the health and
safety policy is to be reviewed.
Change in the legislation or introduction of a new legislation.
Change in the technology.
Modification of plant or process
Change in the senior management. (e.g.) C.E.O, President.
Finding of audits.
Findings of risk assessment (RA).
Investigation of an accident.
After consultation with employees.
Change in the work activity.
Following enforcement actions.
Advice from an insurance company
Annualreview.
Q4) The H Et S policy is to be signed by senior most person, why?
The H & S policy should be signed and dated by the senior most and dated by the senior
most person in the senior most person in the company such C.E.O or C.M.D to authorize
the policy and to indicate that the Senior management is committed in ensuring the
Health and Safety of employees and to provide resources.
Q5) Why it is important for an organization to setH & S targets?
Targets are usefulas they allow the performance to be measured.

It provides tangible goals to the staff.
Targets help to drive the continualimprovement.
It gives evidence to show the management's commitment onH & S.
Targets motivate the employees.
C Charles, Approved lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

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Targets offer evidence during review, audit and monitoring.

Targets help the employer to do his duty to protect the employees,
public, visitors and contractors.
Targets enhance the reputation and production of the company.
Q6) Outline the general content of major sections of an H&S policy
Generalstatement of intent.
Q:. Organization.
Q:. Arrangements.
Generalstatement of intent:-
Q:. Statement of intent:The statement of intent of H & S policy demonstrates

the management's commitment towards health &safety.
t!:> It sets the H & S goals, objectives for the organization to improve the
company's overall performance.
t!:> The statement of intent recognizes the managers and workers at all level
within the company to comply with the policy.
The statement of intent also sets the measurable targets for the company.
The major targets of the statement of intent are:
·t!:> Meeting legalobjectives.

t!:> Provide a safe workplace.
t!:> Provide I.I.T.S to all employees.
t!:> Identify and control risks and hazard.
t!:> Provide effective communication.
Q:. Setup a safety committee to consult with the employees.
t!:> Reduction in acddents and accident rate.
t!:> Reduction in the discharges to protect the environment.
Q:. Increase in the safety inspection.
Q:. Carry out risk assessment for all critical works
t!:> Provision of training.
t!:> Develop consultation with the employees.
t!:> Zero prosecution.
Q:. Reduced sickness absenteeism.
t!:> Reporting of all near misses.
I. Organization:-
Organization highlights the roles and responsibilities at all levels
within the company. It shows the accountability and responsibilities.
·· Following roles are defined:
a. CEO/CMO:-
They are accountable of the Health and Safety of the

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Company. They also set the H&.S Policy.

b. Management at all levels:-
They should ensure all appropriate safety measures are in
place. The roles of the management can be broken up in
hierarchy. (e.g.) Sr. Mgr, Dy.Mgr. - They imple:nent the policy.
c. Competent person:-
They are competent to carry out one or more spedalized
health and safety work.
(e.g.)First aiders.
d. Safety officers:-
Responsible to provide advice to the management to achieve the
H &. S targets. -
e. Supervisor: They check the policy
f. Employees:-
Employees are required to comply with the H &. S policy at all
times.
g. Contractors :To comply with the policy.
II. Arrangements:-
Following arrangements are to be in
place.
Carry out risk assessment.

Identify and provide H &. Sin formation,instruction &. training.
Arrangements for reporting near misses, inddents and
acddents. Arrangements to develop SSOW
Arrangements to ensure welfare and first aid.
Arrangement for communication of H &. S.
Arrangements for safety inspection, auditing &. review.
H&.S COP
PAT Testing
PTW
PPE
Monitoring procedures
.Food hygiene procedures
Waste disposal
Emergency procedures.Evaluation and first ai d
arrangements. Fire drills and rescue arrangements.
Specific arrangements for working at height, confined space ·
entry, machine safety.
Arrangement for use ofPPE
Specific arrangement to provide details of certain hazards (radiation}.
Spedfic arrangement to controlexposure. (e.g.) Noise.

·.
Q7) Outline why it is important the entire person in the organization should be aware
of roles and responsibilities for H & S
Refer Question No: 6 Organizations.
QB) OutUne the various methods tor communicating the contents of a health and
safety policy to a workforce.
The policy should be communicated to all the employees through vari ous methods,
these are Introducing it at induction and subsequent training, displaying it on notice
boards, introducing it at team briefing or toolbox talk, using newsletters, use of posters,
incorporating into safe system of work, managers and safety representative may convey
during formalor informaldiscussions with employees.
Element-3 HSMS - Organizing
Element 3 .1 Roles and Responsibilities
Q1) Outline the duties of directors and managers:
The active involvement of a director or a manager is important to achieve

the targets of H & S.
The Health and Safety Execute of UK recommends the following:
Strong and active leadership of a director or manager.

Strong and active commitment.
Establishing effective downward communications.
Integration of good HSMS.
Taking active involvement in the work and interacting with work on
Health and Safety.
Effective upward communication with the seni or
management. Providing hgi h quality training.
Carry out annualreview of H & S performance.
Keep the H & S policy statement up to date.
Ensure effective HSMS.
Ensure regular audits are carried out.
Engage the workers in the promotion and achievement of H & S
conditions.
Q2) Outline the duties of supervisors
Supervisors are responsible for the following duties.
They are responsible and accountable for their team's performance on

Health a Safety.
Ensure all HSE procedures are implemented in the site.
Instruct the empol yees in relevant H & S rules and record such
instruction. Enforce all PPE requri ements are met.

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Check the working condition to ensure that hazards are identified and
controlled.
Appraise the conditions of the site to the management on H & S.
Record the si te status with respect to policy and any other factor they
may affect the H & S policy.
Roles and Responsibilities of Safety Officer- Board Notes
Q3) Contractors are carrying out a major building project for an Organization.
Outline how the company can reduce the risks to the contractors carrying out the
project?
The Factors for assessing H& S competency of a contractor.(Selection of contractor)
The following factors are to be assessed
The H & S policy.

The HSMS.
ri. Copy of Safety Manual
Copy of Safety Procedure Manual
Copy of Safety Operating
Procedure Project HSE Committee
a,. Rsi k Assessment
PEP Talk
.,;j;; Work Permit System
i.b Inspections
'*- InternalHSE Audits
Management Review meeting
MotivationalSchemes
The risk assessment and hazard identification
(Hazid). Accident records.
Monitoring arrangements.
Recent claims and prosecutions.
Suitability of method statement.
Adequate resources:
"*' Access I egress.
<:\l; Traffic management.
Legaldocuments.
oil= Competent workers.
4- Legalregister.
References.
Previou_history.
Past xperience.
·Membership of a professional
body.
C Charel s, Approved Lead Trainer -

NEBOSH;
Adequate insurance.

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Following arrangements are required by the company to reduce the risks to the
contractor.
Once selecting a suitable contractor for a work, the contractor shall be briefed the HSE
policy, HSE Management systems and the HSE requirements of the company.
The contractor shall be asked to sign the HSE agreement stating that the contractor will
adopt the companies HSE procedures and norms. Establish the Safety rules of the project.
The contractor shallsubmit the following records for monitoring him:
Monthly HSE performance - In this the acddent Statistics, training programmesconducted

etc. are given.He also submits Inspection reports, toolbox meeting report, the work
method, risk assessment along with the work permit to the client to obtain permission to
execute the job. The client after reviewing the documents and if found okay, he permits
the contractor to execute the work by signing on the work permit.
Further duties of Client:
Check the competence of all the employees of the contractors

The clients have to take reasonable care on the contractor.
Check the risk assessment of the contractor.
The client should define the cost to the contractor including Health and Safety
issues.
All information regarding the nature of job, sti e spedfic hazard, tasks and rules
of the country/site to be implemented at the documentation stage.
Pre commencement checks are required to ensure the controls are in place.
Ensure adequate communication fadlities.
Check the H a S policy of the contractor at regular intervals.
Check the LTI rate and promote.
Safety committee meetings.
The contractor's performance is to be measured at frequent intervals.
The clei nt safety representative should check on the contractor and their work
to confirm, that the contractor i s in compilance with client requirements.
Ensure site controls like PTW, ERP, FA are in place.
Client has to consider eliminating the hazard and risk during the design
Involving contractors for H&S Inspections
Attending the HSE meetings of the contractor or the contractors is asked to attend
clients meeting
Motvi ating contractors if they have done a good job on H&S.
Establishing penalty clauses if a contractor is found violating H&S norms or cause
an acddent.
Q4)..Two organizations share the work site . Outline how they can work together to
help ensure the work place
The following factors are to be ensured by both the organization sharing the
same workplace.

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Co-operate and co-ordinate their activities.

Provide effective communication to each other.
Exchange relevant information.
Develop and implement all policies and procedures. To manage the work
in joint occupation.
Consult with each other on the hazards and risks and the ways to
mitigate (control) them.
Good mutual arrangements like (LOTO) lock out tag out on sharing the
same workplace.
Discuss on fire, emergencies, spill, threat, site rules, visitors and traffic
management.
Common site inspections.
Sharing the risk assessments.
Mutualdrills.
Element 3.2 Health and Safety Culture
Q5) There have been signification deteriorations in the H 8: S culture of the

organization
a. Give the meaning of the term H a S culture

b. Identify the factors that could have contributed to the
deteriorations of H a 5 culture.
Define the term Health a Safety Culture(2)
Health and safety culture is the product of individual, group values, attitude,
perception, competencies and the commitment of management towards HSE.
Q6) Identify the (actors tor the deterioration o( H8:S Culture
The following factors could have contributed for the deterioration of Health and Safety
culture.
i.Lack of leadership and commitment.

ii.No consultations with the employees on HaS matters.
iii.Company re-organi;?:ation:
The company is frequently re-organized and hence there is no scope for
improving H aS culture.
iv.Economic influence:
The company is facing a severe economic loss which prevents in increasing
H a S culture.
v.Poor culture.
vi.Blame culture.
vii.low work morale.
Q7) Identify the Indicators of Negative H8:S Culture

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The deterioration in H & S culture can be indicated by increasing accidents, high

sickness absenteeism, high LTI rate, near misses not getting reported, .
QB) Identify the ways by which the H ft: S culture of a company can be improved.
The Health and Safety can be improved by the following reviews
I. Leadership and commitment:-

The top management should have a strong leadership and commitment in
H & S culture.
(e.g.)Management's participation in HSE walkthrough.
II. Effective communication:-
lf the communication channels are ineffective, that will affect the H & S
culture.
(e.g.) The H & S policy is to be communicated to all.
Ill. Equalpriority:-
H & S is to be given equal priority with production, operation,
maintenance etc.
IV. Incident, accidents,investigation:-
Findings of incidents and accident investigations based on procedural,
behavioral and technical aspects are to be rectified to increase the level of H & S
Culture.
V. Consultation:-
Proactive involvement of workers in dedsion making will result in the
positive H & S culture.
VI Other factors
Management review.
Appointing motivational programmers such as incentives, award, reward
etc on Health & Safety.
Implementation of legalcompliance.
Provision for training all employees on H & S.
Pay spedal attention on the behavior of workers to improve H & S
culture.
Element 3.3 Human Factors
Q9) Identify the (actors relating to individuals who might increase the risk to them
while at work?
Characteristics of individualaffect workplace and may increase the risks.

The individual's age, birth, family background, geographical location, culture,
tradition, educational qualification, physique etc may r:esult in individual's
performance:
· Th.e indiVidual's attitude, behavior perceptionf···· motivation, .. training · and
competence levelmay vary and may result in increasing the risk.
• Attitude:-
lt is the tendency to behave in a certain way.
C Charles, Approved ead Trainer -NEBOSH;
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It is important since workers attitude willhave an effect on the behavior.

Attitude can be improved by education, training, enforcement and consultation.
• Perception :-
It is the way how a person may look at an issue using their sense. Perception
is affected by illness, stress, alcohol, fatigue, training and lack of experience.
• Motivation :-
It is the drive which makes the person to initiate steps to achieve the goal s.
• Competence:-
lt is a combination of skill, attitude and knowledge. Employers are required
to recruit competent workers.
Q10) Explain the meanings of term "motivation" .
a. ther than the. lack of motivati.on, Outline Six reasons why employees may fail
to comply with safety procedures at work
ModelAnswer
Part (a)
"Motivation", which is essentially the driving force behind force behind the that someone
strives to achieve a goalor objective (e.g. to work safely)
Part (b)
Lack of management commitment

Over familiarization with the tasks to be performed
Repetitive work, leading to boredom a lack of concentration
Peer group pressure
Willfuldisregard of laid-down procedures coupled with inadequate or
ineffective supervision
Fatigue 8: stress; Lack of communication, training 8: consultation
Q11) Explain, using an example the meanings of the term 'attitude'
Outline THREE influences on the attitude towards health and safety of employee's
wit in an organization
a) Attitude is the tendency to behave in a particular way in a certain situation,

e.g. 'a person's attitude to wearing PPE may be affected by the actions of
colleagues
b) Attitudes are influenced by the prevailing health and·safety culture
within the organization, the commitment of the management, the
experience of the individualand the influence of the peer group.

'.
a. Explain the meaning of the term "perception"

b. Outline the (actors that may influence a person's perception of risk in the
workplace (Or)
Outline the (actors relating to the individual that may influence a person's
perception of an occupational risk
c. Outline ways in which employee's perception of hazards in the workplace might
be improved
Part (a)
a
"perception" means the way"that people interpret make sense of
presented information, for instance, in relation to their surroundings
Example: A person drives over the speed limit because they have done
so
without any accidents for 5 years and therefore their perception is that
this is a safe behavior.
Part (b)
The factors that may influence a person's perception of risk in the workplace:
The nature of the hazard (e.g. obvious or hidden, immediate or delayed

effects, etc)
A person's previous experience a familiarity with the situation
The level a nature of training
Peer group influences
Confidence in others' abilities &.judgments
&. a number of other personalcharacteristics such as age, attitude a
sensory impairment
Part (c)
Perception can be improved by:
Increasing awareness of hazards, e.g. safety campaigns or

posters; Involving people in the risk assessment process;
Increasing knowledge, e.g. training;
Identifying by the use of surveys, the reasons for employees
misperceptions in order to show how improvements might be achieved
and how currently held view might be challenged;and
Addressing environmental factors, e.g. lighting and noise that might cause
distraction or otherwise hinder the perceptualprocess.
Element 3.4 Improving Human Behavior
3.4 . ·1 Competency
Q 13) Outline the organizational (actors that may cause a person to work unsa(ely
even though they are competent.
·.
Unrealistic or ill-considered procedures, mentaland/ or physicalcapabilities not taken i

nto account poor organizationalsafely culture, complacency/ lack of motivati on; peer
group pressure, other priorities and pressures, risks not perceived, si ps and lapses,
fatigue and stress, and lack of consultation.
3.4.2 Communication
Q14) /denOfy the reasons why verbal instruction may not be clear in the workplace.
The following barriers can be the reasons for poor or unclear verbal
instructions.
Background noise may

interfere. Interference due to
PPE.
Distribution in the working environment.
Lack of interest in the subject.
Language barrier.
Poor accent.
Using facuty equipments, such as PA system or weak si gnalon
mobiles. Using technicaljargons: .
Complexity in the information.
Sensory impairment.
- Q15) Identify tour types of H Ei: S information that could be displayed on a notice
board with in a workplace.
Safety policy.
ERP and Evaluation.
Accident Stat
First aid info
Assembyl Point
Emergency nos. (i.e.) Ambulance, safety officer, fire
Bridge. Details of first aid.
Accident statics (LTI).
Minutes of safety commission
meeting. Safety drculars and safety
alert. Criticalsafety information.
Site lay out.
Assembyl point notification.
Q16) Identify how the effectiveness of notice boards can be achieved as a method of
communication
The effectiveness of the notice · boards relies on ability to·· read,

peopel
understand and apply the information. The notice board communication shoudl be

Eye catching.

:: '.
Placed in the areas used by all work. (ex.) Rest room, changing room.
The information should be current and relevant.
Should be displayed in multiple languages.
To be displayed in various graphical forms to cover large number
employees.
Use different colors to attract attention.
Use reward scheme to motivate the employees to read the notice
boards.
Q17) Following a significant increase in acddents8: Hli:S campaign is to be launched

within an organization to encourage safer working by employees
a. Outline how the organization might ensure that the nature of the campaign is
effectively communicated to, &: understood by, employees
b. Other than poor communication, describe the organizational (actors that
could limit the effectiveness of the campaign
Part (a)
Everybody within an organization shall know the part that they are to
play witflin a health 8.: safety campaign.
An important prerequisite is to have clear objectives 8.: targets for the
campaign, & to be clear on the means of achieving them
It is also important that key responsibilities for aspects of the
campaign are allocated, 8.: accepted with due commitment, in order to
avoid mixed messages
The Different means of communication can be used for safety
campaign, a variety of means are posters, e-mails, toolbox talks,
training sessions, etc. Could be used to communicate & reinforce the
message, with account taken of the language used in order to fadlitate
understanding (Avoidance of jargon, Use of plain English, etc)
Toolbox talks, suggestion boxes, surveys & informalmeans of
consultation can be used to involve employees & to provide a feedback
loop to check that employees understand what the campaign is about &
assess the levelof support.
It is also important to provide feedback to employees on how the
campaign is progressing so that focus on the campaign's objectives is
maintained
Part (b)
Lack of senior management commitment

Production or other pressures taking priority over health & safety
lnsuffident resources allocated to the campaign
8.: a poor safety culture in general .
. It should a so have been recognized th t poor working conditions are likely
to induce cynidsm towards the campaign amongst employees M
N
ro
P..

'.
In addition, poor industrialrelations or a lack of confidence in

management's ability could mean that the campaign is not given support
of influentialmembers of staff
Work patterns (e.g. shift work) could also mean that some sections of the
workforce are not fully considered or supported, possibly due to the non
availability of key staff
Q18) Explain why it is important to use a vadety of methods to communicate health

fi: safety information in the workplace
People respond differently to different stimuli , ft that variety prevents over

famHiarization with one method ft helps to reinforce a message
The need to overcome language barriers ft the inability of some employees

to read
The need to motivate, stimulate interest ft gain involvement ft
feedback the acceptance that different types of information require
different methods of communication
Q 19) Outline the various methods [or communicating health and safety information
to the workforce
Team briefings;Newsletters, Work instructions, Postures and notices, Safety

committee meetings, Health and safety representatives. Memoranda, Toolbox talks,
Policy, Procedures, rules and standards, Induction and other Training and informal
talks.
Q20) Identify the precautions to be taken to ensure the H & S of visitors in workplace?
Ensure visitors are signing in the registers.

Provide ID cards.
Provide site HSE induction on fire precaution, site rule, ERP, hazards
etc.
Provide proper PPE.
Escort the visitor, to the area of visit.
Remain with the visitor and escort back to reception.
Collect the ID card and ensure that the visitor had signed out.
3.4.3 Consultation
Q21) With reference to 'Consultation with Employees': explain the difference

between "consulting' and 'in[orming'(2)
Consultation: It is a two way processes in which the employee receives information

and provides feedback, taking into account the views and issues of the employees.
h1forming:It is a one way process of providing information to an employee.
Q22} Identify:

•.
(i) the health and safety matt ers on which employers have a duty to consult
their employees
lss,;es employer shall consult with the employees :

Safe system of work
Hazards of the activities
Planning and organizing any training required.
Causes of recent accident
Result of Audit report
Heal th issues of an activity
Q23) Outline the topics that may need to be included on the agenda of safety
committee meeting
These may include, for instance
A review of recent incidents

A review of proactive monitoring strategi es such as safety inspections & audi ts
Reports following visits by enforcement a thorities
& the effects of the compa.ny of new or impending H&S legislation
Additionally, the safety committee agenda should include i tems
On possible amendments to the company's health & safety policy &

risk assessments
The extent & effectiveness of any H&S training given to employees
the introduction of new equipment & processes
Action point from previous meeting.
Acceptance and signing of minutes meeting
(MOM). Follow up on corrective actions.
Discuss on the near misses incidents or
accidents. Progress of the H & S policy,
frequency rate (FR).
Inspection and maintenance records to be checked and any i ssues with respect to
inspection and maintenance
Review of safety documents.
Review of safety plan, objectives and safety targets.
Any other H & S issue from the safety commti tee
member. Next meeting date, time and venue.
Q24) Outline the health 8: safety matters on which employers must consult their
employees
The introduction of any measures at the workplace that may substantially

affect the employees' health & safety
The arrangements for appointing &/or nomination comp tent p rsons .
·The H&E implicati on's of introduCing new technology

NEBOSH;
The planning &organization of H&S training

NEBOSH;
'.
the information that the employer is required to provide under other

regulations, such as that relating to Risk assessments, Preventing
measures
&: emergency procedures
Hence employers are not only obliged to provide information but must
consult their employees on the appropriateness of the information before it
is given.
Q25) OutUne ways to help ensure the effectiveness of a safety committee.
Clear terms of reference, Balanced representation, Actualinfluence in

decision making, Respect of management and work force, Good leadership and
chairmanship, Good communication channels, Access to relevant information and
specialist advice, formalized procedures with agendas , Relevant and non trivialagenda
items
3.4.4 Training
Q26)0uWne how induction training programmers tor new workers can help to reduce
the number of accidents.
Safety inductions are provided to new workers when they join the company. This provides
the knowledge and information about the company to the new work.
The critical safety infgrmation about the site is delivered to the

work. Since the new worker is not aware about the hazard and risk in the site,
providing adequate information is essential.
Following are to be covered in the induction for new workers.
Safety policy.
Site rules and regulation.
Site HSMS program.
Site arrangements on HSMS.
Information on hazardous substances.
Attitude and behavior.
PPE use and training.
Hazard and RA.
Smoking policy of the company.
Information ERP &: FA.
Information on PTW.
Information on reporting of near missus, inddents,
Information on promoting safety culture.
Q27) An organization needs to review provision on health and safety training tor the
workers.
a) Identify factors that should be considering when developing a

program H &: S training.

NEBOSH;
•.
The completion of a training needs analysis is an important first step in the

development of any programme of training i.e. comparing what employees need
to know to know with what they already know.
In deciding what employees need to know, consideration should be given to:
,._ Their responsibilities
'* The activities carried out
4- The risks associated with those activities
oa. & the actions required of employees to minimize such risks
It should have been recognized in this context that a senior manager, for instance,
will have different training needs with respect to health & safety from those of a
supervisor or a shop floor employee
. An assessment would then need to be made of employees' existing knowledge,
taking into account
Their previous experience
The levels & types of training already received
& any indications of where deficiencies may lie (e.g. from incident data or by
observation)
The types of training needed & he resources (in terms of financial costs, time &
facilities) required to carry out the programme.
The factors to be considered at this stage would include:
The competence & expertise of in-house staff to provide the required training
* Thpossible need to invovl e externalsources
4- the means of communicating the programme to employees at all
their views on, the programme
b) Identify the measures that might be used to assess the effectiveness of H Et S

training.
Post-training evaluation by trainers

Change in behavior of the trainees
Reduction of Accident rates & sickness absences
Levelof compliance with laid-down procedures (such as the wearing of PPE)
The results of attitude surveys
& the number & quality of suggestions made& concerns raised, by employees with
respect to health & safety.
c) Identify checks that could be made to help assess whether a person is competent.
Interviewing the individual.

Carry out a test and examination to assess the competef)cy.
Check his documentations, such as qualification, experience to assess the
competency.
Check his work, onsite to evaluate competency.
Ch_ .t?Cks on the_ possession of competence by an individualmight include their
qualifications and the possession of a specific license such as for driving a heavy
goods vehicle, employment history and experience, membership of a professional

body, previous training and success in any relevant examination and/ or test, and
any references and recommendations that might be available.
d) Give reasons why it is important for an employer to maintain a record of training.
To confirm to the training plan.

It i s a legalrequirement.
To meet the audit purposes.
For civilclaim purposes.
To check who are trained not.
To provide proof of an employee's expected level of competence
To identify when additionalor refresher training might be needed
To enable a review of the effectiveness of the training to be carried out
To access the progress of the training programme against targets
to provide evidence to be used in any future accident investigation or l
egalactions.
Element 3.5 ERP
Q28) Identify 4 types of emergency an organization may require an ERP :
Fire; Explosion; Chemicalspills; Toxic gas

release. Bomb threat; Outbreak of disease;
Naturalcost
-
4 After identifying these incidents the organization should make arrangements to
combat the emergency.
'**
-k Procedures to be made available in the event of an emergency.
Provision of suitable equipment is to be made available to contain an emergency.
Responsible staffs are to be trained and made available to fight the emergency.
Drills, exercise,informatoi n and training are to be provided.
Element 3 .6 First Aid
Q29) Identity the TWO main (unctions of first-aid treatment.(2)
Preserve life - the aim of all medicalcare, including first aid,is to save lives.
Prevent further harm - also sometimes called preventing the condition from
worsening, this covers both externalfactors, such as moving a patient away from
any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the
condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
Promote recovery - first aid also invovl es trying to start the recovery process
from the illness or injury, and in some cases might invo ve completing a
treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.

Q30) Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment of first-aid
provision in a workplace. (6)
Factors to assess first aid requirement:
Nature of the work: Depending upon the hazard and risk involved in the
activities carried out by an organization, no. of first aid centers are decided
and its content.
2 Number of First Aiders: Based on the no. of employees in an organization

the no. Of first aiders are decided. A common norms followed in a project is
1:50 ie one first aider for every 50 employees.
3 Distribution of the workforce: Based on the distribution of the workforce the

first aid centers are decided. Eg.The workforce is geographically spread in
Transmission line construction; the first aid centers are increased.
4 Proximity to hospitals: If a hospitali s close to the work area, then the size
of the first aid centre is minimized.
5 Accident record and type: On analysing the accidents and type of accident
happened in an organization, the size, content of a first. aid center is
suggested.
6 Training First Aiders:For specialneed of injuries or employees like

disabled persons, First aider -shall be trained accordingly
Further factors to be considered are:
Following factors are to be considered.
Generalrisk of first aid.

Hazards of first aids.
Specific hazards, Such as 'X' rays, sharps, disposal of medical
waste,etc
Medic ft paramedic competency with respect to risk.
Location of first aid.
Accident incident history of first aid.
Availability of Anti-dote for drugs.
Pharmaceuticalinformation and risks.
Other Questions
Q31) Outline Four advantages ft: Four disadvantages of using " propaganda"
posters to communicate health ft: safety information the workforce
• Advantages of posters include:

Their relatively low cost, (allowing them to be displayed in the lost apposite
positions)
Their brevity (allowing messages to be easily understood)
Their usin reinforcing verbalinstructions or information
ft in providing a constant reminder of important health ft safety i ssues
C Chartes, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;
& their potential to allow employees to become involved in their selection & hence
in message being conveyed
Disadvantages include:
ti:> The need to change posters on a regular basis if they are to be noticed
The fact that they may become soiled, defaced a out-of-date
& the possibility that might be seen to triviatize serious matters
Additionally they might actually alienate people if inappropriate stereotypes (e.g.
of the "stupid" worker) are used
They provide no direct way of assessing whether the message has been understood
& they may be perceived by unscrupulous employers as an easy, if not particularly
effective, way of shifting the responsibility to provide health & safety information
& even of shifting the responsibility onto the workforce for any accidents that may
occur
Q32) A contractor has been engaged to undertake building work in a busy warehouse
Outline the issues that should be covered in an induction programme tor the
contractor's employees
In the situation described, the employees of the contractor should be made aware
of such issues as
The particular risks in the working area (e.g. Movement of FLTs, Falling
materials, conveyors a the possible presence of asbestos)
Generalsite safety rules regarding smoking, clothing & PPE, use of
electricalequipment & son on
Requirement for PTWs & other controls
Exclusion zones & traffic routes
Arrangements for the storage of materials
Acddent reporting & other emergency procedures (e.g. actions required
in the case of fire)
a the location & use of welfare fadlities inclt,Jding first-aid
Q33) Outline ways in which employers may motivate their employees to comply with
health it safety procedures
Motivating is the driving force behind the way in which a person's acts in order to
achieve a goal
Employers may motivate their employees by:
Improving, by training & the provision of information, employee's knowledge of the

consequences of npt working safely
Showing the commitment of the organization to safety by providing resources & a
safe working environment
Involving employees ih health & safety dedsions by consultation & team meetings
Recognizing a rewarding achievement

Q34) OutUne the factors relating to the individual that may influence a person's
perception of an occupational risk.(4)
Factors which affect a person's perception are:

1. Sensory input i.e. seeing, hearing,touching, smelling and tasting: One could
feel the danger when he smells a chemicalor see an opening on a floor.
2. Previous experience: Earlier experience of a person would make him to perceive
the danger when he comes across similar situation. Slipping of a bike on a rainy
day.
3. Familiarity with the situation: At times familiarity of a situation, would lead to an

employee to remove a guard like an electridan working on a switch. It also
happens the other way ie the employee become too aware of a situation based on
his experience. ·
4. Feeling of being In 'control': When an employee feels if he is in controlof a
task, his perception of the hazard changes.
5. The leveland nature of training: After training one understands the hazard on
machinery so his perception of it changes.
6. Peer group influences: Peer group influence modifies one's perception eg if a peer
works at height without belt and shows the person that there is no harm caused,
he
too adopts it.
7. Personalcharacteristics such as age, attitude and sensory impairment: As
informed above, these characteristics shapes up one's perception.
Q35)Most occupational accidents can be attributed in part to human error. Outline

ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace. (8)
Steps to reduce the likelihood of human failure:
1. By having foolproof systems for a task like providing limit switches on a hoist.
2. Employing skilled , competent &: trained employees
3. Providing a safe environment like well ventilated and lit workplace, no noise etc.
4. Giving job rotation to avoid monotonous work.
5. Providing adequate rest breaks during a work.
6. Informing clear roles &: responsibilities
7. Good line of communication.
8. Strong disciplinary actions
9. Adequate Supervision
10. Drugs and alcoholpolicy.
Q36)
a) Explain the circumstances under which an employer must form a health ft

safety committee
(Or)
Identity the circumstances under which an employer must establish a health ft
safety committee
b) Give reasons why a health ft safety committee may be ineffective.
(Or)
Give SIX reasons why a health ft safety committee may be ineffective
_fQll
Outline the reasons why a health li: safety committee may prove to be
ineffective
Part (a)
v' An employer must establish a health a safety committee 'Nhen requested
to do so in writing by 2 or more trade union-appointed
safety representatives.
Part (b)
A lack of f!lanagement commitment

No agenda or remit &/or no minutes or notes of the meetings
being produced
An uneven balance between management ft employee representatives
Poor chairmanship
No access to the dedsion-making processes
Infrequent meetings
Inappropriate topics
a no access to health a safety expertise

Q37) Why Emergency procedures are to be developed in the Organization.
Emergency procedures involve control procedures and equipment to limit the damage to
people and property caused by an acddent.
Localfire and rescue authorities are to be involved to give advice to employers.
Under ILO R 164 there is a requirement to establish emergency plans. This is also
reflected inlocaland nationaloccupationalhealth and safety legislation.
ILO code of practice requires emergency prevention, preparedness and response

arrangements in the work place. The emergency prevention, preparedness should be
established in co-operation with external emergency services and other bodies that are
applicable.
The following are to be developed:
• Ensure that the necessary information, internal communication and co-

ordination are provided to protect all people in the event of an emergency at the
work sites;
• Provide information to, and communication with the relevant competent
authorities and the neighborhood and emergency response services.
• Address first-aid and medical assistance, fire fighting and evacuation of all people
at the work site;
• Provide relevant informati.on and trani ing to all of organization in handling
emergency preparedness, response and evacuation arrangements. N
M
Q)
bO
ell
0..

·.
Element- 4- HSMS - Planning
Element 4.2 Risk Assessment
Q1) Give the meaning of HAZARD:
Hazard i s something which has a potential to cause harm. Normally

a hazard results in hazardous event.
Ex: Working at height, trailing cable.
Q2) Outline four ways to identify the hazards in the workplace.
The hazards in the workplace can be identified in a number of
ways:
i. Safety inspection.
ii. Safety sampling.
iii. Safety survey.
iv. Safety committee
meeting. v. Safety tour.
vi. Accident,incident records.
vii. Sickness Absenteeism records.
viii. Ill-health records.
ix. MSDS Information
x. HAZOP studies
xi. Audit reports
Q3) Give THREE reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may not be obvious to
someone exposed to it
,/ Lack of knowledge about the hazards and the associated risk

,/ Person may be working under stress
,/ Poor perception
,/ Inexperience
Q4) Give the meaning of the Risk:
Riskis a combination of likelihood of a hazard in combination with

the severity of the injury or damage or loss that can occur.
Risk = Lik lihood *severity of the injury
Q5) Outline the key stages of the Risk assessment:
i. .·form a risk assessment team:

A risk assessment team involving different members of various departments
is required to be formed
ii. Identify the hazard:
Identify all sfgnificant hazards in·the workplace by a number of methods
including inspection, observations or by employing speci alized persons.
iii. Identify who might be harmed and how:
C Charel s, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

'.
Identify the people who can be affected by the activity or by the hazards. This can
include employee, public, visitors and contractors.
iv. Evaluate the Risk:
Evaluate the risk by analyzing the likelihood of hazard and severity. Consider the
existing controls on evaluating the risk. R=LxC
iv.Control:
Analyze the existing controls to calculate the risk rating. Further controls are
required to be provided to reduce the risk rating from unacceptable risk or
intolerable risk.
v. Record the findings:
Significant findings and precautions are to be recorded to mitigate the risk.
Recordings may include,
• Identification of activity
• Identification of hazards.
• Identification of likelihood and severity.
• Identification of existing controls.
• Evaluation of risk rating.
• Additionalcontrols to reduce risk rating.
• Review of risk assessment.
• Signature and the date of the assessor.
vi. Review:
RA should be reviewed under the following conditions:
• When the policy changes.

• When the process changes.
• When the technology or plant changes.
• When there is a change in the activity.
• After an acddent.
• After a law change.
• After an enforcement action and after the findings of an audit.
• After the safety committee suggestions.
Q6) Explain the criteria which must be met (or the assessment to be suitable and
sufficient:
i. It should be carried out by a competent person.
ii. It should meet the legalrequirements.
iii. All risk rating is evaluated in terms of likelihood and severity.
iv. Source of information such as legislation, in house information such as
acddental-records are assessed.
v. All hazards are identified.
vi. Communications means are to be checked.
vii. Be appropriate to the nature of the work.
viii. Enable priorities to be set.

'.
ix. Ensure non-routine operations are taken into account

X. Awareness of individuals should be taken into account.
xi. The report writing skills of the assessor is to be considered.
Ql) Explain the meaning of the phrase "so tar as is reasonably practicable'.(2)
"So far as is reasonably practicable" means that a risk is brought down to an

acceptable level. Else it would cost infinite time, effort and money, disproportionate to
the benefit gained.
QB) Outline the (actors that the employer should take into account, When Selecting
individuals to assist RA.
According ILO's guidelines a risk assessment is to be carried out by an employer in

consultation with the employees. The employee selected to assist the assessor should have
necessary knowledge, training, experience,information,instruction and expertise.
The individualassisting the assessor should be component to:
a) Identify the hazards:

Identify the activities that are likely to expose the workers and others to the
hazards such as maintenance, cleaning or emergency.
b) Gather the information on who might be harmed.
c) Estimate or evaluate the risks.
• The person assi sting the assessor should suggest how the risks can
be evaluated or estimate.
d) Recording:
The person accompanying the assessor i s to ensure that the information
recorded is up to date with respect to the companei s' rules, policy, site
legislation etc. He can also suggest how the risk can be reduced to a reasonable
level.
Q9) identify the work activities that may present a particular risk to pregnant
woman at work and give an example (or the type of work.
Manualhandling. (e.g.) carrying of stationery.

Exposure to chemicals. (e.g.) use of Toner.
Exposure to radiation. (e.g.) 'X' ray.
Exposure to temperature. (e.g.) Hotelmanagement.
Ergonomic issues (e.g.) Work station.
Working for long hour (e.g.) Overtime.
Stress from the work.
Violence. (e.g.) lone workers.
Agriculturalwomen working with pestiddes or insectiddes or fertilizers
or animal feed.

NEBOSH;
Contact with animals exposing to biologicalhazards.

NEBOSH;
·-
Q10) Identity the reasons why young workers could be at greater risk of being
injured:
There are severalreasons why a young person might be more vulnerable to

risk in the workplace. This can include,
Lack of knowledge.
Lack of experience.
Lack of training.
Physicaland perhaps mentalimmaturity.
Poor perception of risk.
Peer pressure.
Over enthusiastic.
Over excited
Adventurous.
Less skill.
Q11) Outline the control measures that should be taken to minimize risk to young
workers.
Carry out a risk assessment for young workers.

Restrict young workers from high risk activities.
Minimize their working hours (No overtime).
Avoid Night working as they may feelsleepy.
Provide induction at regular intervals.
Include them on intensive training program.
Teach them on hazards and risk in the workplace.
Provide Mentors to monitor and supervise them.
Provide clear levels of communication.
Conduct periodic health surveillance.
Q12) An employer has agreed to accept a young person on a work experience

placement for one week. Outline the (actors that the employer should consider prior
to the placement .
The fitting out and layout of the workplace and the particular site
where they will work. The nature of any physica,l biologicaland
chemicalagents they will be exposed to, for how long and to what
types of work equipment will be used andhow this will be handled.
How the work and processes involved are organized.The need to
assess and provide health and safety training and risks from the
·particutar' agents, processes and work.

NEBOSH;
'.
Element 4.3 Risk Control
Q13) De(jne the term hierarchy of control.
The term hierarchy of control is a series of control identified to reduce the risk. It is
aimed in the order of priority. It is a list of options in the order of importance and
effectiveness. Priority is followed so that the most effective method of control is
considered.
Q 14) Identity the general hierarchy of risk control.
The generalhierarchy of risk control
a) Elimination of risk:
Elimination considers avoiding an activity that poses a risk.
b) Substitution or Reduction:
Sometimes the hazard cannot be eliminated but it can be substituted with another
substance of lower risk.
Ex.:lead (pb) paint can be substituted by water paint.
c) ISOLATION:
It means isolation or separating an equipment to reduce or to control the exposure.
Ex: Noisy machine is i
solated. d) CONTROLS:
1 Controls are suggested by separation or segregation or partialenclosure by
means of engineering controsl to reduce the risk. In some cases
administrative controls such as job are also recomm ded.
2 Engineering controls such as absorption, LEV can be very effective.
3 Procedural Controls such as evacuation plan and mock drills can also
provide protection.
e) PPE:
PPE aims at serving as a barrier between the individualand hazard.
Ex: Helmet, gloves, shoes.
f) DISCIPLINE:
Discipline is provided to monitor the behavior and attitude of a worker in the
workplace.
Ex:No smoking in the work place.
Q15)/denti(y the different safety signs? Safety signs are of 4 types
a. Mandatory:-
These are to be compiled with (e.g.) Ear protection. These are
given in a drcle with blue color and a white pictogram.
Warning or caution si ns:-

The yellow triangle with black band and a pictogram are used to
caution to indicate a danger
(e.g.)X-ray,isotope, high voltage.

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b. Prohibition>
These are given in red color with a prohibition bar in a
circle. (e.g.) No Smoking.
c. Safe Signs:-
These are indicated in green color in a square shape to identify
that the area is safe.
(e.g.) Exit signs
Q16) Explain Why PPE is considered only after other controls (or) ldenOfy the
limitation of PPE:
Fails to prevent accident: It does not eliminate an accident. It reduces the

severity of an accident. Eg. A helmet cannot withstand the impact of an iron
piece falling from a height of 30 mts.
2 Poor selection/fit: Poor selection of the PPE, irritates the wearer so he tends
to remove it.
3 Lack of comfort: It i s another cause for the employee to avoid it. Esp.
some employees get headache when they wear safety helmet.
4 Incompatibility with other PPE: When a PPE hinders with another PPE worn,
one of it is removed. Eg. On some type of safety helmet, welding shield
cannot be fixed, so the welder removes the helmet and uses only the shield.
5 Contamination: A contaminated PPE like dust mask would cause hygienic

problem or cannot be reused.
6 Misuse or non-use: At times PPE is misused eg. Helmet is used to carry bolt
&nuts .
7 Relies on action being taken by user: Usage of PPE depends upon the
users wish,if he is uncomfortable, he would find ways to give an excuse not to
use it.
8 May create additional hazards: At times PPEs may be an addi tional

hazard, like if employees are not used to wear shoes and if they are gi ven,
they find difficult to wear it and work at height where the · shoe itself
becomes hazardous.
9 Difficulty in obtaining equipment: At remote places, PPEs are not easily

available.
Relies on management commitment: Using of PPEs depends upon

Management's commitment. Where the management i s not keen in
H8:S, employees would be happy not to use the PPEs.
10.0 Other factors:
PPE does not remove the hazard.

PPE only protects the wearer.
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PPE requires supervision.

Regular training i s required for some PPE. (e.g.) SCBA-Self contained
Breathing Apparatus.
Cost implication on purchasing PPE.
Regular maintenance and replacement may be a limitation.
PPE may bring another hazard such as impaired vision.
PPE may result in tiredness.
PPE may affect the mobility and communication.
Q17) Outline the general issues relating to the selection and use of PPE that will help
to ensure ;ts effectiveness in controlling hazards .
Selection of PPE is based on:
1. Hazard of the Activity:Depending upon the hazard of an activity PPE is selecte-d.
2. Compliance to Standards: PPEs used should comply with the standards like BS /EN
etc. Non standard PPEs may not protect the person for the hazard its intended for.
3. Comfort:PPE should be comfortable to wear. If it is uncomfortable employees would

avoid wearing the PPE.
4. Compatibility: PPE should be compatible to use with another PPE eg. Face
shield fixed on a helmet.
5. Hygiene problem: PPE should not cause any hygiene problem when used.
Element 4.5 SSOW
Q18) Define SSOW:
It is a formalprocedure based on a systematic examination of work to identify the

hazards. It involves the combination of people, environment, mater and
equipment.
Q19) OutUne the source of information when developing SSOW:
Refer element-1 - Qn:8
Q20) Describe the factors to be considered on SSOW in cleaning a vessel on confined

space entry:
a) Risk assessment.
b) PTW is to be drawn.
91solation of vessel.
.. d) Draining of the vessel.
e) Ventilation of vessel.
f) Purging of vessel.
g)Gas testing.
h) Access I igress.
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i) Supervision.
j) Standby.
k) Communication.
I) Emergency equipments.
m)PPE.
n) Lighting.
Q21) An organization is introducing a new work activity that requires a safe system
of work.
a. Outline why it is important to involve workers in the development of a safe

system of work
b. Outline why it is important tor sate systems of work to have written
procedures.
a. It is important to involve workers in the development of a safe system of work

because of their knowledge of the particular working environment involved and
· what willwork in practice. Their involvement will establish their ownership
of the system and willencourage them to use and follow, once it has been
finalized and introducea. Their involvement willemphasize management's
commitment to health and safety and help to raise its profile within the
organization.
b. Once a safe system of work is developed, it is imperative that a clear method
of communicating its procedures to the workforce is used and this would be
better achieved in writing rather than orally. The procedures may contain
complex information that will need to be consulted on more than one occasion
to ensure the correct sequence of operations is followed. Additionally,
different people will need to be aware of the procedures and it is preferable
to have them written down rather than pass them on by word of mouth, a
method that may not always guarantee consistency in theri presentation. A
written document will also be needed for audit purposes and could be needed
for audit purposes and could be used as evidence in defending an enforcement
Element 4.6- PTW
Q22) Give the meaning PTW:
It is a formaldocumented safety procedure forming a part of SSOW. It ensures the type of

work, nature of hazards and precautions before starting a work.
Q23} Identify three types of work that may require PTW and give a reason in each
i. Hot work (e.g.) Welding

ii. Electricalwork (exposure to current and voltage). ··
iii. Confined space-(Exposure to gases). .
(e.g.) vessel cleaning.
iv. Excavation.( Exposure to buried cable)
(e.g.)Elec ricallines.

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Q24) OutUne the key elements of a permit-to-work system.

Explain, Contents of a PTW:
The main contents of a PTW are:
The job location/plant identification

Description of work
Duration to carry out the work
Description of the hazards which are, or might be, present
The tests and checks which have to be made and the precautions to be
taken before starting work
Further precautions to be taken while undertaking the work, if any.
Documents such as RA, JSA, MS etc.,
Signature of ptw initiator and authorizer
Time extensions/shift change procedures
Concurrence signatures
Validity
Hand over - confirming work completed
Q25) Outline the situations where a permit-to-work would be appropriate and in

EACH case, give a reason why
• Hot work - Due to the risk of heat transfer, fire and explosion
• Confined space - Because of the restricted space. The lack of Oxygen, presence
of toxic or flammable gases and the possibility of heat exhaustion
• Work on live electridty- The hazards here are high when working on live line
• Maintenance work - Due to the risk of machinery being started up while work i s
in . progress
Q26) With specific examples, define the meaning of the term 'confined space'. (4)
Definition of a confined space is a place which is substantially enclosed {though not

always entirely), and where serious injury can occur from hazardous substances or
conditions within the space or nearby {e.g. lack of oxygen). Eg.Vessels, manholes,
tanks, excavated trenches and sewers etc
Q27) Identify two examples of confined space that is found within a workplace:
;;:. Storage tank

> Exchanger vessel {boiler, reach)
> Tunnel.
Further questions
Q28) Outline the reasons why employees may (ail to comply with safety procedures
at work.
Unrealistic or ill considered procedures, mental and/or physicalcapabilities not taken into
account,inadequate training.poor organizationalsafety culture, complacency/lack of
motivation, per group pressure, other priorities and pressures, risks not perceived slips
and lapses, fatigue and stress and lack of consultation.

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Q29) An employee is required to install glass -fibre insulation in a loft .
a. Identify Four hazards connected with this activity .

b. Outline the precautions that might be taken to minimize harm to the
employee.
Model Answer:
Part (a)
./ Fibers from the insulation material(through inhalation or contact)
./ Falls through fragile ceilings or from access equipment
./ Possible contact with live electricalservices in the loft
./ Ergonomic ft work environment hazards from working in a situation
where space might be restricted ft which may be hot/or dusty
./ ft biologicalhazards from wasp nests, rodent infestation ft bird
droppings.
Part (b)
./ The provision ft use of respiratory protective equipment

./ ft laying boar<;ls across the joists to prevent falls through the ceiling
./ · Safe access
./ A good standard of lighting
./ Frequent work breaks
./ ft the provisi on of protection for the such as hooded overalls ft
skni gloves
Q30) OutHne the specific {actors that should be considered when assessing the risk
to employees working at night shifts
Hours worked and recovery period between shifts. Level of supervision required/contact
for l one working, Fatigue and human error, Dsi ruption of normal routines and
general well-being, Access to spedalist advice, Increase risk of violence travelling to I
from work, Emergency arrangements/ first aid fadlities, Access to welfare
amenities, Work environment e.g. illumination level s/ temperatures etc., Young
person, New and expectant mothers Disabled.
Q31) Identify Four "specific risks" that may arise from work in a confined space.
./ Serious injury due to fire or explosion from substances

flammabel such as methane
./ Leaks from adjusting plant, or oxygen enrichment
./ Loss of consdousness or asphyxiation caused by presence of gas,
fume or vapour
./ Loss of consdousness or asphyxiation fromlack of oxygen
./ Drowning due to increase in the levelof liquid
./ ft asphyxiation due to a free- flowing solid such as coaldust, grain
or sand. · · ·· ·

·-
Q32 )Identify Four different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special
footwear, explaining in EACH case how the footwear affords protection
./ Falling objects (steel toe-caps)

./ Sharps objects (steelin-soles)
../Chemicals (impermeable material, chemical resistant)
./ Molten metalor hot materials (heat resistant boots/shoes & possibly
gaiters)
./ Electricity (rubber soles)
../ Flammable atmospheres (anti-static materials)
../ & spread of contamination (washable wellingtons &/or overshoes)
Q33) State a) Two duties of employees under the personal protective Equipment at
Work Regulations 1992
b) Outline the (actors that could discourage employees from wearing PPE
Part (a)
Undr th_e PPE Regulations, employees have a duty to
./ Use personal protective equipment in accordance with their
employer's instructions
./ To report any loss or defect in the equipment
./ & to return it to the accommodation provided after use.
Part (b)
./ Peer pressure
./ Lack of management commitment
./ Lack of comfort (perhaps exacerbated by a hot or arduous working
environment)
./ Incompatibility with other protective equipment, lack of training or
awareness of the dangers
./ & difficulty in obtaining the correct equipment if it is not
readily available.
Element-S- HSMS- MAR (Evaluation)
Element 5.1 - Measurement
Q 1) Outline the reasons why an organisation should monitor and review (evaluation)
its health and safety pertormance.(B)
Purpose of Monitoring:
1. Identify deficiency on H & S practic s;T rough monitoring the deficiency of

implementation of the H&S is identified. -
2. Proactive measure: It helps to identify the potentialhazards that would lead to an

accident and take _appropriate remedialmeasures.

·.
3. Actualperformance Vs targets:Monitoring helps to know why there is a gap

between what was targeted and actualperformance. Eg Zero accident is targeted but the
actual performance was few accidents has happened, monitoring would help to know
where the problems for not achieving.
4. Tuning the H&S procedure:Monitoring helps to fine tune the H&S procedures and
make it more effective.
5. To benchmark: It helps to benchmark with different companies or departments

within the organization.
6. Make decisions on suitable remedial measures: Suitable remedial measures

depending upon the behavior etc. can be taken up.
peopel
7. Set priorities and establish realistic timescales:Helps to set priorities and

establish realistic time scales.
8. Assess compliance: Helps to assess the compliance levelof the H&:S issues pointed
out.
9. Provide information to Management:Monitoring helps to inform the management
the H&:S effectiveness in the organisation.
Q2) Identity the issues that will be considered in the Review process
Legalcompliance - Internalrequirements to meet compliance;

Accident and Incident Data- Type of injuries, property
damages Safety surveys, sampling to identify gaps
Sickness absenteeism - info on ill-health
Audit reports - detailed info on gaps
Moni toring reports - noise and other
stressors Consultation - Promoting to positive
culture Objectives- to confirm it they are
met Previous reviews - to confirm on the
status
Q3) Define Benchmarking
Benchmarking is the process of comparing one's business processes

and performance to industry bests or best practices from other industries.
Dimensions typically measured are quality, time and cost.
Benefits of benchmarking. (Why benchmarking?)
Majbt benefits
Mission and Vision Statements and Customer Surveys are used as improvement
tools.

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._
1. The tools that are likely to increase in reputation in the future years.
Major elements of benchmarking:
Select subject
Define the process
lb Identify potentialpartners
Identify data sources
ll::> Collect data and select partners
Establish process differences
lb Target future performance
ll::> Communicate
ll::> Adjust goal
ll::> Implement; Review and recalibrate
Q4) Identify the (actors on frequency of inspection
ll::> Legalrequirement.
ll::> Depends on the activity.
Levelof training and competency.
Installation of new equipment may require more inspections.
Levelof risk.
Using young workers.
Findings from previous inspections.
ll::> Accidents and incidents.
Safety committee concern.
Manufacture requirement.
Q5) Outline four active monitoring methods that may be used to assess the H li: S
performance of a company.
An organization is to measure their H li: S performance.
1. Identify 4 active monitoring methods.

2. Identify 4 reactive monitoring methods.
a) Four active monitoring methods:
Active monitoring methods are meant to check the standards in the workplace to
confirm that the workplace is safe from risk before an incident occurs.
Various methods are:
i) Safety inspections:
These are aimed to identify the unsafe act and unsafe conditions, in the
workplace.

This can be of the following types:
General safety inspection- A regular scheduled safety inspection to

identify the hazards in the work place.
Statutory safety inspection - done by a statutory authority in the
workplace and a report is sent to the employer on the hazards.
Periodic inspection - A regular periodic scheduled inspection -Ex: 3rd
party inspection of lifting equipment
Pre-use check inspection - Done prior to start of an activity Ex: Critical
lift.
ii) Safety Sampling:

A particular unit like a vessel is sampled by a team of professionals to
identify the hazards and controlmeasures.
iii) Safety tour:

This involves a tour of team ·of employer arid empl oyee
around the plant or premises to identify or to consult the employees to
know the hazards and other risk that may affect the operations.
iv) Safety survey:

A particular topic i s chosen to study and to understand the
hazards. (e.g.) Heat stress in the
workplace. b) Four reactive monitoring methods:
Reactive methods are indication that an acddent or an inddent has

occurred. It
it requires compl ete investigation to provide information on immediate and
root causes.
Four reactive methods are
Ill-health (diseases due to job)

Accident
lnddent
Enforcement action
Q6) Gjve two strength and two weakness of u s jng checkUst tor jnspectjon:
•!• Strength
• All points are covered.
• It i s written record of inspection findings..
•!• Weakness
• The inspector only deals with the points on the checklist.
• The inspector may ignore other issues in the workplace.

•.
Ql) Outline the key features of
H 8:5 inspection
H 8:5 Audit
a) H & S i
nspection:
The term safety inspection means a regular scheduled activity which
compares the site with accepted standards.
This is aimed at identifying the hazards, to comply with legal
Requirement, to provide controls etc. This also aims at frequency of inspection,
checking on legalupdates, checking the site and checking the records.
Element 5.2 H&S Audit
b) H & S Audit:
An audit can be defined as per HSG (65) as "An audit is a structure
process of collecting independent information on the efficiency, effectiveness of
totalH5MS and to draw plans for corrective actions".
The safety audit aims at evaluation of H5M5 and its compliance against
the H& 5 standards. Audit normally provides the gaps, observations and corrective
actions.
Check documents
Conduct interview
Field visit
QB) Identify the written documents that are likely to be examined, during an audit
process.
The following documents are likely to be examined:
HSE policy.
Risk assessment.
ssow.
Procedures. (H5MS)
Training records.
Safety inspection reports.
Accident investigation reports.
Dangerous Occurrence.
Statistical trend analysis.
Maintenance and testing records.
Calibration records.
Medicalrecords.
Fire
f_ightingequipments.
MSDS.
Onsite plans.
Mock drills.

·-
Effluent discharges.
Sickness absenteeism records.
Waste disposalrecords.
House keeping records.
Minutes of meeting.
Safety committee records.
Start up and shut down procedures.
Statutory compliance.
Enforcement records.
Transportation of Hazardous records.
Manualhandling records.
First aid records.
Previous audit reports. (corrective action)
Mutualaid agreement.
Q9) Explain how the findings of an audit may be used to improve the H (t S
performance:
After an audit is over, a detailed report will be submitted with

corr.ecting actions. These may be classified as:
a) Major non conformance:

This is a breach which requires an action that may result in the failure of
HSMS. Such failures may result in inddent or injury. In ISO terms a major NC is
enough refuse certification.
b) Minor non-conformance:
This is minor issue, which is less serious and is unlikely to result in injury.
In ISO a minor NC requires a corrective action.
c) Observation:
This is the opinion of the auditor which indicates a gap. Normally this helps
in improvement.
The above audit findings are normally presented to the senior
management for corrections.
Q10)0utline why the audit findings should be presented to the senior management of
an organization.
There are number of reasons why the audit findings should be submitted to the senior
management of the organization such as they have the authority both to require
appropriate action to be taken and to authorize the resources that might be necessary, to
enable them to demonstrate leadership and commitment from the top, to enable them to
give praise or reward where this has been earned but also·to take disciplinary action
against -workers in cases where this is thought to b.e necessary, to enable them to
consider and reset their goals and objectives for the future and to comply with their
personal responsibilities either under legislation or under internationalstandards and best
practice.

•.
Element 5.3 Accident Investigation
Q11) Why accidents are to be investigated:
Accidents are to be investigated for the following reasons:
a) To prevent recurrence.
b) It is a legalrequirement.
c) It is a moralrequirement.
d) To identify the cost of the accident.
e) To id ntify the immediate and root causes of the accident.
f) It is a requirement by the insurance
bodies. g) For civil clean purpose.
h) To collect evidences.
i) To improve the reputation of the company.
j) To improve staff morale.
k) To review the policy.
l) To review the acddent statistics.
m) Suggest remedialmeasures to ensure non recurrence of similar accidents.
suitabel
n) It highlights the weaknesses in the management OHS
system. o) Demonstrates management's commitment.
p) Helps to comply with country's
legalrequirements. q) Prevent future business l
osses.
r) To defend agaiRst a
criminalprosecution. s) Employer's liability
insurers requires it
t) To demonstrate concern about people's
safety. u) To determi ne the cost of an
accident.
v) To determine compliance with applicable safety regulations
Q 12) Outline why an organizat ion should have reporting of accidents internally :
They are no. of reasons for an organization to report accidents internally.
Thsi may include:
)> To prevent recurrence.

)> To get the civilclaim.
)> To increase the safety awareness.
)> To identify gaps in the SMS.
)> It is a l egalrequirement.
)> To change the accident statistci s.
)> To reduce cost.
Q13) Identity the reasons, why workers might not report accidents at work?
Reasons for failure to report accidents:

consider it as a triviali
ssue.

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1. Ignorance of procedures: Empol yees may not know that accidents are to
be reported. · ·
2. Peer pressure:Colleagues may discourage reporting of accidents since they may
consider it as a triviali
ssue.

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·.
3. Over complicated procedures:Procedure for reporting is over complicated where

one has to write pages.
4. Affects the HEi:S Performance: Accidents reported are recorded and it affects the
HEi:S performance result.
5. Lack of management response: This discourages the employee not to report when
they see the management is not taking any action for it.
6. Management retribution:Management may react strongly on the employee who
reports the accident or who caused it. This discourages the employee to report.
Other factors:
•!• Unclear organization policy on reporting accidents.

·:· There is no reporting system in the company.
·:· The H & S culture is weak.
•!• Fear among the employees.
•!· It is a time consuming process.
•!• Blame culture.
•:• Fear of punishment.
014) OuWne the actions to be taken following a major accident in the workplace:
After an accident is reported, the following actions are to be taken,
a) Immediate actions:
• Provide first aid if you are a trained first aided.
• Move the casualty for treatment.
• Secure the scene of accident for collecting evidence.
• Notify the next of kin of the casualty.
• Call for professionalhelp.
b) Long term actions:

• Identify the witness.
• Form an accidentinvestigation team.
• Start accident investigation.
• Review the document
• Collect the witness statement.
• Review the RA
• Identify the immediate and root causes.
• Provide a detailed report with corrective actions.
• Provide an action plan.
• Follow up to ensure, that the controlmeasures are implemented.
Q15) Outline four poss ble immediate causes after an accident:
Human error.
Failure to comply with the procedures.
·Incompetent worker. ·· ···· ·
Environment consideration. (e.g.:poor lighting)
Mechanical failure.

:.
·.
Q16) OutUne four possible or underlying or root causes:
Lack of training.
Lack of commitment.
Lack of supervision.
Absence of site rules.
Absence of procedures.
Failure to segregate.
Negligence of the management._
Lack of maintenance.
Q 17) An organization has decided to conduct an internal investigation of an accident

in which an employee was injured following the collapse of storage racking. Giving
reasons in each case identify (our people who may be considered useful members of
the investigation team.
./ A senior manager from other department who could act as an independent

chairman.
./ A health and safety practitioner to advice on specific health and safety issues.
./ An engineer or technicalexpert to provide any technicalinformation required.
./ A senior manager from the department where the accident occurred, whose teams
were actioned.
./ A local manager or supervisor with detailed knowledge of the site of the accident
and of the system of work in place.
./ And an employee safety representative who, apart from having the statutory right
to be involved if trade union-appointed, could represent the injured worker and
his/her co-workers.
./ The actual composition of such an accident investigation team would, of course,
depend on such factors as the seriousness of the accident and its complexities.
Q18) Outline the information that should be included in the investigation report:
Date, time, location of accident.

Name, age, designation of the casualty.
Type of injury.
Activity that was done by the victim.
Description of the accident.
Witness statement.
Type of treatment given.
Documents checked.
Attachment (or) diagrams, photographs, sketches.
Immediate and root causes.
Corrective actions required.
Action plan.
Sign and date of the investigator.
Q19) Outline reasons why employers should keep records of cases of occupational ill
health amongst employees. (6) ·
Record keeping is required for the following reasons:

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·.
1. It is a statutory requirements under some circumstances

2. It i s a tool to identify the causes for arriving at the corrective actions
3. It helps in devising methods to prevent similar incidents in future
4. It serves as a record for future reference
5. It helps the new employees to learn about the accidents of the past
Q20) Explain the purpose and bene(jts of collec6ng "near-miss" incident data.
../ The investigation of "near-miss" incidents and the identification of their underlying .
causes might allow preventive actions to be taken before something more serious
occurs.
../ It also gives the right messages that all failures are taken seriously by the
employer and not just those that lead to injury.
../ Additionally, it is generally accepted that "near misses" far outnumber injury
accidents and can therefore produce more data from which a greater
understanding of the deficiencies in existing management system can be identified
and recti fied.
Q21) A serious accident has occurred in company. During the investigation it has
found that a safety inspection of a site had taken place before the accident .
OuWne the possible reasons which the inspection did not lead to an unsafe situation
being corrected
The possible reasons are,
i. The negligence in the impel mentation of the

controlmeasures. ii. The Safety inspection was done by
incompetent staff.
iii. The cost in impel menting the recommend actions was very
high. iv. The report prepared and submitted was unclear.
v. Safety was not given equalpriority.
vi. Assumptions that nothing would occur.
vii. Insufficient arrangements.
viii. Inadequate training.
ix. Management review had not taken place.
x. Communication was not effective.
xi. Policy implementation was very weak.
xii. Positive safety culture was not maintained.
xiii. Poor commi tment and leadership.
Q22) The number of absences due to work-related upper limb disorders in an

organization is increasing. Identity the possible sources of information that could be
used when investigating this problem.
Sources of information whk.h could be used in investigating the situation described in the
question
records ofinclude risk assessments
absenteeism, and job
worker records safety
which analyses
would where
provide the need on
information forage
repetitive
and any

action has been identified, accident and ill-health reports together with an analysis of
records of absenteeism, worker records which would provide information on age and any

'.
reported disability, relevant information from safety committee meetings and from
supervisors particularly of the complaints they have received, the results of surveys,
questi onnaires and interviews with workers, and published information such as
guidance from the enforcing authority and/or manufacturers and that available from
trade bodies and other employers.
RA
JSA
Accdt Reports
Ill-health inspections
Absenteeism records
Safety Committee report
Supervisor report
Survey Reports
Interview
Enforcement authorities guidelines
Further questions
Q23) a health Ei: safety audit of an organization has identified a genera/lack of

compliance with procedures.
a) Describe the possible r easons (or procedures not being followed.

b) Outline the prac tical measures that could be taken to motivate employees to
comply with health Ei: safety procedures
Part (a)
Inadequate supervisions 8: enforcement of the procedures by management
A poor attitude towards health 8: safety generally (as an indication of a
poor safety culture)
8: i ssued relating to working conditions that may hinder compliance
with procedures (such as poor workstation design 8: inattention to
ergonomic issues)
The procedures themselves being unrealistic or unclear.
Literacy 8: language i ssues.
Peer pressure 8: other pressures or i ncentvi e or unclear.
A failure by management to consult the workforce & to provide
the necessary informati on & trainni g.
& the repetitive tedious or complex nature of the tasks being performed.
Part (b)
A display of commitment on the part of management.

The provision of a good working environment.
Joint consultation & the involvement of employees in drawing up &
reviewing the procedures.
The setting of personalperformance targets with due recognition
when these are achieved

•.
The provision of information 8: training including tool-box talks 8: the

use of posters 8: notice-boards.
The introduction of job rotation.
8: finally, the taking of disdplinary action in cases where there is a
deliberate failure to follow laid down procedures.
Q24) Explain the key principles of prevention that should be used to control
workplace hazards.
Avoiding risks: Trying to stop doing the task or using different processes
or doing the work in a different safer way.
Evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided: This requires a risk
assessment to be carried out
Combating the risks at source:This means that risks, such as a dusty work
atmosphere, are controlled by removing the cause of the dust rather than
providing specialprotection
Adapting the work to the individual: The design of the workplace, the
choice of work equipment and the choice of working and production
methods
Adapting to technical progress:It is important to take advantage of
technicalprogress, which often gives designers and employers the chance
to improve both safety and working methods, e.g. Internet and other
internationalinformation sources
Replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous or the less dangerous this
involves substituting, for example, equipment or substances with non
hazardous or less hazardous substances.
Developing a coherent overall prevention policy: Technology,
organisation of work, working conditions, social relationships and the
influence of factors relating to the working environment Health and Safety
policies should be prepared and applied by reference to these principals
Giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective
measures: This means giving priority to controlmeasure which make the
measures which make the workplace safe or everyone working there so
giving the greatest benefit for example, removing hazardous dust by
exhaust ventilation rather than providing filtering respirator to an
individualworker.
Giving appropriate instruction to employees:This involves making sure
those employees are fully aware of company policy, safety procedures,and
good practice, officialguidance, any test results and legalrequirements.
Q25) An employee broke their arm when they tell down a f[jght of stairs at work
while carrying a box of letter to the main room.
a. State the requirements (or reporting the accident to the enforcing authority.
b.· Give the information thatshouldbe contained inthe..accident report.

.·
•.
Part (a)
Since this was a major injury, the responsible person should notify the enfordng
authority by the quickest practical means (usually telephone, fax or mail) and then make
a report within ten days of the accident on the approved form (F2508) or by other
approved means such as contact with the lnddent Contact Centre
Part (b)
The name and job title of the person making the report
And the name and address of his I her organization
The location of the acddent and the date and time that it happened
Details of the injured person including his I her name, address, age and telephone
number
The nature and type of injury sustained
The cause of the accident, for example, falling downstairs
A description of the accident and the measures subsequently taken to prevent a
recurrence
a. Identity two ill-health conditions that are reportable under the reporting of
lnjudes, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995.
b. Outline reasons why employer should keep records of occupational ill-health
amongst employees.
Part (a)
Asbestosis
OccupationalDermatitis
Occupational Asthma
Tetanus
Hand-Arm vibration syndrome
Or any other 72 diseases and conditions listed in Schedule 3 to RIDDOR 1995
Part (b)
Record keeping is required.for the following reasons:
It is a statutory requirements under some circumstances

It is a tool to identify the causes for arriving at the corrective actions
It helps in devising methods to prevent similar incidents in future
It serves as a record for future reference
It helps the new employees to learn about the accidents of the past
Other than for monitoring purposes and, importantly, to prevent re-occurrences,
there are l egalreasons for keepni g records of occupationalill-health.
·· It is a requirement under RIDOR that records of reported diseases are kept for
three years.

-
-... .
- ...;
....
•.
They may also be a requirement under the control of Substances Hazardous to

Health 9Regulations 2002 if the ill-health is due to exposure to a hazardous
substances requiring health surveillance.
The information contained in a record may additionally be required if there is a
subsequent civilclaim or if the affected employee is able to claim state benefit for
the condition.
·I

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NEBOSH- IGC- NOTES- IGC 1-

C Charles, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

ELEMENT-1 -Foundations in Health and Safety

Q1) Define the following terms

It is the absence of danger

It can be defined as an unplanned event which results in loss of property,

It can be defined as an unplanned event which has the potential to cause

ous Occurrence (Do):-

lt is an unplanned event, which has the potential to cause harm that

About to f all or about to Collapse of lif ts and lifting

C·Chartes, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

s:-n/;.:n::mental protection - arrangements to cover those activities in the

d - a physicalsituation with a potentialfor human injury, damage to property or

- A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event and the

Ill-health: Illness caused by work place activities. It may be physiologicalor psychological.

Fatal Accident - OccupationalInjury leading to death

1.2 Reasons to Promote HB:S Standards

Q2) Reasons to Maintain Good Standards of H 8: S

The Responsibilities of employers

According to HASAWA-1974 Sec-28: 3 employers have the following responsibilities.

To provide and to maintain workplace work methods are safe

Article 16 of ILO C155

· Employer has to provide safe work place, machine and ·safe

To provide OHS arrangements.

C Charles, Approved Lead Trainer -

llv Safe work methods.

An Employer has to provide a safe work place to ensure moral requirement.

iii. Economic Requirement:-

The costs that are arising directly from the accident.

It includes:claims, damage to buildings, medical cost, damaged equipment,

The investigation time; compliance with enforcement, recruitmentcost, cost of

The ratio of direct cost to indirect cost is 1:8 to 36.

C Chartes, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

Q3) Replacementft: retraining of staff is a cost that an organization may (ace

(Or)Replacement or repair of damaged plant ft: equipment is a cost that an

a. List eight other possible costs to an organization when an employee has

lack of management commitment,

C Charles, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

1.3 Role of National and International Bodies

Q5) Identify the right of workers

To demand a safe work place.

Q6) the role and responsibmties of employee

Take care of their own safety (Responsible care)

Q7) Identify the Powers of Inspectors

1\:> Power of entry.

Enforcement Op6on Available For the Inspector

C Charles, Approved Lead Trainer -NEBOSH;

1.4 Sources of Information

Sources of Information on Health & Safety

Gives a fair idea of health effects to the employees as a result of exposure to

Health & safety committee

Gi ves information on the constitution of the committee, H&S issues

Health & safety practitioner

C Charles,Approved Lead Trainer -

National safety organizations

International Conventions, Recommendations from ILO, Standards from

May be consulted to obtain specific guidance on HfrS matters.

They can provide data on claims & compensation in any sector of

Introduction to Ele 2 to 5- HSMS

Q9) Explain the key elements of HSMS

An Occupational Health and Safety Management System provide a framework for

C Charles,Approved Lead Trainer -