IGC 1

Management of International Health and Safety

Element 1: Foundations in Health and safety

Element 2: Health and Safety Management System – Plan

Element 3: Health and Safety Management System – Do

Element 4: Health and Safety Management System – Check

Element 5: Health and safety Management System – Act

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 Element 1
Foundations in Health and Safety
Multi-disciplinary nature of Health and Safety
The study of health and safety involves the study of different subjects including the
sciences (physics, chemistry, and biology), engineering, mathematics, law and it also falls in various
discipline such as finance, insurance, personal health, waste management, purchase, design etc.

Definitions
Health: The health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well- being not merely the
absence of diseases or infirmity.

Safety: Safety is the process of eliminating or reducing the risk to an acceptable level.
Environment: Environment is the surroundings in which an organisation operates including air,
land, water, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their inter relations.

Hazard: Something or anything which has potential to cause harm.

Risk: Risk is the combination of hazard with certain likelihood of hazardous events and
consequences.

Accident: Unplanned / unwanted event which resulted in injury, ill – health, damage or fatality.
Near Miss: Unplanned / unwanted event which did not result in any injury or loss, but had the
potential to cause harm.

Incident: Unplanned / undesired event which had caused or could have caused any injury, loss or
fatality.

Dangerous Occurrence: Any specified event that has to be reported to the relevant
authorities under statute law. E.g. – fall of scaffold.

Environment Protection: The prevention of damage to air, land and water in the wider
environment.

Welfare: The basic amenities or facilities which are to be provided by an employer towards his
employees is called welfare. E.g. – drinking water, eating and rest room.

Injury: Any act or situation which hurts a person is called injury.

Work related ill health: Diseases or medical conditions caused by a person’s work. E.g.
Dermatitis

Commuting Accident: An accident to a worker that occurs when they are travelling to or from.

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01) Outline the potential barriers in achieving good standards of health and
safety. (6)
The potential barriers in achieving good standards of health and safety are as follows.

1) Complexity: The workplaces can be complicated areas involving people, equipment, materials
and environment to carry out various activities. Finding out a solution for a specific health and safety
problem, requires hazard identification techniques and extensive knowledge with respect to health
and safety.

2) Conflicting Demands: Often there are competing and conflicting demands placed upon
individuals and organisations. The common conflict of interest is the need to supply a product or
service at an appropriate speed to make profit and the need to carry out the work without risk to
people health and safety to comply with different legislations.

3) Behavioural Issues: Good health and safety management system relies on perfect behaviour of
individuals. Workers sometimes make mistakes and sometimes they deliberately do the wrong
things. This is due to the differences of opinion, culture or cred and nationality.

02) Why might be the management of an organisation not consider health

and safety to be a priority?
 Competes with other business aims.
- Requires time, effort, inconvenience
 Seen as a cost to business.
- Ignorance of true cost of injury/illness
 Ignorance of moral duties.
 Ignorance of legal duties.
 Ignorance of work hazards.

03) Outline the reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of
health and safety at workplace. (6, 8)
Moral reason: As a human being we should be obliged to look after each other safety. The concept
of moral reasons are based on employer owing a duty of care towards his employees and others. No
person expects the risk to life, health and limbs as a matter of employment and it is unacceptable to
place a worker in a situation wherein health and safety could be at risk. Society expects from every
employer to demonstrate correct business practice.

Legal reason: Over the years many moral obligations have been tuned into health and safety
legislations. The ILO occupational health and safety convention 1981, C – 151, defines some basic
duties of employers. Such as to provide with safe workplace, to provide with safe plant and
equipment, to develop and implement safe system of work and to provide with information,
training, instruction and supervision. The strong legal reasons for maintaining and promoting good
standards of health and safety are preventive, punitive and compensating.

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Economic reason: Accidents/incidents are costly to the organisation resulting from inadequate
standards of health and safety. This cost can be in form of direct and indirect costs. The direct costs
are calculable and indirect costs are incalculable arising from accidents and has been illustrated
through ice – berg model. There are clearly financial benefits to be gained by preventive workplace
accidents and maintaining happy and healthy workforce.

04) Identify four types of direct cost resulting from an accident. (4)
Direct Cost
 First aid treatment
 Sick pay
 Lost production time
 Fines and compensation

05) Identify four types of indirect cost resulting from an accident. (4)
Indirect Cost
 Lost time for investigation
 Lost morale and damaged worker relationships
 Cost of recruitment of replacement
 Lost reputation

06) Identify the possible costs implications to the organisation resulting from
inadequate standards of health and safety. (8)
Direct Cost
 First aid treatment
 Sick pay
 Lost production time
 Fines and compensation
 Lost or damaged product

Indirect Cost
 Lost time for investigation
 Lost morale and damaged worker relationships
 Cost of recruitment of replacement
 Lost reputation
 Compliance with any enforcement

07) Identify four possible cost which is likely to be insured. (4)

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 Insured Cost
 Medical expenditure
 Plant and building damage
 Worker’s compensation
 Employer’s liability
 Tools and equipment
 Damage to raw materials or stock

08) Identify four possible cost which is likely to uninsured. (4)

Uninsured Cost
 Production delays/lost production
 Time involved for carrying out investigation
 Loss of expertise/experience workers
 Loss of workers morale
 Loss of business reputation

09) Outline why it is important for an organisation to maintain employer’s

liability insurance. (2)
 To satisfy the legal requirements
 To provide some comfort to workers and assurance of receiving compensation even if the
employer does not have sufficient funds to pay them directly.

10) Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of an employer and
give an example of each. (8)
 To provide its safe workplace. E.g. – ventilation, illumination etc.
 To provide its safe plant and equipment. E.g. – machine guarding, protective devices,
emergency control etc.
 Develop and implement of safe system of work (SSOW) E.g. – risk assessment, permit to
work etc.
 Provide with information, training, instruction and supervision. E.g. – on the job training, off
the job training, demonstration etc.
 Provide with PPE its free of charge. E.g. – hard helmet, safety shoes etc.
 To consult with the workers on those matters that could affect their health and safety. E.g. –
during hazard identification, changes in site layout etc.
 To ensure that the working hours does not adversely affect the health and safety of workers.
E.g. – no excessive overtime.
 To carry out a regular health surveillance with respect to country’s codes and practices. E.g.
– audiometry test, skin test etc.

11) Outline the main health and safety responsibility of the workers. (4), (6)

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  To take reasonable care of themselves and others who might be affected by their actions
and omissions.
 To abide by the instructions placed on them by the employer.
 To report the unsafe conditions, incidents which may pose any imminent danger to
themselves and others.
 Do not tamper any safety devices at work place.
 Do not indulge themselves into horseplay and no substance misused at workplace.

12) Outline the worker’s right. (4)

 The right to get adequate information.
 The right to get trained.
 The right for consultation.
 The right to leave a workplace with danger to life or health.

13) Identify the actions that an enforcement agency might take if they find
workplaces are unsafe. (4)
OR
Identify the actions that an enforcement agency might take if they find that
the employer is not fulfilling his responsibilities. (4)
 To issue a verbal advice.
 To issue a written notice.
 To serve an improvement.
 To serve a prohibition notice.
 To prosecute the employer or an individual.

14) Outline the reasons why national or state governments have health and
safety laws. (4)
 To promote social justice.
 To prevent exploitation of labour.
 To regulate the relationships between members of state and industries.
 To resolve conflicts and to control anti-social behaviour.

15) Outline the ways in which national or state governments try to help
ensure organisations to comply with health and safety laws. (4)
 By developing a frame work of national’s standards with respect to occupational health
and safety by means of legislative structure.
 By setting minimum standards and creating the fair field for all the industries.
 By deploying regulators to provide advice to the organisations and initiate actions for
offenders.

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  By creating awareness of health and safety by conducting seminars.
 By creating non-profit organisations and can suggest professional memberships.
 By providing guidance of occupational health and safety through an approved code of
practice, guidance notices, leaflet etc.

16) Outline how national or state governments can contribute towards good
standards of health and safety within their own territories. (6), (8).
 By developing a frame work by national standards with respect to risk to health and safety.
 Training and empowering trade union, so that they are aware of theirs right and duties.
 Creating non – profit organisation like the national safety council.
 Organising seminars, exhibitions with the purpose of promoting good health and safety
culture.
 Instituting awards and citations for organisations having exceptional safety performance.
 Introducing licence for operation mandatory health and safety requirements.
 Assist and support professional bodies.
 Blacklist wilful defaulters.

17) Identify the possible sources of information when implementing health

and safety management system. (8)
OR
Identify the possible sources of information when developing safe system of
work (SSOW). (8)
Internal
 Accidents records
 Medical records
 Risk assessment
 Maintenance reports
 Safety inspections
 Audit reports
 Safety committee minutes

External
 National legislation
 Safety data sheet
 Codes of practice
 Guidance notes
 Operating instructions
 Trade associations
 Safety publications
 Magazines and journals

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 Element 2
Health and Safety Management System - Plan

01) Outline the key elements of health and safety management system. (8)
Policy: A clear statement has to be made to establish health and safety is a prime commitment at all
levels of organisation particularly at top.

Organising: A framework of rules and responsibilities must be allocated for the management of
health and safety and emphasize on commitment, competence, communication, co-operation and
control.

Planning and implementation: Detailed arrangements must be made for the management of
health and safety. Where central to this idea is the concept of carrying risk assessments and
developing safe working procedures.

Evaluation: Methods must be devised to monitor the review and effectiveness of controls at
workplace. This can be done by both active and reactive monitoring.

Action for improvement: Any shortcomings identified by the review process must be corrected as
soon as possible by making necessary adjustments into policy, organising and arrangements at
workplace.

Audit: It is the careful, systemic and thorough examination of all the elements of the health and
safety management system to determine whether the organisation is complying its standards.

02) Outline the importance of planning in health and safety management

system. (6)
The importance of planning always goes with risks control system. The risks control systems are the
basis for ensuring that adequate workplace precautions are provided and maintained. Usually there
are three stages of planning.

At input stage: The aim is to minimise hazards and risks entering into the organisations.
At process stage: The focus is on containing risk associated with the process.
At output stage: The risk control systems should prevent the export of risk of the site in the form
of products and services generated by businesses.

03) Outline the purpose of health and safety policy of organisations. (8)
 It sets out the management’s commitment towards the health and safety.
 It demonstrates good business practice and allocate arrangements for controlling workplace
risks.

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  A clear and concise policy contributes to business efficiency and continual improvement.
 Minimizes financial loss by reducing accidents.
 Leads to workforce co-operation, jobs satisfaction and productivity.
 Systematic approach to risk assessment.
 Protects health and safety and welfare of the workforce.
 Supports quality improvement programme for continual improvement.
 Essential component of positive safety culture.

04) Identify the main sections of organisation’s health and safety policy. And
outline the purpose or content of each. (6)
Statement of intent: Overall aims of the organisation objectives and quantifiable targets, signatory
to statement shows management’s commitment, authority and responsibilities. Will reinstate
legislation principles in respect of the organisation’s undertakings.

Organisation: Roles and responsibilities of individuals deals with people and their operational
duties in respect of health and safety. Outline the chain of command for health and safety
management and will identify individuals roles and responsibilities and scheme of delegation.

Arrangement: Details with practical arrangements i.e., specific system and procedures that assist in
the implementation of the policy statement.

05) Why to have a written policy. (4)

 To meet legal compliance.
 To meet management systems standards.
 For clear communication
 For continuous improvement.

06) Identify the reasons why the health and safety policy should be signed by
the most senior person of organisation such as MD or CEO. (2)
 The signature of the most senior person of the organisation would demonstrate
management’s commitment towards health and safety.
 It gives authority to the policy and shows the accountability and responsibility lies with the
top management.

Objectives: When aims or goals which are translated into specific details in a specific period of time
are known as objectives.

Targets: Target precise specific details of an objective within a time frame or secondary objective
we make to achieve main objectives.

07) Outline the factors that should be considered when setting health and
safety objectives. (8)

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  Responsibility of setting the targets.
 Setting of targets at each divisional and departmental level.
 Ensuring legal compliance.
 The hazards and risks presence.
 Use of technology.
 Financial, operational and business requirements.
 Views of interested parties.

08) Identify the possible range of targets that could be set in health and
safety policy. (6)
 A specific reduction in accident, incidents and ill health cases.
 A specific reduction in enforcement notices being served.
 A specific reduction in number of civil claims and complaints by workforce.
 A specific increase in employees training with respect to the health and safety.
 A specific increase in reporting of unsafe conditions and near misses.
 Compliance with audit scores and audit findings.
 To carry out health surveillance of all the employees.

09) Outline why it is important for an organisation to set health and safety
targets. (4)
 Targets equip the participants with the sense of direction.
 Targets provide consistency with the way organisation sets targets based on priorities.
 Targets also provide motivation through structured process to achieve them.
 For the purpose of benchmarking for continual improvement.

10) Outline the reasons why health and safety objectives should be agreed by
senior management. (2)
 To set realistic targets.
 To allocate resources in terms of budget, people and welfare facilities.

11) Give the meaning of term “benchmarking”. (2)

Benchmarking: The term benchmarking is the process of comparing the organisation’s
performance with its previous performance or comparing the performance with its like organisation
or comparing with industry as a whole.

12) Outline the typical content of arrangement section of organisation’s

health and safety policy. (8)
General

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  For evaluating and managing risks arising from workplaces, hazardous substances, activities,
fire etc.
 Development of safe system of work (SSOW).
 Health and safety inspection and audit process.
 Accident and illness reporting and investigation procedure, emergency procedures like fist
aid.
 Employees’ health and safety responsibilities.
 Consultation with employees.
 Control of hazardous substances, manual handling, noise, vibration etc.
 Electricity and electrical equipment (maintenance and testing).
 Machinery safety (including SSOW), lifting and pressure equipment, permit to work
procedures.
 Procedures for contractors and visitors.
 Catering and food hygiene procedures.

Specific
 Lone working
 Housekeeping and waste disposal
 Noise
 Vibration
 Control of toxic and hazardous substances
 Fire procedures
 Control of contractors and visitors
 Transport risks

13) Identify the ways in which health and safety policy of an organisation can
be communicated within the workforce. (4)
 By placing the copy of policy on notice boards at prominent locations.
 By uploading the copy of policy on company’s website.
 By referring during trainings and tool box talk.
 By making policy an agenda item in safety committee meetings.
 By inserting the copy of policy in employees pay slip.
 By distributing the copy of policy through brochure or leaflets.

14) Identify the ways in which findings of monitoring can be communicated

to managers. (6)
 By mail
 Personal visit
 Minutes of meeting
 Telephonic

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15) Outline the circumstances that would require a policy to be reviewed. (8)
 A change in the health and safety responsible person or health and safety competent
person.
 Changes in organisation affecting health and safety responsibilities.
 Changes in workplace arrangements, facilities or the introduction of new processes.
 Introduction of new legislation or changes in laws.
 A prosecution or issuing of an enforcement notice.
 When audit investigation or risk assessment suggest the policy is no longer effective.
 When request by a third party such as insurance company or client.
 Technological changes such as new machinery and equipment.
 After a sufficient period of time has a lapsed since previous review.

16) Outline the reasons why health and safety policy may become poor and
ineffective. (6)
 Lack of management commitment and visible leadership.
 Unrealistic objectives and targets.
 Failure to communicate the policy within the workforce.
 Least priority to safety then other business issues.
 Too much emphasize on workers and less on management.
 Increasing in accidents and dangerous occurrences.
 Lack of monitoring and performance measurement system.

17) Outline the reasons why benchmarking is important in monitoring health

and safety policy. (6)
 To measure actual performance against set target.
 It is important to allocate responsibilities to achieve the objectives and targets.
 To modify or amend the objectives and targets of the policy.
 To set priorities and allocation of resources to achieve the objectives and targets within a
time frame.
 To monitor the compliance against standards.

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 Element 3
Health and Safety Management System – Do

01) Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of

Directors and senior managers (4)
 Give an organisation its direction.
 Set its priorities.
 Allocate resources and appoint competent persons.
 Allocate responsibilities.
 Senior managers are responsible for ensuring that all of the legal requirements are met.

Supervisors (4)
 Ensure that a worker complies with health and safety regulations.
 Ensure that any equipment, protective devices or clothing required by the employer is used
or worn by the workers.
 Advise a worker of any potential or actual health or safety hazards and risks.
 Take every precaution reasonable in the risk circumstances for the protection of workers.

HSE Specialist (4)

 Providing advice and guidance on health and safety standards.
 Promoting a positive culture.
 Advising management on accident prevention.
 Developing and implementing policy.
 Overseeing (supervise) the development of adequate risk assessments.
 Identifying training needs.
 Monitoring health and safety performance.
 Overseeing accident reporting and investigation.

Responsibilities of self-employed (4)

 For their own health and safety.
 To ensure that others who may be affected, are not exposed to risks and to their health and
safety.
 To carry out risks assessments.
 To appoint health and safety co-ordinator.
 To co-operate with others who are in the premises.
 To provide comprehensible information to other people’s employees working in their
undertaking.

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02) Outline the main duties of manufacturers, suppliers and designer with
respect to health and safety. (6)
Manufacturer
 To provide information on the supplies.
 To provide detailed information through MSDS.
 To provide guarantee – warranty insurance details.

Supplier
 They have to ensure that plant, equipment and substances supplied for use at workplace are
safe.
 Ensure that supplies adequately tested and provide with information.

Designers
 Ensure the equipment is ergonomically designed which fits to human capacity.
 To provide with adequately information incorporating health and safety.

03) Explain how supply chain can influence health and safety. (4)
Positive Influence: Only provide articles and substances which are safe so that employers are
compelled to procure only safe items.

Negative Influence: Can provide substandard items for getting more profits so that there is option
for employees to procure subs- standards items.

04) Outline the factors that should be considered when selecting or assessing
health and safety competency of the contractor. (8)
 Consideration of experience in similar work.
 Health and safety policy should be considered.
 Sample of risk assessment.
 Qualification and training records.
 Memberships of a professional organisation.
 Maintenance and equipment testing.
 Previous or current clients.
 Accidents records.
 Enforcement action.
 Adequate resources.

05) Contractors are carrying out a major building project for an organisation.
Q. Outline how the organisation could help to reduce the risk to contractors
before project start and during the project. (8)

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  Selection of suitable contractors with relevant experience and competency to the job.
 Identification of all significant hazards and risks associated with the activities being carried
out.
 Formulating and implementing SSOW for contractor’s activities such as introduction of
permit to work system (PTW).
 Appointing of health and safety co-ordinator to co-ordinate between contractors and
organisation.
 Regular monitoring and competent supervision for all the contractors activities.
 Arrangements for communication and training for contractor’s workers.
 Arrangements and ensuring the availability of adequate resources such as welfare, PPE etc.
 Ensuring the emergency procedures are in place to deal with untoward incidents.

06) Two organisations are sharing the same work site.

Q. Outline how the organisations could work together and help to ensure
that the workplace safe and healthy. (8)
 Co-ordinate the work carefully so as not to conflict.
 To ensure good health and safety standards.
 Effective communication.
 To exchange relevant information.
 Development of appropriate policies and procedures.
 Establishing a building management committee with regular meetings.
 Developing common approach for fire procedures, security threat response, emergency spill
response, site rules, visitors and contractor control, traffic management etc.
 To have a site wide inspection, common fire drills, shared waste disposal procedures.
 Considering each other during hazard identification and assessments.

07) An organisation has all its maintenance work carried out by contractors.
Q. Outline how the organisation can help ensure the work is carried out
safely? (8)
 A notification should be issued for the work of maintenance.
 Identification of all the significant hazards and risks associated with the activities being
carried out.
 Formulating and implementing safe system of work for contractor’s activities such as
introduction of permit to work system.
 Appointing of health and safety co-ordinator to co-ordinate between contractors and
organisation.
 Regular monitoring and competent supervision for all the contractors activities.
 Arrangement for communication and training for contractors workers.
 Arrangements and ensuring the availability of adequate resources such as welfare, PPE etc.
 Ensuring the emergency procedures are in place to deal with untoward incidents.

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08) Give the meaning of term health and safety culture. (2)
Health and safety culture: The health and safety culture can be defined as shared attitudes,
believes, behaviours and values relating to occupational health and safety.

09) Identify the factors that may contribute for the deterioration of health
and safety culture of an organisation. (8)
OR
Identify the indicators of an organisation’s health and safety culture may be
poor or ineffective. (8)
 High sickness, ill-health and absentee rate.
 Blame culture.
 High staff turnover.
 No resources in terms of budget, people or facilities.
 Lack of compliance with health and safety laws or procedures.
 Poor selection or management of contractors.
 Poor level of communication, co-operation and control.
 Weak health and safety management structure.
 Lack or poor levels of health and safety competence.
 High insurance premiums.

10) Outline how workers may influence each other with regarding
organisation’s health and safety culture. (2)
 If the team members believe that working safely is the only way to do the job, the group will
ensure that every one works safely.
 On the contrary, if the team members believe that the job can be done without safety when
everyone follows the same, is the negative culture.

11) Identify the factors that may influence the safety related behaviour at
work. (6), (8)
The organisational factor
 Safety culture of the organisation.
 Policy and procedures
 Commitment and leadership
 Workers involvement in consultation

The job factor

 Task – the way the worker is performed.

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  Workload – the amount of work if it is high with small or less frequent.
 Environment – noisy, dusty and hot.

The individual factor

 Attitude
 Motivation
 Competence
 Perception of risk

12) Identify the factors relating to the individual which will increase risk to
them while at work. (6), (8)
 Individual factors
a) physical factor – gender, build, health and strength
b) mental factor – attitude, aptitude, motivation and perception
 Occupational factor – education, training and re – training
 Geographical factor – culture and location
 Personal factor – family, hobbies, interest and pre-school influences
 Ageing, medical and fatigue.

13) Give the meaning of term

Attitude: The tendency to react or respond to situation.

Aptitude: The tendency to be good at certain things.

Perception: The way a person interprets the information.

Motivations: It is a driving force behind a person to achieve the goals.

14) Identify the ways in which workers perception of hazards in the

workplace might be improved. (6)
 Involving workers into identification and risk assessments process.
 Understand why hazards are not noticed by talking to workers.
 Awareness campaigns or trainings.
 Highlight hazards e.g. – signage.
 Ensure adequate lighting is available.
 Reduce distractions e.g. – noise
 Avoid excessive fatigue.

15) Outline the ways in which health and safety culture of an organisation
might be improved. (8)

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  Securing management commitment and presence of visible leadership.
 Equal priority to health and safety with other business departments such as production,
finance etc.
 Effective communication within the organisation at all levels.
 Consultation with workers and their representators in the decision making process.
 Provision of high impact intervention trainings.
 By motivating the workforce by awards, rewards and recognition.
 By involving workers in developing safe working methods, hazards identification etc.
 By setting realistic and achievable targets.
 To avoid blame culture and frequent organisational changes.

16) Identification the checks that could be made to assess the competency of
the worker or individual. (2), (4)
Individual attitude, physical health, ability, endurance, skill development, health and safety
adherence must be considered by the management while recruiting employees for the
organisation.

17) Outline the limitation of verbal communication. (8)

OR
Outline the reasons why a verbal communication may not be clearly
understand by a worker. (8)
 Presence of background noise.
 Due to sensory impairment of worker.
 Due to complexity.
 Due to language barrier or language may not be understood.
 Usage of technical jargons which create ambiguity.
 Due to mental impairment and inexperience worker.
 Long communication chains not paying attention.
 Might be wearing PPE like ear plugs.

18) Identify why it is important to use variety of methods to communicate

health and safety information at the workplace. (6)
 Variety prevents over familiarisation with one method.
 Helps to reinforce a message.
 Overcome language barriers and the inability of some workers to read.
 People respond differently to different.
 To motivate, stimulate interest and gain involvement and feedback.
 Different types of information require different methods to communicate.
 It may be the policy that certain information to be in a special format.

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  Need to be kept evidence of the message delivered.

19) Identify four types of health and safety information that could be
displayed on notice boards at workplace. (4)
 Health and safety policy.
 Accident graph or statistics.
 Safety alerts and bulletins.
 Minutes of meeting or emergency contacts and site layout.

20) Identify how the effectiveness of notice board as a method of

communicating the health and safety information can be increased. (4)
 By placing the notice board at prominent locations such as entrance and exit.
 Information on the notice boards should be in different languages.
 Update the information regularly.
 Ensure the information legible to the targeted audiences.

21) Explain why it is important for an organisation to consult with the

workers on health and safety issues? (4)
 It is important for an organisation to consult with workers on health and safety issues, since
participation will help to improve their understanding the value and importance of the
health and safety. The hands on experience of workers will come out with the positive
health and safety solution and build ownership to take responsibilities.
 Consultation with the workforce place a vital role in achieving good standards of health and
safety and also helps in meeting the legislative requirements. Consultation would also
demonstrate management’s commitment towards health and safety.

22) Explain the difference between consulting and informing. (2)

 Consulting is a two way process in which the consensus of the workers are taken before
any change is implemented.
 Informing is a one way process of cascading the information within workforce.

23) Outline the factors that would determine the effectiveness of safety
committee. (8)
 Demonstration of commitment by both management and workers.
 Equal participation and balance by both management and workers.
 Agenda should be discussed, agreed and communicated in advance.
 Effective publicity given to discussions and recommendations.
 Minutes of meeting are recorded and distributed.
 Regular meeting at appropriate frequency.

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  Effective chairing of the meeting should be headed by safety conscious senior person.

24) Identify the benefits of training to employer and employee. (4), (4)
Benefits to the employer
 Increased productivity
 Decreased accidents
 Happy workforce
 Better reputation
 Business profitability

Benefits to employees
 Additional skill set
 Increased enthusiasm
 Ownership of responsibility
 Improved workers behaviour, attitude and risk perception.
 Enhances morale or competency.

25) Identify when health and safety training should be provided to workers.
(6)
 Introduction and key health and safety topics.
 After a significant change in job and process.
 After a significant change of technology or introduction of new technology.
 After a significant changes in legislation which conveys training to be provided for workforce.
 Following a catastrophic incident.
 After a sufficient period of time has been a lapsed since the previous training.

26) Identify the topics that should be included in the induction training for
new workers. (8)
 Organisation’s health and safety policy – targets.
 Fire and other emergency procedures – assembly point.
 Location of welfare facilities.
 Safe movement around the workplace.
 Incident reporting procedures.
 Workers consultation arrangements.
 General safety rules and employee code of practice.
 PPE – requirements and use.
 Introduction to risk assessments – JSA control.
 Co-operation and co-ordination.
 Dos and don’ts – drug abuse – disciplinary procedures.

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27) Outline the factors that should be considered when developing a
programme for health and safety training. (8)
 The type and function of the organisation.
 The hazard and risk profile.
 The accident history of the organisation.
 There may be statutory training requirements.
 The level of training previously provided together with the details of which employees have
been trained and when.
 Work schedules and workers availability.
 The possible cost implications of training.
 The possible need to involve the external sources.

28) Outline why it is important for an organisation to keep a training record

to provide each worker. (4)
 In order to ensure compliance with legislative requirement.
 To provide a documented proof for audits and investigation.
 To evaluate the effectiveness of training.
 To find out who has attend and what kind of further training should be provided.

29) Identify the measures that might be used to assess effectiveness of health
and safety training. (4)
 Regular monitoring such as inspection.
 Level of compliance with laid down procedures such as wearing PPE.
 Looking for indicators such as reduce accidents or incidents.

30) Outline the reasons why an experience worker may require additional
health and safety training. (8)
 After a significant changes in policy.
 After a significant change in geographical condition such as job location.
 Changes in work equipment and machineries.
 Increasing in accidents and ill-health.
 After visit by enforcement authority that workforce is required additional health and safety
training.
 Due to significant change in legislation by the government.
 Following a catastrophic incident.
 After a sufficient period of time has a lapsed since the previous training.

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31) Identify how induction training programme for new workers can help
reduce the number of accidents at workplace. (6)
 They will aware about site layout by adequate training.
 Workers will be aware of hazards and risks.
 The workers will be aware of control measures.
 By training programme will create awareness how to raise alarm in emergency.
 By training programme will create awareness about to deal with emergency condition.
 By training workers will aware about safe system of work and permit to work system.
 They will aware about dos and don’ts.
 Trainings enhances competency of workers.

32) Outline how health and safety training can improve health and safety at
work. (6)
 By ensuring awareness about site layout.
 By providing adequate training creates awareness about hazards and risks at workplace.
 The workers will be aware about control measures.
 By providing training create awareness about how to raise alarm in emergency.
 By training create awareness how to deal in emergency condition.
 By training worker will aware about safe system of work and permit to work system.
 Workers aware about dos and don’ts.

Risk assessment: Identifying preventive and protective measures by evaluating the risk arising
from a hazard, taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls and deciding whether or
not the risk is acceptable.

Risk assessment is a careful examination of the workplace to identify hazards and risks
associated with the task either to eliminate or control to them.

33) Outline the factors that an employer should consider when selecting the
individual to carry out a risk assessment for a new process. (8)
 Knowledge of legal requirement with respect to risk assessment.
 Experience and training in risk assessment techniques.
 Knowledge of activity, process and equipment involved.
 Technical knowledge with respect to plant and equipment.
 Good communication and report writing skills.
 Ability of interpretation between legislation and standards.
 Awareness of own limitations and situations where special assistance is required.

34) Outline the criteria for a risk assessment to be suitable and sufficient. (8)

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  State the name and competency of the risk assessor.
 Identify all the significant hazards and risks.
 Evaluate the risks.
 Identify employees and others at risk.
 Identify the control measures.
 Record the significant hazards and ignore the trivial.
 Be appropriate to the nature of the work.
 Residual risk is low.
 State the period of the time it is going to remain valid.

35) Identify four means of hazard identification that might be used at

workplace. (4)
 Task analysis – analysis of job components before the job starts.
 Legislation – standards, guidance documents.
 Manufacturer’s information – safe use, maintenance, clearing.
 Incident data – accident, near misses, ill-health.

36) Outline the key stages of risk assessment process and identify the issues
that need to be considered at each stages. (8)
Identify the hazards: The first stage involves the identification of hazard with respect to hazard to
health and hazard to safety. The hazards can be found by task analysis, legislation, manufacturer
information and incident data.

Identify the people who might be harm and how: This stage involves identification of
population of people at risk. Including vulnerable such as disabled workers, young workers, new
workers and expectant mother.

Evaluate the risk: The third stage involves evaluation of risk and deciding on precautions. The
evaluation of risk depends on two major aspects that likelihood and consequences. Deciding on
precautions depends on general hierarchy of control.

Record the finding: This stage involves the significant findings of risk assessment to be recorded.
Review: The risk assessment should be periodically reviewed and updated accordingly.

37) Give the meaning of term hierarchy of control. (2)

Hierarchy of control: The term hierarchy of control is the preferred service of control in order
to control the risk starting with elimination and ending with PPE.

38) Outline with example the general hierarchy of control that should be
applied when controlling health and safety risk at workplace. (8)

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Elimination: The best and the most preferred option is to eliminate the hazard. E.g. – the meeting
can be done via video conferencing rather than travelling.

Substituting: If hazards cannot be fully eliminated then substituting can be done. E.g. – replacing
hazardous substances by non-hazardous substances.

Engineering control: It can prevent exposure to the hazard. E.g. – local exhaust ventilation for
removal of dust, isolation, safety devices etc.

Administrative controls: These rely on procedures and behaviour. E.g. – safe system of work,
reduce time of exposure, information, instruction and training, supervision and safety signs.

PPE: Hard helmet, goggles, hard gloves, ear defenders, respiratory protector. It is the last line of
defence.

38) Outline the circumstances that would require a risk assessment to be

reviewed. (8)
 Any significant changes to workplace or process or design.
 Identification of hazards and risks associated with new process.
 New machinery, substances or procedures are introduced.
 Whenever there is any dangerous occurrence or catastrophic incidents.
 Increase in civil claims.
 To comply with new legislations introduced by government.
 Enforcement agency conveys.
 After a significant period of time has a lapsed since last review.

39) Identify the reasons why young person may be at higher risk of injury at
workplace. (4)
 Lack of experience
 Physical and mental maturity
 Poor risk perception
 Influenced by peer group
 Eagerness to work and under developed communication skills.

40) Identify the hazards associated to pregnant women at workplaces. (6)

 Certain chemical e.g. – lead
 Certain biology agents
 Manual handling
 Extreme temperature
 Whole body vibration
 Night shifts
 Stress
 Violence

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41) Identify work activity that may pose a particular risk to pregnant women
and give an example for each. (8)
 The work which requires bending or stooping movements. E.g. – housekeeping staff.
 The work which requires prolong standing. E.g. – promoting goods at malls.
 The work which requires lifting, pushing, pulling, lowering. E.g. – manual handling workers.
 The work which requires sting of heaps, over reaching. E.g. – supermarket checkout staff.
 The work which requires to deal with chemical and biological agent. E.g. – nursery and
paramedics.
 The work which requires whole body vibration. E.g. – air craft cabin crew or drivers.
 The work which requires prolong sitting. E.g. – call centre or BPO staff.
 The work which requires the work in steams or temperature. E.g. – chef

42) An employee in the busy kitchen had notified her employer that she is
pregnant.
Q. Outline the factors that an employer should consider when understanding
a specific risk assessment for this worker. (6), (8)
 The nature of task to be performed and the variety of work.
 The duration of task and the shift pattern.
 The involvement of manual handling activity such as lifting heavy cooking utensils.
 The ergonomic factors such as prolong standing while cleaning the utensils.
 Consideration of exposure of chemical during cleaning of utensils.
 Environmental aspects such as wet floor and possible exposure to heat.

43) Outline the actions that an employer may take when risk to new or
expectant mother. (4)
 Change the working hours, no night shifts and manual handling.
 Change the type of work like no housekeeping, stooping movements.
 Allow maternity leave.
 Allow additional breaks.
 Provide ergonomic design apparatus.

44) A) Outline the provisions that should be considered to help ensure to

health and safety of disabled worker. (6)
 To provide special vibrating signals or flashing light to the employees having hearing
problem in case of emergency.
 To provide separate route to fire exit and should be clearly visible.
 Assembly point near the disabled workers building.
 Develop the safe system of work.
 Separate escape route.

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  Separate environment and welfare facilities.
 To provide with ergonomic design tools and equipment.

B) Identify the further category of workers who may require special case
application. (2)
 Lone worker
 Expectant and nursing mother.
 Young persons.

45) Identify the reasons why visitors in a workplace may be at higher risk of
injury than workers. (2)
 Due to unawareness about site layout and hazards and risks associated with workplace.
 Due to unfamiliar about emergency procedures.

46) Identify the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk injury to
visitors at workplace. (6)
 Ensure awareness about hazards and risks at workplace.
 Provide co-ordinator to supervise visitors throughout the site.
 Restrict access to areas where higher risk activities take place.
 Provide training related fire emergency procedures.
 Provide different reflective jacket to identify visitors clearly on site.
 Provide suitable PPE to the visitors while they are inside the site visit.
 Highlight hazards with signage and barricading.

47) Outline how an organisation can decide whether risk is acceptable. (4)
 The likelihood of occurring and the impact on the number of people effecting risk is
acceptable.
 By evaluating the risk and implementing the precautions based on hierarchy of control.
 Deciding on the risk ratings with respect to colour coding on risk assessments.
 Ensure the existing controls are proportionate to risk and the further controls need the
criteria for residual risk.
 The level of risk can be acceptable by the organisation when risk level falls in alarm.

48) Outline the principles of risk prevention that can be used to when
applying controls at workplace. (8)
 Eliminate or avoid risk.
 Evaluate the risk which cannot be avoided.

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  Combat risk at source.
 Adapt the work to individual.
 Adapt to technical progress.
 Replace dangerous with non-dangerous.
 Develop an overall coherent prevention policy.
 Giving collective measures, priority over individual ones.
 Giving appropriate instructions to employees.

49) Identify four types of signs and give an example of each. (4)
 Prohibition e.g. – no smoking
 Mandatory e.g. – wearing nose mask
 Safe place e.g. – assembly point
 Warnings e.g. – forklift operation

50) Identify the reasons why PPE should be considered only after other
measures. (8)
 Does not remove hazard
 Only protect the wearer
 Requires good fit
 Relies on wearer
 Requires trainings
 Uncomfortable
 May increase overall risk
 Unpopular so often unworn
 Fails to danger
 Not good if wrongly selected
 Contamination
 Incompatible
 Expensive long term

51) Outline the factors that an employer should consider when developing a
programme of training to managers. (8)
 Induction and key health and safety topics.
 After a significant change in job and process.
 After a significant change of technology or introduction of new technology.
 After a significant changes in legislation which conveys training to be provided for workforce.
 Following a catastrophic incident.
 After a sufficient period of time has been a lapsed since the previous training.

52) Give the meaning of term safe system of work (SSOW). (2)

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SSOW: It is the integration of people, equipment, material and environment to produce
acceptable level of safety.

53) Outline why it is important for an organisation to involve workers in

development of SSOW. (8)
 The workers involved should take an active part in all stage of both the development and
review of SSOW.
 The practical knowledge and skills provide information on the risks, including unusual ones
and methods of working.
 They can contribute by assessing plans and written documentation.
 Provide feedback on effectiveness of system in practice.
 Workers to gain a deeper understanding of the hazards and risks and the way in which the
safe system of work will minimize those risks.
 Give ownership and commitment to the safe working methods to workers.
 Help to develop a positive safety culture.

54) Outline information that should be given to employees in the training

session of SSOW. (8)
 Legal compliance pertaining to safe system of work.
 Importance of having permit to work system.
 Hazards and risks associated with people, plant, equipment and environment.
 Importance of control measures.
 Importance of personal hygiene.
 Communication and level of supervision
 Adequacy of existing control measures.
 To create awareness about hazards and risks
 To provide information and instructions about job/task.
 To inform about control measures.
 In case of emergency provide information
 Previous accidents should be informed
 Egress and access at workplace.

55) Outline the importance of having a written procedures of SSOW. (6)

 Documenting SSOW provides a precise reference for all workers.
 Ensure consistency of method.
 Passing information via “word of mouth” is an unrealistic method of communication and
prone to errors.
 A reference for use in training and instruction in safe procedures.
 Creative and definitive document is a way of ensuring consistency.
 The recording of SSOWs may be in the form of short notes, manuals detailing steps to take.
 SSOW documentation and checklist for employees’ aids to check correct steps are taken.

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  Written SSOW also establish a standard which can be audited.
 For legal reasons such as an investigation.

56) Using practical example, outline what is meant by the following type of
control under SSOW?
A) Technical (2)
B) Procedure (2)
C) Behavioural (2)
Technical or engineering control: Applied directly to the hazard in order to minimize the risk. e.g.
– absorption to reduce.

Procedural controls: The way in which work should be carried out in relation to the hazard.
Procedures will relate to the correct operation of technical control. E.g. – policies developed by
organisation.

Behavioural control: Individual attitudes and aptitudes to be considered to bring in behaviour

issues. E.g. – training both theoretical and practical.

57) Outline the factors that should be considered when developing SSOW. (8)
People: For whom is the SSOW for, what levels of competence or technical ability should they have,
are they exposed persons involved, how many people are working on the task.

Equipment: What plant or equipment will be worked on, what equipment will be used, what safety
equipment will be required, what are the hazards associated.

Material: What materials will be used or handle during the work, what are the hazards of the
materials, how will waste be disposed of.

Environment: In what type of environment will the work take place. E.g. – space, light, and
temperature. Might any of these factor increase risk or need to be controlled.

58) Identify two examples of confined space that may be found within the
workplaces. (2)
 Boilers
 Tankers
 Bunkers

59) Identify the factors you need to consider when developing a SSOW for
confined space. (8)

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  Level of supervision
 Competency requirement who enters into confined space.
 Communication system should be used adequacy between entrance and exit.
 Atmospheric testing or monitoring.
 Ventilation should be done positively for removal of toxic gases from out of confined space.
 Removal of residues
 Isolation, lock off of in-feeds and out-feeds.
 Isolation, lock off of electrical or mechanical hazards.
 PPE
 Access or egress – barricading or signage for unauthorised of access and egress.
 Fire prevention
 Adequate lighting
 Suitability of individuals
 Emergency rescue or procedures such as fire fighting, medical equipment.

60) Outline the factors to be considered to help reduce to risk a worker who
require to work alone. (6)
 Remote supervision
 Logging worker’s location
 Mobile phones and radios
 Lone worker alarm system
 Procedure for lone workers
 Emergency procedure for lone workers
 Training for workers
 PTW

61) Give the meaning of term permit to work. (2)

Permit to work: A permit to work system is a formal, documental safety procedures, forming parts
of a safe system of work, which ensures that all necessary actions are taken before, during and after
particularly high risk work which is non-routine in nature.

62) Outline the key elements of permit to work system. (8)

Issue – pre job checks
 Description of work to be carried out.
 Description of plant and location.
 Assessment of hazards.
 Permit number.
 Identification of control.
 Additional permit e.g. – hot work
- Isolation services
- PPE

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 - Emergency procedures

Receipt
 Signature of the authorised person – issuer person.
 Signature of the competent person receiving the permit.

Clearance – hand back of permit

 Workers sign to say they have left the job site and equipment can restart.

Cancellation
 Authorised person accepts plant back and can remove isolation etc.
 Plant is now returned to the control of the “site”.

Extension
 On request for additional period of time to continue work, both issuer and receiver has to
sign on permit.

63) Identify three types of activities which typically requires permit to work
system and give a reason for requirement in each case. (8)
Hot work
 Permit systems are to control hot work where naked flames will be used. E.g. – propane,
butane, oxy torches.
 Where a significant ignition source will be created. E.g. – welding or grinding operation.

Machinery maintenance
 Maintenance work includes the removal or disabling of safe guards and control systems.
 This generates high risk that might be best controlled using a permit system.

Confined space
 Entry into confined system spaces can be extremely hazardous, so should always be under
the control of a permit to work system.
 The entry of confined spaces also hazardous due to presence of toxic, flammable and O2
deficient atmosphere.

64) Why it is an important for an organisation to develop emergency

procedure in the workplace. (6)
 To provide safety of the workers.
 To comply legal requirement.
 To enhance business reputation.
 For reduction in down time loss.
 To provide safety awareness of the workers.
 To increase and maintain happy workforce.
 Neighbourhood safety.

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65) Identify four types of emergency that would require an organisation to
have emergency procedures. (4)
 Fire
 Bomb threat
 External violation and arson
 Release of toxic gas
 Natural calamities

66) Identify two main purpose of first aid treatment. (2)

 To preserve life
 To prevent deterioration
 To promote recovery

67) Outline why visitors to workplace should be informed about

organisation’s emergency procedures. (6)
 The visitors in a workplace should be informed of an organisation’s procedures because they
are usually unfamiliar with the site layout.
 They are unaware about activities that are being carried out involving risk with it.
 The visitors are unaware about alarm pattern and the type of emergency they signify.
 The visitors are unaware of refuge state, escape routes, assembly point etc.
 It is a legal requirement in many countries to inform the visitors about emergency
procedures.

68) Outline the factors to be consider when carrying out an assessment of

first aid requirements in the workplace. (8)
 Size of the organisation.
 The nature and distribution of the workforce.
 Nature of the work.
 Types of hazards and risks.
 Past accident and injury types.
 Remoteness from injury services.
 Travelling, remote and lone workers.
 Need to train personnel in special procedures.
 Need to cover in absence of first aiders.

69) Outline what an organisation should consider in order to have effective

first aid arrangement. (8)

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 Size of the organisation should be considered to have effective first aid arrangement.
 By consideration of the nature and distribution of the workforce.
 Nature of the work should be considered.
 Types of hazards and risks should be considered.
 Considering past accident and injury types.
 Remoteness from injury services should be considered.
 Consideration of travelling, remote and lone workers.
 Considering to train personnel I special procedures.
 Considering to cover in absence of first aiders.

Element 4

Health and safety management system – check

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01) Identify the reasons for monitoring with regards to health and safety. (6)
 To identify sub – standard health and safety practices.
 Identify trends
 To benchmarking
 Identify use and effectiveness of control measures.
 Make decisions on unsuitable remedial measures.
 Compare actual performance.
 Set priorities and establish realistic timescale.
 Assess compliance with legal requirements.
 Provide information to Board, Committees etc.

02) Give the meaning of term –

Active monitoring: Active monitoring procedures include the monitoring of performance
standards and the systematic inspection of plant and premises.

Reactive monitoring: Reactive monitoring procedures include the quantitative analysis report of
the functioning of the HSMS standards.

03) Outline four active and reactive monitoring method that can be used
when assessing the organisations health and safety performance. (8)
Active/proactive monitoring
 Safety inspection – routine inspection, statutory inspection, periodic inspection.
 Safety sampling
 Safety surveys – environmental monitoring, structural & staff surveys.
 Safety tours
 Benchmarking
 Health surveillance

Reactive monitoring
 Accident data
 Ill – health data
 Absenteeism data
 Claims record
 Number of complaints reported by worker
 Prosecutions
 Enforcement notices

Safety inspection: A safety inspection involves the straight forward observation of a workplace and
the activities or equipment with it.

04) Outline the role of health and safety inspection of a workplace. (2)
 The role of health and safety inspection is to identify the health and safety of what is being
inspected and what improvements are needed.

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  The aim of health and safety inspection is to identify the hazards and to determine the
effectiveness of controls.
 Generally the health and safety inspections are carried out competent inspector added with
check list.

05) Identify the two strength of using a checklist when carrying out
inspection. (2)
 Ensure all points are covered.
 Consistent approach

06) Identify the two weaknesses of using a checklist when carrying out
inspection. (2)
 May ignore items not on checklist.
 May tempt people who are unauthorised to carry out inspection.
 Does not encourage the inspector to think beyond the scope of checklist.
 Checklist can be obsolete (out of date).

07) A serious accident has occurred. During the investigation it is found that
the inspection of work had taken before the accident.
Q. Outline the possible reasons why the inspection did not lead to unsafe
situation being corrected. (8)
 The inspection was carried out by incompetent inspector.
 The unsafe situation may have not identified during the inspection.
 If identified, no timely, actions were not taken.
 All areas of inspection were not covered in checklist or checklist can be obsolete.
 Many items on checklist ignored by the inspector.
 No structured process for carrying out inspection.
 Inspection had been carried out by unauthorised persons.
 Lack of management commitment towards unsafe conditions.

08) Outline the factors that would determine the frequency of workplace
inspections. (8)
 Statutory requirements may dictate and inspection frequency.
 The activities are being carried out and the level of risk.
 How well establish the process is e.g. - new equipment may require more frequent
monitoring.
 Risk assessments may suggest inspection as a control measures.
 Manufacturer may take recommendations as to inspections frequency and content.
 The presence of vulnerable workers e.g. – young persons.
 Findings from previous inspections, which may suggest compliance concerns.
 Accident history and results of investigation.
 Enforcement authorities may recommend inspections.
 Whether workers have voiced concerns.

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09) Identify the reasons why it is important to investigate an accident. (8)
 To find out the immediate causes and root causes.
 To record the facts suggest such as what, where, why and how.
 To put up the control measures in order to prevent reoccurrence.
 To meet the legal requirements.
 For the purpose of insurance claim.
 To find out the possible cost implications.
 To find out the nature in trends of accidents.
 To measure the health and safety performance of an organisation.
 To enhance the staff morale and business reputation.

10) Identify the reasons why it is important to investigate near misses. (6), (8)
 To identify the main causes of near misses.
 To put up the control measures in order to avoid major accidents.
 To give a correct signal to workforce that all incidents are taken seriously, not that those
leading to injuries.
 To demonstrate management commitment.
 To meet the legal requirements.
 To under the deficiencies in management system.
 To find out the unsafe actions and behaviour of workers.

11) Outline the key stages of investigation. (8)

OR
Outline the process for investigating accidents. (8)
Gathering of information: The first key process of investigation is gathering of information to
establish what exactly had happened at the location including the time and the persons involved.
The gathering of information can be done with three aspects such as physical, human and
documents.

Analysing the information: The second stage involves to analyse the information what has been
gathered. The main function of this stage is to identify the immediate and root causes.

Identify the risk control: This stage involves the identification of existing and its effectiveness and
what further controls are required to prevent such accidents.

Create and implement the action plan: The final stage would be to produce the action plan with
recommendations, resources implication, priority and allocation of responsibilities.

12) Outline the principles of good interview in techniques to be used when

interviewing witness. (8)
 Interviewing witnesses promptly after an accident to avoid lapses of memory and confusion.
 Do not interview more than one person at a time.
 The interview should be conducted in a quiet room with no distractions.
 Establish a rapport.
 Explain the purpose of interview, not about blame.

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  Use open questions e.g. – who? what? Where? When? Why? How?
 Interviewer should keep an open mind.
 Interviewer should take notes.
 Ask for a written statement.
 At last, thanks the witness.

13) A worker is struck by a load being carried out on a pallet by a forklift

truck.
Q. Outline the possible immediate cause and root cause. (8)
Immediate cause
 Failure to secure the pallet.
 Poor positioning of the truck close to the pedestrian exit.
 Aggressive braking by the driver.
 Inattentive pedestrian steps into the path of the forklift truck.

Underlying or root causes

 No training for driver.
 Lack of segregation of vehicles and pedestrians.
 Poor driver induction.
 Poor truck maintenance.
 No refresher training.

14) Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should be taken
following an accident. (6)
 Make sure the well-being of injured.
 Preserve the scene by taking pictures and fencing.
 Report the incident to senior management.
 Report the incident to the family of victims.
 Assemble the investigation team.
 Investigate using structured process.
 Handle external relations.

15) Explain how accident data can be used to improve health and safety
performance within organisation. (4)
Organisation can use accident data to improve health and safety performance by conducting
thorough investigation to identify the causes and put up the controls. Accident data can also be used
to measure the compliance and non-compliance and to analyse the nature of trends of accident
which can help in learning form such mistakes and avoiding accidents.

16) Identify the reasons for reporting of incident within an organisation. (6)
OR

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Identify the reasons why an organisation should have trend for reporting
incident. (6)
 To trigger the provision of first aid.
 To preserve accident scene.
 Enable investigation to be carried out to prevent recurrence.
 Legal requirement to report the incident.
 Record for civil claims.

17) Identify the reasons why workers will not report the incidents at the
workplace. (8)
 Unclear organisation policy.
 No reporting system in the workplace.
 Culture of not reporting due to peer group pressure.
 Overly – complicated reporting procedures.
 Excessive paperwork.
 Takes too much time.
 Blame culture.
 Apathy – poor management response.
 Concern over impact on organisation/individuals.
 Reluctance to receive first aid treatment.

18) Outline the information that should be included in the investigation. (8)
OR
Identify the typical content of accident investigation report. (8)
 Name and address of casualty.
 Date and time of accident.
 Location of accident.
 Details of injury.
 Details of treatment given.
 Description of event causing injury.
 Details on any equipment or substance involved.
 Witness names and contact details.
 Details of person completing the record.
 Drawings, sketches, possible cost.
 Signature.

19) Identify possible consequences injury to a worker. (4)

 Permanent disability, fatality.
 Damage to morale.
 Job lost
 Family suffering
 Loss of employment

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20) In addition to the management, outline who else may need to know the
outcome of investigation. (4)
 Enforcement authorities with respect to information required by law.
 The emergency services for the further treatment process.
 Legal representations or courts that would have given information regarding civil claims.
 For insurance company for insurance claims.
 External auditors during health and safety audit.

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 Element 5
Health and safety management system – Act

01) Identify the methods of gathering information during health and safety
audit. (2)
 Documents
 Interview
 Observation

02) Distinction between audits and inspections.

Audit
 Has the aim of assessing the HSMS of the organisation.
 A long process involving the examination of the entire management system.
 Based primarily on review of documentary evidence, backed up by some observations and
interviews of personnel at all level.
 Long, comprehensive report that records areas of concern and weakness in the
management system.
 Detailed planning required; required considerable resources.
 Typically done annually.

Inspection
 Has the aim of assessing the use and effectiveness of the control measures.
 A relatively short process looking at the practices in part of the workplace.
 Primarily based in observations, perhaps involving limited scrutiny of operators.
 Short report identifying key corrective actions.
 Only limited planning and main resources required is the inspector’s time.
 Usually done on a weekly, monthly or quarterly basis.

03) Identify the written information which is likely to be examined during

health and safety audit. (8)
 Health and safety policy.
 Safety procedures – safe system of work.
 Risk assessment
 Training records
 Inspection records
 Previous audit report
 Safety committee minutes
 Accident reports and procedures
 Legal requirements to be complied.

04) Identify advantages and disadvantages of internal audit.

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 Advantages
 Easier to arrange
 No cost as the auditor is from the organisation.
 Employees they may not feel so threatened.

Disadvantages
 Could be influenced by internal relationships.
 The conclusions may not be taken seriously.
 The auditor may make assumption.

05) Identify advantages and disadvantages of external audit.

Advantages
 Auditors will be completely independent.
 Auditors will ask questions and not make assumption.
 Auditor is unbiased.
 More weight may be given to their conclusion.

Disadvantage
 Require more time to organise.
 Expensive
 Employees may feel for threatened.

06) Identify the reasons why audits findings to be presented to the most
senior management of the organisation. (4)
 Senior management should know the audit findings as they are ultimately responsible to
carry out actions correcting non-conformities.
 To know the number of non-conformities and its specific areas.
 To review the action plan and target dates.
 To assign competent staff to close out audit findings within the time frame.

07) Outline the reasons why an organisation should review its health and
safety performance. (8)
 Determine cause to prevent recurrence.
 Identify weakness in management system.
 Identify weakness in risk assessment.
 Demonstrate management commitment.
 Comply with country’s legal requirements.
 Collect data to establish losses.
 Provide information to insurance company.
 Provide information for civil or criminal actions.
 To meet the requirements of shareholders.

08) Identify the documents which are likely to be examined health and safety
management system review. (8)

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  Health and safety policy.
 Safety procedures – safe system of work.
 Risk assessment
 Training records
 Inspection records
 Previous audit report
 Safety committee minutes
 Accident reports and procedures
 Enforcement notices
 Workers complaints records.
 Legal requirements to be complied.

09) Identify the reasons why it is important that the outcome of review must
be presented to the most senior person of organisation such as MD or CEO.
(4)
 Responsible and accountable for health and safety performance.
 Must ensure that adequate resources are available.
 Establish, implement and maintain a formal written health and safety program that
encompasses all areas of significant health and safety risk.
 Approve, introduce and monitor all site health and safety policies, rules and procedures.
 Review annually the effectiveness and revision of health and safety program.

10) Identify why it is important that all person in an organisation should

aware of their roles and responsibilities. (6)
 All the workers in the organisation should aware of their roles and responsibilities because
they need to know what contribution they have to make with respect to health and safety.
 A clear delegation of roles and responsibilities help assessing share the workload with
respect to health and safety.
 It will help the employees to ensure their own health and safety & health and safety of
colleagues.
 If the employees are aware about their roles and responsibilities so that they can take
ownership and commitment.
 It helps in refraining of doing unwanted things or disabling any protective devices which is
provided for health and safety.
 If workers are aware about their roles and responsibilities it will help in developing and
promoting a positive safety culture.

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 ELEMENT- 1
WORKPLACE HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL

1. Identify the welfare and work environment that should be provided at

workplace. (8)
WELFARE
 Drinking water should be provided.
 Provide with washing facilities.
 Provide with sanitary conveniences.
 Provide changing rooms for men and women.
 Provide accommodation for clothing.
 Resting and eating rooms should be provided.
 Transport facilities should be provided.
 Prayer rooms for workers should be provided.

WORK ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENT

 Provided with seating facilities.
 Provide with adequate ventilation.
 Heating facilities - reasonable temperature should be maintained.
 Adequate lighting should be provided.
 Space – provide with adequate space.
 Noise - control of noise if needed.

2. “Office workers are relocate to new premises excluding welfare

facilities”

Outline the factors allocated at new workplace that should be considered

when reviewing the health and safety requirements for workers . (8)

 Consideration of access and egress with respect to new premises.

 Considering the population of workers and the activities that are being
performed.
 Space factor - workers should not collide with each other while performing
the task.
 Considering of work station with appropriate seating.
 Consideration of hazards and risks involved with new premises.
 Environmental factor - illumination, ventilation, humid and temperature,
noise etc.
 Considering the emergency arrangements such as escape routes, assembly
point with respect for new premises.

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3. Identify the possible adverse health effects of working in hot
environment. (4)
HEALTH EFFECTS OF HOT ENVIRONMENT
 Dehydration- water is lost as a result of sweating.
 Muscle cramps - as a result of salt loss through sweating.
 Heat stress - where core temperature 37*C cannot be controlled and start to
increase, causes discomfort, lethargy, headaches and fainting.
 Heat exhaustion a precursor to heat stroke.
 Heat stroke - where core temperature increases rapidly causes hallucination,
coma and death.

4. Identify the possible adverse health effects of working in cold
environment. (4)
HEALTH EFFECTS OF COLD ENVIRONMENT
 Hypothermia – difficult in maintaining body’s core temperature.
 Frost bite- involving in freezing of skin tissues.
 A reduction in heart rate and persistent shivering.
 Chilblains – causing redness, tingling in the affected areas.

5. Outline the precaution that should be taken to reduce the risk of

workers working in sub-zero temperature at cold store. (6), (8)
 Pre- employment screening of workers by carrying out health surveillance to
fit in cold storage areas.
 Shielding of lagging the cold surfaces including the tools.
 Provide with job specific trainings to create awareness about the use of PPE
and possible health effects.
 Restricting the time spent working in cold stores by inducing the job
rotational shifts.
 The provision of wearing thermal clothing such as under garment, jackets,
gloves, foot wear and balaclavas.
 Provide with access to warm foods and drinks during breaks.

6. Give the meaning of term work related violence. (2)

Work related violence: Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened
or assaulted in any circumstances relating to their work.
7. Identify the reasons why a member of public may behave violently
towards worker. (2), (6)
 Member of public was not given enough attention to his enquiry.

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  Misunderstanding between member of public and worker.
 Member of public might be under the state of alcohol.
 Sometimes workers have rude approach towards member of public.
 The location of worker where the work has been assign.
 The duration of time and physical appearance of worker.

8. Outline the precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of

violence at workplaces. (8)
 Provide security between public waiting areas and staff areas.
 Provide with cashless transaction such as e – payment.
 Provide with to maintain queue management information system.
 Provide with video surveillance such as CCTV both inside and outside of
premises.
 Provide with security guards specially in isolated areas such as parking areas,
and trouble spots
 Provide employee training to identify the early signs of aggression and
violence.
 Provide employees training both in terms of soft skills and self-defence.
 Develop zero tolerance policy for the misuse of drugs and alcohol, bullying
within premises.

9. Outline the control measures that should be taken to reduce the risk of
violence in a hospital.
 High screen cash counter should be provided.
 Provide with staff escape route.
 Provide with panic alarms to notify in case of emergency.
 Provide with video surveillance such as CCTV both inside and outside.
 Provide with security guards especially in isolated areas, such as parking lots
and trouble spots.
 Provide employee training to identify the early signs of aggression and
violence.
 Provide employee training both in terms of soft skills and self – defence.
 Develop zero tolerance policy for the misuse of drugs and alcohol, bullying
within premises.

10. Identify the two types of substance miss use at workplace. (2)
 Alcohol
 Legal or illegal drugs(Narcotics)
 Solvents(Inhalation)

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11. Identify the general symptoms for the misuse of drugs and alcohol on
workers. (2), (4)
 Late attendance
 Increased absenteeism
 Poor work quality
 Reduce output
 Dishonesty
 Theft
 Mood swings
 Poor relationship

12. Outline the effective control measures that an employer should take to
reduce the misuse the substances at workplace. (6), (8)
 By developing a zero tolerance policy for the misuse of drugs and alcohol
within premises.
 By providing competence site security to carry out frisking.
 Provision of breathe analyser within the premises to find out the possibilities
of alcohol.
 Provide with video surveillance such as CCTV especially at isolated place for
key monitoring.
 Ensure the workplaces are adequately illuminated and guarded.
 Provide with high impact intervention trainings of the misuse of substances
at workplace.

13. Outline the main causes of slip trips and fall in workplaces. (8)
 Poorly maintained surfaces or uneven surfaces.
 Slippery surfaces such as wet floor or spillages.
 Smooth surfaces such as highly polished marbles.
 Trailing cables across the walkways or doorways.
 Obstructions on the floor or pathways.
 Not wearing adequate slip resistance foot wear.
 Task factor such as improper manual handling.
 Individual factor such as lack of knowledge and training.
 Behavioural factor such as not following the rules and regulations.
 Environment factor such as inadequate illumination.
14. Outline the control measure that should be taken to reduce the risk of
slip, trips and falls. (8)
 Proper designing of site layout to prevent slip, trips and falls.

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  Good housekeeping is most basic and fundamental aspect to prevent slip,
trips and falls.
 Providing with specific training to the workers on maintaining brisk walking.
 Usages of housekeeping requirements such as cones, caution board and
warning tapes.
 Provide with adequate slip resistance foot wear.
 Emphasize on avoiding carrying combustion objects while walking.
 Provision of adequate illumination within premises.

15. Outline precaution that should be considered to prevent accident to

children who may be tempted to gain access to a construction site. (8)
 Provide with competed security and ensure that all the entrances and exits
are adequately chained and guarded.
 Provide with high perimeter fencing across the construction site to keep the
children away from construction hazard.
 Provide with video surveillances for key monitoring.
 Ensure the heavy equipment are parked in the designated areas.
 Ensure the material is unloaded within the compound of site.
 Notification has to be issued within the vicinity to create awareness about
construction hazards.

16. Identify the hazard access fragile and pitched marbles.

 Fragile roof material
 Roof edges
 Slippery, sloping roof surface
 Materials falling from roof
 Manual handling
 Contact with overhead electricity cables
 Hot bitumen

17. An activity taking place and work at height cannot be carried out from
an existing permanent workplace.
A) Identify suitable work equipment that could be used in order to help
reduce the risk of people falling from height. (4)
 Fixed scaffolds
 Mobile tower crane scaffold
 MEWP platform
 Ladders and suspended scaffolds

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 B) Outline the circumstances that could require a worker to be rescued
when working at height. (6)
 Rescue of those workers who has fallen from height got protected by full
body harness.
 Rescue of those workers who fallen from height but got protected from
safety net.
 Rescue of those workers when MEWP got struck in raised position.
 Rescue of those workers who got collapsed on the scaffold due to high
temperatures or due to acrophobia.
 Rescue of those workers on scaffold which got collapsed and protected by
guardrail system.

C) Outline the precaution that could help reduce risk of falling materials
when work is being carried out at height. (10)
 Employers must ensure that no objects is thrown or tipped from height
 Materials must be stocked and stored in such a way that they don’t
collapse and roll over.
 Areas that have risk of falling objects due to the work process must have
measure to prevent unauthorized entrance.

18. “Periodic maintenance on a large item of machinery will require

workers to work at height.” (8)
A) Outline the factors to be considered in order to assess working at
height risk.
 The nature and duration of task.
 Considering the access to carry out the work on machinery.
 Considering the competency of the people.
 Considering the energy sources with respect to machinery maintenance.
 Conceding on contact with overhead power lines, pipes, beams.
 Environmental factor such as illumination, humid, ventilation etc.
 Considering the usage of equipment and falling objects.
 Considering the legal compliances with respect to maintenance.

B) Identify the three types of objects that could fall and hit a person
below when work is carried out at height. (2)
 Machinery items or materials.
 Tools and equipment
 Debris
 PPE

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 C) Outline the reason why accident may occur on stairs. (4)
 Poor design of staircases, for e.g. - too step or too narrow.
 In adequate illumination for carrying objects.
 Slippery cases on stairs.
 Not using handrail system especially in ascending and descending.

D) Identify the ways in which accident can be preventing on the stair.

(4)
 The design of stairs is well and equal level in sizes.
 Regular housekeeping regimes
 Adequate lighting on the stairs
 Eliminate materials or objects likely to cause tripping
 Eliminate the storage location of materials in pedestrian

19. Identify the factor that an employer considered when selecting the
personal head protection to use for worker. (4), (6)
 The nature of the work
 The compatibility with other PPE
 The need involved chain strap or screw tie.
 The impact resistant
 Considering the legal compliances.

20. Identify the hazard associated with the use of step ladders and outline
precautions of them. (4), (4)
HAZARD
 Falls from height
 Tripling side ways

PRECAUTION

 Daily inspection before use

 Legs fully open
 Locking devices in place
 Firm and level ground
 Don’t work of top two step
 Avoid side on working
 Avoid over reaching

21. SCAFFOLD

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 Scaffold is the temporary structure use to support people and material in the
construction and repair of buildings and other large structure.

22. Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of the scaffolds
should be inspected. (4)
 Scaffolds should be inspected after the erection and before the first use.
 Subsequent to any alteration or modification.
 Subsequent to any event that may have reduced stability of the scaffolding
such as being hit by a moving vehicle.
 Subsequent to any adverse weather conditions such as rainfall, high wind etc.
 At a regular intervals of 7 days.

23. Identify the reasons why a scaffold may collapse. (8)

 Overload work on platform
 Scaffold built on soft ground without use of adequate sole boards
 Scaffold not tied adequately to building
 Insufficient bracing incorporated into scaffold
 Standards not upright
 High winds
 Incorrect couplers used to join tubes together
 Scaffold struck by mobile plant
 Scaffold erected by incompetent workers
 Scaffold not inspected prior to use
 Soil erosion at the base.

“An independent tied scaffold is to be erected on a building in a busy

town centre location”
24. Outline the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk of injury
to the member of public during erection and the use of scaffold. (8)
 Provision of barricading and signage to prevent unauthorised access and
egress prior to erection work.
 Provide with FOPS to reduce the risk to members of public during the
erection and the use of scaffold from falling objects.
 Provide with tool linnet for scaffolders during erection.
 Limiting the usage of material on scaffold working platform and ensure the
material is centred and secured.
 Provision of safety nets for the accumulation of falling objects.
 Ensure there are no wide gaps on the scaffold platform.

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  Ensure scaffold is equipped with guardrails and toe boards.
 It possible designs separate pathways for movement of people

“Maintenance workers are replacing fluorescein tubes on the roof space

of busy warehouse using MEWPs”
25. Identify the possible hazard associated with the task. (10)
 Working at height with possibilities of falling from height.
 Coming in contact with overhead cranes or structures.
 Coming in contact with electrical fittings, leads to electrocution.
 Possibility to collision with moving forklift.
 Instability of MEWPs can result in overturning.
 Possibilities of entrapment hazard.
 Possibility of falling object.
 Possibility of musculoskeletal disorder to worker.
 Environmental hazard such as humidity, temperature, in sufficient lighting
and exposer of dust.

26. Identify eight safe working practices for the use of mobile tower
scaffold. (8)
 Guardrail fitted to the work platform
 Tower must not be overloaded
 Wheels should be locked when the tower is in use
 Tower must be sited on firm, level ground
 People and materials should not remain on the tower when it is moved
 Care should be taken to avoid overheads when the tower is moved
 Outriggers should be used where necessary to ensure stability
 People should not climb up the outside of the tower
 Tower must be built by trained workers

27. Outline measures to be taken to ensure the safety of maintenance

workers and others who may be affected by the work. (10)
 Notification has to be issued within organisation.
 By placing of MEWP on firm and stable ground.
 Barricading and signage to prevent unauthorised access and egress.
 The work should be done in unsocial hours.
 Competent workers should be appointed.
 Out rigger should be fully extended.
 Provision of guardrail.
 Carry limited material on the platform.

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  Toe boards should be provided.
 Overhead crane should be isolated.
 High impact training should be provided to workers.

MEWP

Precautions

 Firm and stable ground

 Clearance of obstructions and overhead
 Barriers to exclude vehicles etc.
 Guardrails
 Control inside the cradle

28. Outline the possible hazard associated with demolition work. (8)
 Premature collapse of building.
 Falling from height and risk of manual handling.
 Vehicles may collide with pedestrians.
 Live overheads – contact with power lines.
 Buried services – damage to underground buried services or utilities.
 Asbestos – presence of sharp objects, grasses, planters etc.
- Presence of ACM and PCB

 Physical hazards such as noise, dust and vibration.

 Presence of flammables can lead to fire and explosion.
 Biological hazards such as stagnant water and termites.

29. Outline the control measures should be taken for demolition works. (8)
 Structural surveys should be carried out by competent person to find out the
strength and stability of building.
 Barricading and signage to prevent unauthorised access and egress.
 Isolation of overhead power lines and underground utilities.
 Careful removal of combustibles with the use of elephant trunk.
 Careful removal of ACM and PCBs.
 Use of sprinkler system to separate dust.
 Eliminate working at height if it is possible or provide the means of
preventive fall.
 Provision of PPE to the workers.
 Emergency procedures such as fire fighting, medical assistant and ERT.

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 EXCAVATION
An excavation is any man made cut, cavity, trench or depression in the
earth’s surface formed by earth removal. This can include for anything.

30. “A three meters deep trench has to dig up across car parking”
A) Identify the hazards associated with task. (10)
 The possibility of vehicles or people falling into unprotected excavation
 Collapse of the sides walls
 Contact with buried services
 Ingress of water
 Build- up of fumes or being struck by falling materials
 Biological hazards such as leptospirosis

B) For the above hazards identify or outline the control measures to reduce
the risk during this activity. (10)
 Use of excavation support to prevent the collapse of the side walls
 Barriers may be required to protect edge of an excavation to prevent falls of
people, materials, and vehicles.
 Crossing points in an excavation should be at designed points and be of
sound construction to support all types of vehicles and equipment.
 Lighting and warning signs warn of the presence of an excavation.
 Positioning and routing of vehicles, plant & equipment should be carefully
considered to prevent object falling into excavation.
 Identification and marking of buried services.

31. “Excavating near underground utilities.”
A) Outline precaution required to avoid to risk of contact with
underground services. (4)




B) – Outline precautions when working in vicinity of power head lines. (4)

ELEMENT- 2
TRANSPORT HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
1. Outline the activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving
that could result in risk of injury. (4), (6)

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  Maintenance work which requires workers to lift manual handle of heavy
parts of vehicle.
 Risk of musculoskeletal disorder which requires workers to adopt awkward
postures during maintenance activity.
 Falls from height during securing and sheeting of loads.
 Crush injuries during coupling and attaching trailers.
 Possibility to getting trapped and crushed during tipping operations.

2. Identify the reasons why vehicles may not be able to stop effectively.
(4), (6)
 Driver error E.g. - driving too fast.
 Environmental condition e.g. - mud on the road.
 Mechanical failure e.g. - Brakes fail
 Skid
 Collision
 Over turn of the vehicle.

3. Outline the factors that may lead to pedestrians being hit by a moving
vehicle in a workplace. (8)
 Lack of designated walkways for pedestrians.
 Poor visibility at the workplace.
 No safety signage (ill defined)
 Ill define traffic rules at the workplace.
 Incompetency of the driver.
 Mechanical failure such as brakes fail.
 Presence of trouble spots.
 Over speed of the vehicle.
 Poor maintenance of the vehicle.
 Overloading the vehicle.

4. Identify the reasons that could cause a forklift truck to overturn. (6)

 Cornering whilst being driven too fast.

 Uneven loading of the forks
 Driving over potholes
 Driving with the load elevated, especially cornering
 Uneven tyre pressure
 Driving across a slope rather than straight up/down
 Excessive braking

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  Collision, especially with kerbs.

5. Identify the factors that may increase the risk of collision of forklift
within a workplace. (8)
FACTOR INCREASING RISK OF COLLISIONS
 Driving too fast
 Inadequate lighting
 Reversing without the help of a banks man
 Blind spots such as corners and entrances.
 Bad weather conditions e.g. - rain
 Obstructed visibility e.g.- overloaded forklift truck
 Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points.
 Lack of vehicle maintenance.

“A vehicle traffic routes needs to be established on construction site. “

6. Outline the measures that should be considered for suitable traffic
routes. (8)
 A standard layout of the route considering the volume of traffic.
 Be constructed of tarmac, concrete or suitable material.
 Considering one way system or drive inn - drive out layout which would
eliminate reversing operation.
 Clear, well marked and sign posted traffic routes.
 Have firm and even surfaces and be properly drained.
 Managing blind spots and avoiding slip slopes or gradients.
 Slip slopes, if they are unavoidable, should be properly sign posted.
 Environmental measures such as adequate illumination, housekeeping and
tidy roads.
 Provision of traffic co-ordinator to co-ordinate between pedestrian and
vehicle movements.
 Segregation of pedestrians and vehicles movement have to be considered by
providing barricading.

7. Identify the factors to be considered for the workplace environment

within the workplaces. (8)
 Vehicle free zones
 Pedestrian free zones
 Traffic route layout
 Segregation
 Marked walkways

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  Good visibility
 High visibility clothing
 Maintained roads/ path ways
 Avoid gradients
 Signage
 Separate access point

8. Outline markings, warnings and signs that could be used to reduce the
risk of vehicle accidents at workplace. (8)
MARKINGS
 Any structure that represents height or width restriction should be readily
identifiable by people and vehicle drivers. This will include low beams,
bridges, pipes etc.
 The markings can be by means of attaching hazard types or painting to
structure to highlight the hazard.

WARNING
 Warning can be audible or visual or the combination of each.
 The warnings are used to warn people in a area such as flashing beacon lights
or reversing alarm of a forklift truck.
 The warnings are designed to alert people so that they can put themselves in
the position of safety.
SIGNS
 Sign provide the information about the speed limits, traffic routes and
hazards on site
 Signs are used to direct vehicle around the workplaces and safe distances.

9. Identify the measures to be taken to reduce the risk of accident from

reversing vehicles in a workplace. (8)
 Provide drive inn – drive out layout which would eliminate reversing
operation.
 Ensuring reversing operation carried out in the designated areas.
 Ensure the availability of banks men for safe reversing operation.
 Ensure the vehicle is equipped with rare view camera, reversing alarm,
flashing beacon and approximates sensing devices.
 Use portable radios or similar communication system.
 Ensure the reversing areas are adequately illuminated and sign posted.

10. Identify the precautions to be taken when leaving a forklift truck

attendant. (6)

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  Forklift should be parked in designated parking areas.
 Ensure the forks are resting on the floor and most should be lifted slightly
forward.
 Ensure the forklift is not obstructing any emergency and fire fighting
equipment.
 Ensure the all controls are in neutral position.
 Ensure the hand brake is applied and hand over the keys to responsible
person.

11. Outline how a driver can be protected from injury in the event of
overturn of a forklift truck. (2)
The role over protection structure (ROPS) is a cab or frame that provides a safe zone
for the forklift operator from being crushed in the event of overturning of forklift
truck.

12. Identify the checks should be carried by the operators when inspecting
the forklift before the shift. (4), (6)
 Tyre pressure
 Parking breaks and service breaks
 Steering
 Fuel, oil and water system leak free
 Battery and charges
 Lifting and tilting system / hydraulics
 Audible warning
 Lights and mirrors

13. Identify three practical measures to segregate to pedestrian and vehicles

at workplace. (3)
 Barricading or physical barriers
 Foot over bridges
 Crossing points

14. Identify the measures to reduce the risk of pedestrian when the
segregation is not practicable. (5)
 Marking the work areas and indicating the main routes followed by vehicles
such as forklift truck.
 Provision of traffic co-ordinator who can co-ordinate the traffic.
 Workers can be made to wear high visibility clothing.
 Audible warning signals on vehicles while taking a reverse.

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  Loud horn systems to be used at turns.
 Cameras and warning systems to indicate the presence of pedestrians on the
path.

15. Identify the control measures that could be implemented to minimize

the risk to pedestrians when vehicles are manoeuvring. (8)
 Marking the work areas and indicating the main routes followed by vehicles
such as forklift truck.
 Provision of traffic co-ordinator who can co-ordinate the traffic.
 Workers can be made to wear high visibility clothing.
 Audible warning signals on vehicles while taking a reverse.
 Loud horn systems to be used at turns.
 Cameras and warning systems to indicate the presence of pedestrians on the
path.
 Barricading or physical barriers
 Foot over bridges
 Crossing points

16. Outline the factors that should be considered when assessing the risk of
road traffic incidents while driving at work. (8)
THE DRIVER
 The level of training the driver has received that may effect the need to carry
out additional training to perform the duty safely.
 Drivers level of health influence the ability to see well when driving at night,
and their ability to drive excessive distances with taking appropriate break.
 The pre health condition of the driver such as back injury, late term
pregnancy could also influence driver’s ability to concentrate.
 The driver’s bad habits such as consumption of drugs and alcohol before and
during the journey and usage of mobile.

THE VEHICLE
 The condition of vehicle such as poor brakes, light and suspension will
influence high risks in any driving situation.
 The ergonomic consideration have an effect on both comfort and abilities to
control the vehicle.
 Lack of safety equipment within the vehicle may also influence significant
risk.
THE JOURNEY
 Routes – motorways are safer than smaller roads which can reduce the risk.

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  Schedule – if the journey is to be made early in the morning or late night
might increase level of risk due to tiredness.
 Distance – driving excessive distance without appropriate breaks may
increase the level of risk.
 Weather condition – the weather condition may rapidly increase the level of
risk such as high winds, rainfall etc.

17. Outline the rules that should be included and work related road safety
policy for workers to follow while driving their own vehicle at work on
public roads. (8)
 All the drivers must have current and valid driving licence.
 The vehicle must carry a comprehensive insurance to drive at work.
 All the drivers have to undergo statutory trainings such as defence driving
training.
 Plan the journey in advance to avoid congestion and traffic delays.
 Do not drive continuously more than 2 hours without a break for at least 15
minutes.
 Emphasize on not to use of mobile phones or any hands free equipment
while driving.
 Ensure the vehicle meets the safety standards.
 Emphasize on not to use drugs and alcohol before and during the journey.

18. Outline how the organisation can monitor the driving performance of
the managers. (8)
 The checking the current and valid driving licence.
 By checking their competency and level of experience of driving.
 By monitoring the level of fitness through health surveillance.
 By installing IVMS such as speed radar at workplaces.
 By reviewing their incident records and enforcement actions.

ELEMENT- 3
MUSCULOSKELETAL HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL

1. Give the meaning of term WRULD. (2)

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 WRULDs are work related musculoskeletal disorders that mainly affect the neck,
shoulders, forearms, elbows, wrists, hand and fingers.
Tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndromes, vibration white finger

2. Give the meaning of term musculoskeletal disorder. (2)

Musculoskeletal disorder (MSDs) can affect the body’s muscle, joints, tendons,
ligaments and nerves. E.g. - back pain
3. Identify the occupational that would cost WRULDs. (4)
 Keyboard operators or office staff
 Factory workers assembly small components
 Brick laying workers
 Supermarket checkout staff
 Slaughter house staff
 Barbers

4. Give the meaning of term Ergonomics. (2)

Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the
human body, its movements and its interaction abilities.

5. Outline the possible causes of WRULDs. (6)

 The work which requires a worker to adopt awkward postures while
carrying out a task.
 The work in which forces are involved or physical actions.
 The work which is repetitive or monotonous in nature.
 Environmental aspects such as temperature, humid will directly affect the
workers ability to carry out their task with their comfort.
 Physical characteristics of the equipment which encourages poor
postures.
 The work which involves over reaching, side reaching while initiating the
task with space constraints.

6. Outline the measures that should be considered to minimize the risk of

WRULDs. (6)
 The design of work stations which fits the human capacity and the needs
of individual thereby promoting effectiveness.
 The design of working systems which does not exceed physical capability
and mental wellbeing thereby promoting comfort.
 Considering the physical characteristics of the individual such as height,
weight and level of fitness.
 Providing with ergonomically design tools and equipment

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  Eliminate the need of overreaching, reaching up, reaching down and
stooping movements by providing training to create awareness.
 Controlling extended work hours by introducing job rotational shifts.
 Maintaining comfortable and steady temperature to carry out their work
with comfort.

7. Identify the possible factor that could contribute for the development of
WRULDs effecting supermarket checkout workers. (8)
 The work which requires a worker to adopt awkward postures while
carrying out a task.
 The work in which forces are involved or physical actions.
 The work which is repetitive or monotonous in nature.
 Environmental aspects such as temperature, humid will directly affect the
workers ability to carry out their task with their comfort.
 Physical characteristics of the equipment which encourages poor
postures.
 The work which involves over reaching, side reaching while initiating the
task with space constraints.

8. Identify the factors to be considered in an ergonomic assessment to DSE

work station. (8)
 Screen
- Well defined, clearly formed
- Free of reflective glare
 Keyboard
- Separate
- Matt surface
 Small components
- Mouse – resting on wrist test
- Web camera
 Work desk
- Large, low reflectance
 The chair
-
 Work environment
- Adequate illumination and steady temperature

9. Identify the possible risk to health that may be caused by poor

ergonomic design of computer work station. (4)
 WURLDs

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  Eye strain
 Back pain
 Fatigue
 Stress

10. Identify the typical symptoms by WRULDs. (4)

 Numbness in the fingers and arm pain.
 Tingling sensation to hands.
 Pain and stiffness in the joint and affected areas.
 Tendonitis
 The pinch in the medium nerves causes pain and tingling called carpal
ton syndromes.

11. Identify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for DSE

workstation. (8)
 Appropriate for the job being performed and for the height of the work
table
 Adjustable seat height, back rest height and back rest tilt.
 No excess pressure on under side of thighs and back of knees.
 Allow the worker to lean forward or backward easily.
 Adequate leg room under the work table for postural change.
 Provide with a footrest or feet should stay flat on the floor.
 Chair should have five legs for stability.
 Good lumber support
 Seat should curve slightly downward at the front edge.
 Comfortable not to prevent the worker from getting close enough to the
work table.
 Chairs should be covered with a breathable fabric to prevent slipping of
chair.

12. Identify the types of injuries caused by improper manual handling. (4)
EXTERNAL INJURIES
 Cuts, lacerations, bruise, crush injuries
INTERNAL INJURIES
 Tears, hernias, slipped discs, trapped nerves, muscle strain

13. Outline the factors you need to consider when carrying out an
assessment of manual handling. (8)
THE LOAD

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  Weight of the load
 Size of the load
 Shape of the load
 Rigidity of the load
 Outside surface
 Stability of the load
THE INDIVIDUAL
 Does this activity requires physical strengths, size of an individual or
technique.
 Does this activity pose any risk to vulnerable such as young person and
pregnant woman.
 Does this activity pose any risk to people may have previous injuries or
existing health problem.
THE TASK
 At what height the load is being lift.
 Distance and duration of task.
 Does the task is repetitive in nature.
 Does the task involves twisting or stopping movements
 Rate of work imposed on individual
 Does the task involves jerky or jolting movements
THE ENVIRONMENT
 The adequate lighting in the work area
 Ventilation
 Temperature
 Weather
 Obstacles
 Floor conditions
 Space available

14. Identify four mechanical methods a transporting a load that would

eliminate manual handling. (4)
 Forklift
 Cranes
 Trolley
 Hoist
 Material conveyor

15. Outline the control measures to be taken to minimize the risk to

workers carrying out manual handling activities. (8)
 Reduce the risk of manual handling through team lifting.

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  Use of mechanical aids such as trolleys, cage truck etc.
 Modify the process such as load, task and environment
LOAD
- Split the load into two halves and provide with adequate markings and
warnings.
- Additional packaging to maintain consignment.
- Provide with adequate grips to execute the load.
TASK
- Planning of load at appropriate height that would eliminate
stooping movements.
- Reducing distances and duration by introducing job rotational
shifts.
ENVIRONMENT
- Provide with adequate illumination, ventilation, even surfaces
and remove obstructions from pathways.
- Maintaining steady temperatures
 Ensure the individual capabilities are matching the activities.

16. Identify the appropriate lifting techniques that could be adopted by

individual when transporting a load by manual handling. (6)
CORRECT MANUAL HANDLING TECHNIQUES
 Assess / lock at the load
 Foot position
 Band knee/ back straight (natural position)
 Test the load / firm grip/ head up
 Left with legs/ load close to trunk
 Move with load close to body
 Put down with care, avoid twisting

17. Identify the possible hazards associated with manually operated

handling equipment. (4)
 Manual handling hazard due to pulling / pushing
 Fall of load due to instability
 Loss of control during movement (Up/down/across)
 Poor parking causing obstructions
 Striking on pedestrians during manoeuvring.
 Trapped feet under wheels or load.

Manually operated handling equipment – Controls

 Avoid uneven grounds and slope

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  Use of ramps over steps
 Observe SWL
 Use brakes of the truck when truck is stationary
 Use safety boots.

“A mobile crane has been permitted to use on a construction site”

18. Identify checks that the operator should carry out before lifting
operation. (8)
 Ground condition where crane has to set up.
 Position of the crane and the boom radius.
 Obstructions such as overhead power lines.
 Checking of possible wind speed for lifting operations.
 Assessing the load including the dimensions.
 Lading area and the obstruction on the pathways.
 Inspection of lifting accessories.
 Load estimation such as SWL – safe work load, charts and load indicators.

19. Outline the possible reasons why cranes may collapse. (6), (8)
 Unsuitable support or inadequate base for crane
 Incorrect positioning of crane, e.g. on soft ground. Too far away from load
 Overloading, e.g. collapse bending of jib due to overloading
 Improper methods of use crane, e.g. use in high winds
 Incorrect signals by the signaller (banks man)
 Ground bearing capacities, position of basements, weather conditions

20. Outline the specific hazards associated with the use of battery powered
forklift and identify the precautions necessary in each case. (8)
 Charging batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive, the provision of
dedicated charging stations with adequate ventilation.
 Batteries contain dilute sulphuric acid, which is corrosive, Need to be
providing wear personal protective equipment such as gloves and eye
protection.
 Batteries are extremely heavy and present a manual handling risk, to
provide suitable lifting facilities.
 The possibilities of electric shock, burns or fire through the shorting of
battery leads, Protect against this adequate insulation, a correct
connection procedures.
 Battery powered vehicle can be very quiet or almost silent, increasing the
risk of collision with pedestrian, The delineation of traffic routes, the

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 wearing of high visibility clothing by pedestrians and sounding on the
truck warning device by drivers when work carry on.

“A mobile hoist is to be used in a hospital in order to lift patients from

bed and transfer them into a bath which is located illusion.
21. Outline the control measures that should be considered to reduce the
risk. (8)
 The provision of escort to help patients seating in mobile hoist.
 Proper care should be taken while navigating the patients especially
around bends and slopes in corridors and doorways.
 Ensure the navigation route is free from obstructions and other
disturbances.
 Make sure the hoist wheel is locked before loading and unloading the
patients to avoid unnecessary movement of the hoist.
 Ensure the footwear worn satisfies the task requirements and prefer only
the non- slip soles and low heels to prevent slips and trips while
transferring patients.
 Ensure the hoist is not used to transport patient over long distances.
 Periodically check the battery level of the hoist so as to avoid the risk of
loss of power while transferring patients.
 Ensure the battery charging of hoist is carried out in a well-ventilated
designated area to avoid trip hazard and electrical short circuit.
 Place the hoist in a designated storage area if not in use.

“A conveyor system is used in a factory to transfer manufacturer

articles to warehouse area.”
22. Outline the control measures to be taken to help reduce the risk of
injury to workers. (8)
 The erection of barriers to keep workers away from the conveyor.
 Warning alarms or sirens to alert people that the belt is about to start
moving.
 Guarding of moving parts to prevent drawing in and entanglements
 The provision of emergency stop buttons for the system conveniently
situated and easily accessible.
 Controlling lose clothing and long hair, e.g. by the use of overalls and
hairnets in the workplace.
 Information, instruction and training for operators
 Maintenance by authorised person only to ensure safe running
 The power supply to the conveyer is disconnected or locked off before
and after start work.

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 “A workshop has over head crane for lifting and transporting
loads.”
23. Outline the control measures to reduce the risk to workers during lifting
and transporting the load. (8)
 Ensuring the crane or lifting device is of the correct type of the job and
terrain that is strong and stable.
 Ensuring that the load to be lifted is within the safe lifting capacity of the
crane
 Restricting use of the crane to trained and competent operators
 Providing a banks man to give direction to crane operator, with good
communication between driver and other operator.
 Ensuring that safety devices such as overload indicators.
 Using PPE such as hard hats, steel toe-cap boots & high visibility clothing

ELEMENT- 4
WORK EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL

1. Hazards of maintenance of work equipment

 Guards and enclosures removal
 Safety devices removed or disabled
 Power source exposed
 Stored power released
 Access awkward
 Manual handling of heavy parts
 Additional hazard eg- power tools

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2. Outline the precautions to be taken for the routine maintenance of
machinery. (6)
 Maintenance work should only be carried out by competent staff.
 Implementation of SSOW such as risk assessment and PTW.
 Power sources should be isolated and physically locked off.
 Stored power should be released or secured to prevent accidental
discharge.
 If dangerous moving parts are accessed
- Run at very low speed
- Fit purpose made maintenance guards
 Where power cannot be isolated additional precaution are required.
- Cover live parts with insulating material
- Use additional PPE.
 Precaution for safe access
 Use manual handling aid.

3. Outline the control measures to reduce the risk to workers when

using hand held non- power tools. (8)
 Ensure tools are made of suitably quality materials.
 Select correct tools for the job
 Prior inspection before every use
 Do not use screw driver as chisel
 Do not use flat screw driver to remove Philips screw
 Do not use damage tools
 Discarding or prompt repair of defective tools.
 Use of brose hammers to prevent spark
 Proper maintenance and storage
 Information, Instruction, Training and supervision
 Use appropriate PPE

4. SAFE USE OF HAND –HELD POWERED TOOLS

 Do not carry tools by cord
 Never pull the cord to disconnect
 Keep cord away from heat
 Disconnect when not in use
 Keep observers at safe distance
 Secure work with clamps
 Avoid accidental starting
 Use RCDs on electrical tools

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  Maintain good footing and balance
 Inspect and maintain tools
 Wear appropriate PPE.

“An employer has installed a new item of machinery “

5. Outline the factor to be considered before the machine is put into
use. (8)
Considering that the machinery is adequately secured and footed.
Considering the machinery is equipped with adequate guarding and
emergency controls.
 Considering all the potential hazards associated with machinery before its
use.
 Considering the space around the machinery so that workers should not
collide with each other.
 Considering the competency of the operator and the needs for formal
training with respect to legislative requirements.
 Considering the development of safe working procedure before the
machinery is put into use.
 Environmental aspects needs to be considered such as temperature,
illumination, ventilation etc.
6. MECHANICAL HAZARD
ENTANGLEMENT
 Machinery which grips loose clothing, hair or working materials such as
emergency paper.
TRAPPING/ DRAWING IN
 Trapped between running gear wheels or rollers or between belts and
pulley drives.
SHEARING
 Shears part of the body typically hands or fingers between moving and
fixed parts of the machine or between two moving parts.
CRUSHING
 Trapped between moving part of machine and fixed structure such as wall
or any material in a machine.
IMPACT
 A moving object or part directly strikes a person

STABBING/ PUNCTURE
 Through ejection of particles from a machine or sharp operating
components forced to the skin.

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 FRICTION/ABRESION
 Contact with grinding wheels or sanding machine
CUTTING /SEVERING
 Contact with cutting edge such as saw or rotating disc.
EJECTION
 High pressure fluid leakage from hydraulic system

7. Outline the possible hazards associated with photocopier. (4)

 Contact with moving parts during maintenance.
 Risk of electrocution due to faulty wirings.
 Heat burn due to contact with hot parts of machine
 Health hazard due to cartridge or toners.
 Manual handling by carrying heavy rings of paper
 Radiation sickness

“Documents have been to collect into sacks and are been individual
destroyed using a document shredder.”
8. Identify the mechanical or non- mechanical hazards associated with
task. (10)
 Drawing in between rotating cutters when feeding the papers.
 Contact with rotating cutters during cleaning the jam.
 Possibilities of cutting during shredding process.
 Heat burns due to contact with hot parts during cleaning the jam.
 Electrical hazards through faulty plug or wiring
 Possibilities of musculoskeletal disorders due to prolong standing and
awkward postures during shredding process.
 Risk of manual handling due to carrying sacks of documents.
 Possibilities of fire in the presence of ignition sources.
 Possible exposure through dust during shredding
 Exposure to noise and vibration.

9. Outline the precautions to be taken to minimize the risk to worker

during task. (10)
 Provide with fixed guard which surrounds the cutter with restricted
access paper only, which prevents fingers reaching the danger parts.
 Emphasize to switch off the machine when waste bin is empty.
 Provide with trip device to start the machine automatically when the
paper fed in.
 Provide with general ventilation system to prevent accumulated dust

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  Restricting the use of documents to trained or competent person.
 Emphasize on pre-use checks and inspection prior to work.
 Provision of seating facilities and steady temperature to minimize the risk
of MSDs.
 Controls to prevent the exposure from noise and vibration such as PPE
 Provision of mechanical aid such as trolley to minimise the risk of manual
handling.

“A portable electric sander is being used in a production area of a

factory.”
10. Identify the possible hazards that may be present. (4)
 Abrasion or friction due to running wheels.
 Risk of electrocution due to faulty wiring.
 Possibilities of MSDs due to awkward postures.
 Exposure to noise and dust during the activity
 Possibilities of fire in the presence of ignition sources.

11.Outline the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk. (4)
 Provide with LEV to control the accumulation of dust during sanding
process.
 Restricting the use of sanding machine to trained person.
 Emphasize on proper positioning of body while initiating the task.
 Emphasize to avoid loose clothes.
 Provision of PPE such as goggles, respirator, and abrasion free gloves.

“A portable electric drill is being used on a building site.”

12. Other than electricity, identifies four hazards associated with the use
of drill machine. (4)
 Possibilities of entanglement
 Stabbing injuries due to sharp drill bit.
 Ejection of particles during drilling process.
 Contacting with chuck resulting in operation.
 Possible exposure of noise, dust and vibration.

13. Outline the precautions that could reduce the risk to worker. (4)
 Avoiding wearing loose clothes
 Ensure the drill bit inserted properly into chuck and lock with chuck key.
 Ensure the trailing cable is secured.
 Provide with appropriate PPE such as glasses, gloves etc.

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14. Identify the possible hazards associated with the use of bench top
grinder. (4)
 Abrasion due to contact with rotating wheel.
 Cutting and shivering
 Bursting of wheels, ejection and puncture.
 Fire burns
 Noise
 Electrical

15. Identify eight type of non- mechanical hazard associated with use of
machinery. (8)
 Dust
 Noise
 Vibration
 Fire
 Chemical
 Radiation
 Biological
 Manual handling
 Electrical

16. Identify four mechanical hazards associated with the use of pedestal
drill. (4)
 Entanglement around rotating spindle.
 Contact with cutting drill.
 Stabbing or puncture
 Drawing in

17. Identify the possible hazards associated with cylinder mower. (4)
 Trapping typically hands or fingers
 Contact and entanglement
 Drawing in between chain and sprocket
 Impact and cutting injuries
 Burns from hot parts
 Fire
 Noise
 Fumes
 Electrical hazards

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 “A worker uses petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside verges. ”
18. A) Identify the possible hazards associated to the worker. (10)
 Entanglement with rotating part of motor and shaft.
 Cutting from contact with rotating cutting heads and bled.
 Burns from hot part of engine.
 Fire due to presence of highly flammable liquid such as petrol.
 Manual handling strain due to prolong wearing of strimmer.
 Health hazard due to animal faeces.
 Health hazard due to inhalation of dust.
 Possible exposure to noise, vibration etc.
 Eye and face puncture wounds due to ejected particles.
 Exposure to temperature and risk of collision.

19.B) Identify the items of PPE that should be provided and used by
worker. (5)
 Eyes and face protection such as goggles and ear plugs.
 Repertory and nose mask.
 Gloves
 Safety shoes
 Helmet

20.C) Outline the control measures other than PPE might be considered.
(5)
 Ensure the rotating parts of the engine are adequately guarded.
 Avoid wearing loose clothes.
 Rotating cutting head or bled should be enclosed with partial guards.
 Refuelling should be done in well-ventilated area.
 Reducing exposure of manual handling strain, noise and vibration by
introducing rotational shifts.
 Provision for isotonic drink working in hot environment if needed.

21. Outline the possible hazards and risk to which a worker could be
exposed when cutting down a tree using a petrol driven chain saw.
(8)
 The kick back can result in serious injuries or even death.
 Serious cutting by contact with high speed cutting chain.
 Coming contact with hot parts of the engine resulting in burns.

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  Inadequate maintenance of chain saw may cause chain to break resulting
in severe injury.
 Eyes and face puncture wounds due to ejected particles during cutting a
tree.
 Contact with overhead power lines and risk of fall from height.
 Exposure to wood dust resulting in nozzle cancer.
 Possibility of hit by falling branches.
 Ergonomical hazards due to awkward posture.
 Physical hazards such as noise and vibration result in hand arm vibration
syndromes.

22. Outline the possible hazards associated with the use of cement
mixers. (8)
 Contact and entanglement with moving parts of the motor.
 Drawing-in between chains and sprocket drives.
 Cursing between loading hopper and drum
 Eye injury from splashing cement starry.
 Burns
 Fires
 Electrical hazards
 Noise
 Cement dust

23. Identify the possible hazards associated with the use of bench
mounted circular saw. (4)
 Drawing-in between chain and sprocket.
 Contact with blade.
 Ejection of work piece.
 Contact and entanglement
 Noise
 Wood dust

24. Other than guard, outline four control measures to reduce the risk to
worker to by using bench mounted circular saw. (4)
 Fixed guard fitted to motor and bottom of cutting blade.
 Riving knife fitted behind blade
 Hearing protection
 Eye protection
 Routine inspection and portable appliance testing

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  Use restricted to trained operators only.

25. Outline the requirements that needs to be considered when

selecting a guard for a piece of work equipment. (4)
 Suitable for purpose which they are provided.
 Maintained in an efficient state, working order.
 Sufficient distance from danger zone.
 Not to be easily bypassed or disabled.
 Remove possibility of accidental contact.

26. Describe the principle of fixed guards and inter locked guards. (2), (2)
Principles of fixed guards

Principles of interlocked guards

27. FIXED GUARDS (4)

MERITS
 Create physical barriers with no moving parts.
 Less maintenance
 Protect against dust and fluids
DEMERITS
 Poor visibility
 If enclosed create hit
 No protection when removed guard

28. INTERLOCKED GUARDS

MERITS
 Connected to power sources hence machine cannot operate with guard
open.
 Allow convenient access
DEMERITS
 Needs regular maintenance due to moving parts.
 Can be over ridden (disallow/reject)
 More complex as dangerous part of by guards.

29. ADJUSTABLE GUARDS

MERITS

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  Can be adjusted by operator to provide protection.

DEMERITS
 Relied on the operator to adjust correct position.
 May obscure visibility when in use.

TRIP DEVICES
MERITS
 Minimize the severity of the injury.
 Additional risk control measure.
DEMERITS
 Can be over ridden
 May not operated fast enough
 Cause production delays with false trip

TWO HAND CONTROL

MERITS
 Ensure both hands of operator is out of danger area.
 Allow full visibility and access to the machine
 A simple inexpensive design
DEMERITS
 Only protects the operator from harm
 Limit the speed of operation with delays for poor control operation

EMERGENCY STOPS CONTROL

MERITS
 Removes power immediately
 Prevents accidents restarting
DEMERITS
 Will not prevent access to danger area
 Incorrect positioning

HOLD TO RUN CONTROL

MERITS
 Releasing the control will disconnect machine
 Can be handle or foot pedal
DEMERITS
 Will not protect the body parts of operator
 Can be easily defeated by the operator
 Can be operated by others than the operator

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 PPE
MERITS
 Easy to see if worn
 Provides protection against a variety of hazards
DEMERITS
 Only protects the user
 Will not give adequate protection
 May pose additional hazards

IITS
MERITS
 Easy to reach wide audience on varied techniques
DEMERITS
 May be misunderstood
 Relies on the person concerned to follow the instruction

30. Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk to person

using photocopier. (4)
 Ensure all the rotating parts of the photocopier are enclosed.
 Routine inspection and portable appliance testing.
 Use in a ventilated room.
 Special care should be taken during cleaning or replacing toners and
cartages.

31.Outline the precautions to be taken to minimize the risk to worker of

bench top grinder. (8)
 Secure grinder in position
 Fixed enclosing guards around motor and abrasive wheel.
 Adjustable poly carbonates eye guards on wheel.
 Tool rest adjusted to minimizes nip point.
 Use and setting restricted to trained operators only
 Eyes protection, hearing protection
 Installation of LEV may be required to control dust
 Routine maintenance, including inspection and portable appliance testing
for electrical safety.
 Regular checks of the grinding wheel.
 Operators to avoid loose clothing to avoid entanglement.

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  If used for prolonged periods, introduce job rotational shifts to reduce the
exposure.

32. Outline the precautions should be considered to reduce the risk of

worker while using cylinder mower. (6)
 Fixed guards over drive mechanism
 Safety switch under seat to ensure that driver is in seat before machines
will operate
 Hearing protection
 Refuelling carried out in well-ventilated area
 Job rotation may be necessary to limit vibration exposure
 Use restricted to trained operators only
 Use restricted for workers with sensitisation. (the process of becoming
highly sensitive to specific events)

32. Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of workers

when using chainsaw. (6)
 Fixed enclosing guards over motor and drive mechanism.
 Hand guard for front hand grip.
 Safety interlocked throttle trigger to prevent accidental operation of
throttle.
 Job rotation may be necessary to limit vibration exposure.
 Refuelling carried out in well-ventilated area.
 Use restricted to trained operators only.
 Provide appropriate PPE.

33. Outline the precautions of concrete mixer. (4)

 Location of the mixer on firm, level ground, away from traffic.
 Fixed guards to motor and drive mechanism.
 Routine inspection, PAT & RCD.
 Use restricted to trained operators.
 Safe storage of petrol and control of ignition source for petrol powered
equipment, avoid use in confined spaces due to emission of exhaust gases
 Hand protection, respiratory protection overalls and eye protection
 Hearing protection to reduce noise exposure

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 ELEMENT- 5
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Hazards of Electricity
 Electricity burns
 Electric shock
- heart fibrillation
- muscle contraction
 Arcing
 Fire and explosion
 Secondary effects

1. Identify the effects of electricity on human body. (4)

 Tissue burns

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  Muscle contraction
 Ventricular fibrillation
 Asphyxiation
 Cardiac arrest
 Physical trauma

2. Identify the factors that affect the severity of electric shock. (6)
VOLTAGE: The higher the voltage, the greater the current.

DURATION: The length of time that a person is exposed.

CURRENT PATH: The route that the electricity takes through the body.

FREQUENCY: Of the AC current.

RESISTANCE: Skin condition, clothing etc.

CONTACT SURFACE AREA: The more skin that is in contact, the more severe the

Injury.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: Metal surfaces, humidity etc.

3. Outline how fire can be caused by electricity. (6)

 Electrical equipment may be faulty and overheated
 The system may be overloaded
 Equipment may be misused
 Obstructions to equipment ventilation or vent hole blocked.
 A flammable atmosphere may be present.
 Electrical equipment may produce heat or sparks as part of its normal
operation.
 Poor internal connections.

4. Outline the factors that needs to be considered when selecting the

electrical equipment when using on construction site. (4)
 Selection of electrical equipment suitable for the task.
 The selection and initial procurement of electrical equipment should
comply with relevant standards.
 Consideration of environmental factors in which it is going to be used.
E.g. weather

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5. Outline how Earthing can reduce the risk of receiving electrical shock.
(4)
 Outer metal causing connected to earth by wire.
 Provides fault current with a low resistance path to earth.
 Electric shock should be minor.
 Will usually blow the fuse.

Isolation and Loto control measures

 Deprives the circuit power.
 Ensures that it cannot be re-energised by applying some form of lock.
 Should be clearly labelled.
 Circuit should be tested.
 Often referred as Lock off/Tag out.

6. Outline the emergency actions should be taken on finding a worker

suffering from electric shock. (8)
 On finding a worker surfing with electric shock always raise an alarm by
calling the help from colleagues.
 Immediately call for an ambulance.
 Isolate the power if it is possible.
 If it is not possible to isolate the power then push or pull the person away
from conductor by using a good insulator material like a wooden stick and
remember to stand on dry material such as rubber mat.
 If the person is breathing then place him on recovery position in order to
maintain open airway to drain out necessary.
 If the person is not breathing then provide CPR and mouth to mouth
breathing.
 Remain with the victim until he is taking to hospital.

7. Identify the checks that should be carried out during inspection on

electrical equipment. (8)
OR
Outline the factors of portable electrical equipment that should be
checked by user before use. (8)
 Damage to cable sheaths, plugs
 Damage to insulation or loose plugs and cord grips
 Flex fully insulated- no kinks /splits
 Inadequate joints

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  Check of any in- service date
 Unsecured sheath
 Wet or contaminated
 Damage to casing of equipment
 Burns / scorch marks.

8. Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of inspection of

inspection and testing of electrical equipment. (8)
 Legal standards and codes of practice.
 Type of equipment.
 Manufacturer’s recommendations.
 Initial integrity/ soundness of the equipment.
 Age of the equipment.
 Working environment.
 Frequency and duration of use.
 Foreseeable abuse of the equipment
 Effects of any modifications or repair.
 Analysis of previous maintenance records.

9. Identify the ways in which the risk of severe electricity shock can be
reduced when using a portable electric equipment. (4)
 Double insulation of wire.
 RCD and MCV.
 Pre-use check or inspection.
 PPE
 Ensuring Earthing continuity.

10. Identify the electrical hazards that could be discovered by visual

inspection. (8)
 Damage to cable sheaths.
 Equipment is of an approved standard
 The wiring and casings are free from mechanical damage
 The wiring is free from defect
 Cables are correctly routed to avoid damage or tripping hazards
 The system is not overloaded

“With respect to electrical circuit.”

11. Identify the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. (2),
(4)

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 
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






ELEMENT- 6
FIRE SAFETY
1. Identify the principle of fire triangle. (2)
Fire is a chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel with the presence of heat. In
order to ignite fire these three elements should be in correct proportion.
 Oxygen
 Fuel
 Heat

2. Identify the classification of fire and give an example of each. (4)

 Class-A- Combustible solid e.g. wood, plastic etc.
 Class- B- Flammable liquids e.g. petrol, diesel, grease etc.
 Class-C- Flammable gases e.g. methane, butane, propane etc.

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  Class-D- Flammable metals e.g. sodium, potassium etc.
 Class-F/K- High temperature fire or kitchen fire e.g. edible oil.

3. Identify the possible modes of heat transfer/fire speed. (4)

 Convection
 Conduction
 Radiation
 Direct burning

4. Outline the common causes of fire in the workplace. (6), (8)

 Accumulated waste and rubbish (Poor housekeeping).
 Overloading of electrical sockets.
 Faulty or misused electrical equipment
 Unsafe storage and use of combustibles and flammables materials.
 Hot process such as welding, cutting, brazing etc.
 Obstructions to equipment ventilation.
 Unsafe cooking and smoking.
 Possibility of arson.

“A small fire has started in a motor car repair workshop and is

currently contained to a waste bin holding card board packaging
materials.”
5. Outline the possible sources of ignition that may have started the fire.
(8)
 Overloading of electrical sockets.
 Faulty and misused electrical equipment.
 Obstructions to equipment ventilation.
 Hot work such as welding, cutting, grinding etc.
 Emission of sparks during denting process.
 Poor battery connections loading to emission of sparks.
 Unsafe cooking and smoking.
 Possibilities of arson.
 Emission of sparks from engine exhaust and during testing of vehicles.

“Substantial changes are to be made to the internal layout of the

workplace.”
6. Identify the factors you need to consider when reviewing the fire risk
assessment. (8)

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  Identification of all the potential to fire hazards with respect to fuel, heat
and oxygen.
 Consideration of people in the premises and the number of people at risk.
 Consider how fire and heat could spread to the areas people would
occupy.
 Considering statutory requirements on notifying about the changes in
internal layout.
 Considering the fire fighters and the equipment should not impede during
fire fighting.
 Considering the fire fighting equipment and the need for the additional
equipment.
 Considering the type of activities being carried out in the internal layout.
 Consideration of previous accident history with respect to fire.

“A fire started in the store room in the basement of a multi storey building,
spread rapidly and eventually destroyed the entire building.

7. Outline the factors that may have influenced the spread of fire in the
building. (8)
 Inadequate design of building material leading to lot of ventilation.
 High flammable materials kept in store room
 Environmental factor such as high wind
 Presence of __________________
 In proper structure of building like made by wood or use of more
_____________
 No means of ducted system such as fire alarm system
 People none knowing ___________________
 Fire started during ______________________
 Inability of lake of maintenance of princely system.

8. With reference to the fire triangle, outline the factors that could
increase the risk of fire starting in a motor vehicle workshop. (8)
OXYGEN SOURCE
 The natural air around the workshop.
 Oxygen cylinders.
 Oxidizing chemicals which liberate oxygen when they burn.
 Ventilation systems.
 Compressors and piped system.

FOUEL SOURES

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  Flammable liquids- petrol, diesel etc.
 Flammable gases- methane, butane etc.
 Paper, wood

HEAT SOURCES

 Naked flames
 Arson
 Hot surface, heaters
 Hot work- welding

9. Outline eight ways of reducing the risk of fire starting in a workplace. (8)
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
 By maintaining good housekeeping in the workplace.
 Proper storage of flammable gas and liquids.
 By provision of correctly rated electrical equipment.
 By provision of safe system of work for hot work.
 Safe storage and safe use of combustible material.
 Design structure of building with less ventilation.
 Prevention of arson by provision of site security.
 Periodic or regular maintenance of all the electrical equipment and
machinery.

10. Other than extinguisher, outline the measures to be taken for the safe
storage of flammable solvents in the workplace. (8)
 Ensure the minimum use of flammable solvents in quantities.
 Ensure the flammable solvents are clearly labelled.
 Provide suitable container for the solvents.
 Ensure metal catch tray.
 Keep away from heat
 Ensure the storage areas are well-ventilated.
 Always return to storage.

11. Identify the siting of fire extinguishers. (8)

 On fire exit routes.
 Close to exit doors.
 Close to specific hazards.
 Clearly visible and signed.
 Unobstructed access.
 According to the specification of fire certificate.

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  30 meter maximum travel distance.
 Minimum 1 extinguisher per 200 sq. meter.
 Noticeable and accessible.
 Handle not over 1.1 meter above floor.
 Suitable type.
 Protection against damage and weather.

12. Outline the measures that should be in a place for a successful

evacuation of the workplace in the event of fire. (8)
 Means of raising the alarm to notify the people in the event of fire.
 Ensure the availability of escape route considering the volume of people.
 Ensure the escape route are adequately illuminated and sign posted.
 Ensure the escape route leads the workforce to place of safety. E.g.
assembly point.
 Ensure the availability of fire marshals to help the people evacuation.
 Ensure the people in the premises are adequately trained on how to
evacuate themselves in the event of fire.

13. Identify the issues to consider for the location of assembly points for the
use in workplace. (4)
 The assembly point should be outside of the building but not out outside
the compound of building.
 The assembly point must not impede fire fighting.
 Considering the volume of people in the premises.
 Consideration of vulnerable group such as disabled worker, pregnant
women, nursing mother and provide the refuge state.

14. Outline the general role of fire marshal that would be expected to
undertake in the emergency evacuation of the workplace in the event of
fire. (6)
 Wear high visibility clothing.
 Instruct people to leave via nearest escape route.
 Help people to disabilities.
 Shut down all dangerous and vital equipment.
 Report the incident to incident controller.
 Liaise with rescue services on arrival.
 Be the last person to leave the premises.
 Carry out a roll call or head count at assembly point.

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15. Outline the factors to be considered so that the person with sensitive
impairment or physical disabled can safely evacuate from workplace in
the event of fire. (6)
 Consideration to proper evacuation plan constructed
 Fire resistant stairways and lobbies can usually be considered
 A fire marshal/ warden may be given responsibilities for ensuring a
disabled person.





ELEMENT- 7
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
1. Identify two forms of hazardous substances found within the workplace.
(2)
 Dust
 Gas
 Liquids

2. Identify three forms of biological agents. (2)

 Fungi e.g. Farmer’s lung
 Bacteria e.g. Legionnaires disease
 Virus e.g. HIV aids

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3. Identify the ways in which chemical can enter the human body
 Inhalation (Dust)
 Ingestion (Biological agents, Chemical)
 Absorption (Through skin)
 Injection (Puncturing by sharp objects)

4. Explain the distinctions between acute and chronic ill health effects. (4)
Acute:
Acute health effect are characterised by sudden and severe exposure and rapid
absorption of the substance. Normally a single large exposure is involved. Acute
health effects are often reversible.
Chronic:
Chorionic health effects are characterised by prolonged or repeated exposures
over many days, months or years. Symptoms may not be immediately apparent.
Chronic health effects are often irreversible.

5. Identify the factors to be considered when carrying out the assessment

of health risk of worker. (8)
OR
Identify the factors could affect level of harm experience by a worker
expose to a hazardous substances. (8)
FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED
 Hazardous nature of substance
 Potential ill- health effects
 Physical forms
 Routes of entry
 Quantity
 Concentration
 Number of people exposed
 Assigned exposure limit (WEL)
 Frequency of exposure
 Duration of exposure
 Existing control measures

6. Identify the possible sources of information which could be used in the

assessment of risk of toxic substances. (4)
 Product levels and labelling
 European Union list of indicative limit values
 HSE list of workplace exposure limit (WELs) (UK).

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  American conference of governmental industrial hygienists (ACGIH) list of
threshold limit values (US).
 Manufacturers health and safety data sheet and responsibilities for their
provision
 NFPA hazard diamond - providing hazard information.

7. Identify the typical content of MSDS. (8)

OR
Identify the written information which is provided in MSDS. (8)
 Manufacturers details and supplier details
 Composition and ingredients
 Hazard information
 First aid measures
 Fire fighting measures
 Control for accidental release or spills
 Safe storage and handling
 Controls and protection
 Chemical and physical proprieties
 Stability and reactivity
 Toxicological information
 Ecological information
 Disposal Consideration
 Transportation
 Regulatory information
 Other information

8. Outline the measures that should be taken to minimize the risk to

workers working with hazardous substances. (8)
 Set up the process to minimize the release and spill of chemicals.
 Identification of all the routes of entry of hazardous substances into the body
and developing controls for that.
 Provision of LEV and lab fume controls to minimize the exposure from gases.
 Emphasizes on personal hygiene and do not allow workers to eat, drink and
smoke in the hazardous areas.
 Regular health surveillance to be carried out to execute these workers from
the hazardous areas.

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  Ensure WEL exposure does not exceed and controls are proportionate the
risk.
 Provide with job specific trainings and the level of competent supervision.
 Emphasize on wearing protective clothing and respirators.

9. Identify the reasons that the effectiveness of LEV may be reduced or

poor. (6)
OR
Outline the reasons the effectiveness of LEV may be reduced. (6)
 Poorly positioned in take hoods
 Damage ducts
 Excessive amount of contamination
 Ineffective fan
 Blocked filters
 Sharp bends in ducts
 Build-up of contamination in the ducts
 Unauthorised additions to the system

10. Outline the factor to be considered when selecting the RPE for use by
workers. (8)
 Consideration of the contaminated and its hazards.
 Physical form of the substance.
 Level of protection offered by the RPE
 Presence or absence of oxygen
 Duration of time that it may be worn
 Compatibility with other items of RPE
 Shape of the user face
 Facial hair
 Physical requirements of the job
 Physical fitness of the wearer

11. Outline personal hygiene controls to be followed to reduce the risk of

ingestion from the hazardous substances. (4)
 Specific trainings on hand washing routine.
 Careful removal and disposal of PPE to prevent cross – contamination to
normal clothes.
 Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in the work areas.
 Provision of washing facilities, resting areas and cafe areas away from work
location to maintain personal hygiene.

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12.Identify four hazardous substances for which respiratory protective
equipment (RPE) can reduce the risk of harm. (2), (4)
 Gases
 Dust
 Mist
 Vapours
 Fumes

13.Identify the possible chronic health risk from exposure to asbestos. (2)
 Asbestosis
 Mesothelioma
 Malignant

14. Identify where asbestos material can be found. (4), (6)

 Asbestos cement roofs
 Ceiling tiles
 Fire break walls
 Floor tiles
 Down pipe
 Pipe lagging
 Gaskets (rings used in engine fixing)

15.Outline the measures that should be considered before and during the
removal of asbestos.
BEFORE THE REMOVAL
 Identify the presence of asbestos and it is adequately labelled.
 An assessment must be done of the work to which the workers are exposed
during removal.
 A written plan required to work with asbestos and the work has to be notified
to the relevant authority.
 Development of safe working procedures and appropriate measures prior to
work.

DURING REMOVAL
 Ensure the competency of people and are trained for the respective work.
 Emphasize on protective clothing and RPE.
 Asbestos waste should be securely double bag and labelled as hazardous
waste.
 Ensure the waste is disposed at the licensed site.

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16. Identify the health risk that could be caused by exposure to CO (carbon
monoxide). (4)
 Faster breathing or respiratory distress.
 Low level of CO can result in headache, diseases, vomiting or nausea.
 Exposure to CO can also result in feinting and seizure.
 High level of exposure to CO can result in unconsciousness or even death.

17. Carbon monoxide typical control measure.

 Competent engineers for gas systems
 Maintenance and testing of boilers and flues
 Good ventilation
 LEV for workshop vehicle exhausts.
 CO alarm
 Confined space entry controls.

18. Identify the possible adverse health effects of cement. (4)

 Irritation to eyes, respiratory tract and skin disease.
 Allergic dermatitis
 Corrosive burns to skin
 It can enhance pulmonary disorder such as COPD (chronic obstructive
pulmonary disorder)
19. Typical controls measure of cement.
 Eliminating or reducing exposure
 PPE gloves, dust mask, eye protection
 Removal of contaminated clothing
 Good hygiene and washing skin on contact

20. Identify the health risk from the exposure to legionella bacteria. (2)
 Pneumonia
 Influenza

21.Outline the circumstances that could cause legionella bacteria to be

present in water logging area. (4)
 Stagnant or untreated water
 Presence in sludge.
 Presence in algae.
 Dead ends in water system
 Emergency showers and cooling towers

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  Water kept at temperature between 22` - 45` C.

22.Typical control measure of legionella bacteria.

 Keep water storage system and equipment clean
 Use water (chemical) treatments where necessary (chlorination)
 Carry out water sampling and analysis
 Ensure correct and safe operation and maintenance of water systems.
 Hot water >60*C
 Prevention of time scale basis routine cleaning of cooling towers.

23.Identify possible health effects from exposure to leptospira bacteria. (2)

 Meningitis
 CKD (chronic kidney disorder)
 Jaundice
 Pontiac fever
 Muscles pain

24. Identify the workplace circumstances from leptospira bacteria may be

present. (4)
 Farms (Livestock)
 Slaughter houses
 Warehouses and storage areas
 Sewers and unclean parking areas
 Possibilities in garbage bins.

25.Outline the precautions that should be taken to reduce the exposure

from leptospira bacteria. (6), (8).
 Identification to find out the presence of sources and eliminate.
 Preventive rat infestation - good housekeeping and pest control.
 Emphasize on personal hygiene (e.g. Hand washing)
 Provision of adequate illumination so the source that won’t stay.
 Emphasize on PPE, especially gloves covering cuts and grazes.

26.Identify the typical control measures of Silica bacteria.

 Prevention of exposure by use of alternative work method.
 Dust suppression by water/ jet spray.
 Local exhaust ventilation
 Respiratory protective equipment (RPE).
 Health surveillance (Lungs- function test and chest x-ray)

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 “Workers have been exposed in high level of inhalation of wood
dust.”
27. Identify the body’s respiratory defence mechanism against the
inhalation of wood dust. (4)
 Nose – the nasal hair prevents and the wetness of nose prevent wood dust
entering respiratory track.
 The series of reflects active the coughing sneezing to foreseeably expel the
wood dust.
 Siliryary – the bass age of respiratory system is aligned with makers and find
hairs known as silica which pushes out the foreseeing substances which tries
to inspect the respiratory track.

28. Outline the measures to be taken to reduce the risk to workers from
exposure of wood dust. (4)
 Well design extraction system to accumulate the wood dust.
 Installation LEV if need.
 Emphasize on vacuuming rather than sweeping.
 Introduction of job rotation shifts to limited exposure.
 Regular health surveillance and trainings.
 Emphasize on usage of PPE and RPE.
“Observant needs of granules have been used to sock up a chemical
spillage”
29. Outline the issues to be considered in relation to the handling of
temporary storage and final disposal of waste. (8)
 Preventing manual handling of waste by mechanisation or automation of
process.
 Identification of the distance and the location where the waste has to be
sifted.
 Consideration of the waste segregated with accordance to flammability,
corrosivity or sensitivity to environment.
 Consideration of storing waste in the suitable containers with the dip trays to
prevent spillage.
 Provision of adequate monitoring and illumination to prevent unwanted
incident such as vandalism.
 Considering the legal requirements with respect to correct paper work.
 The final disposal of the waste should comply with regulatory requirement
and dispose to the licensed site.

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 30. Outline the suitable control measures for safe storage of highly
flammable liquids at workplaces. (8)
 Containers located in bund, away from walls.
 Bunds have 110% capacity of largest container.
 Provision for rain water.
 Transfer points - e.g. pumps bunded.
 Protect bund from damage
 Bunds checked and maintained
 Metal catch trays
 Keep away from heat and provide well ventilation

31.Identify the factors that may indicate a need of health surveillance in a

workplace. (8)
 Presence of chemical and biological agents or increase in chemical usage.
 Complaints from workforce.

ELEMENT- 8
PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
1. Identify the possible health effects from exposure of high level of
noise.
 TEMPORORY EFFECT
- Reduction in hearing (temporary threshold shift)
- Ringing in ears
 PERMANENT EFFECT
- Tinnitus condition – Constant ringing, buzzing or whistling in the
ear
- Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) ( permanent threshold shift)
 Physical damage to hearing mechanism such as rapture of ear drum and
dislocation of ear bone.
 Causes annoyance and irritation.
 Affecting inability to hear vehicles, warnings, and conversation.

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2. Give two examples of noise techniques other than PPE that could
benefit all workers.
 Damping
 Absorption screen
 Silencer for engine exhaust
3. Occupations at risk
 Construction workers
- Plant, machinery – e.g. demolition, maintenance, repair
 Uniformed services
- Live firing operation, Fire and rescue operation
- Small earns and artillery
 Entertainment sector works
- Loud music
 Manufacturing sector workers
- Industrial machinery
- Industrial machinery, forging, shaping, riveting, cutting, grinding
 Call centre workers
- Acoustic shock from handset

4. Identify the reasons why personal hearing protection may not

provide the level of protection stated by the manufacturer. (4)
 Are not worn correctly , eg- muffs worn over hair, jewellery or glasses
 Are not fitted correctly, eg- earplugs not correctly
 Are not properly maintained
 Are uncomfortable or inconvenient when worn for long time
 Need constant management commitment to ensure its use.

“An Industrial washing machine has been installed on a concrete floor

of a factory in order to clean workers clothes when the machine is in
use workers are exposed to high level of noise”
5. Identify the possible health effects from exposure to high level of
noise. (4)
 Muscular tension
 Tightening of blood vessels
 Raised heart rate and effects on the digestive system
 Incurable hearing damage

6. Outline the control measures of exposure of high level of noise. (4)

 THE SOURCE

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  Elimination or reduction at source
 Change the total or partial design of the whole or a component of
the machine.
 Damping, adding material to reduce vibration
 Isolate; prevent noise from being transmitted through the
structure of the building.
 THE PATH
 Providing barriers to the transmission of noise through air or
through structures.
 ENCLOSURE
 Placing a sound – proof baffles and enclosures over the noise
source.
 ABSORPTION
 Sound in the workroom can be absorbed by means of acoustic
absorbent panels on walls or suspended from the ceiling.
 SILENCERS
 Attachments fitted to the inlet or exhaust of a moving air or gas
stream emitted from the machine.
 DISTANCE
 Positioning the worker away from the noise source will decrease
the noise do received.
 Time limiting the duration of exposure to noise
 Provision of information and training.
 Provision of PPE Personal hearing protection.

7. Identify the factors that may have reduce the effectiveness of hearing
protection.






8. Identify the possible health effects that could be suffered by a worker
from exposure to vibration. (4)
 Muscular disorder in fingers blood vessels.
 Neurological disorder
 Muscle and tendon damage
 Bone and joint dislocation
 Write and numb finger after prolonged usages.

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9. Identify the four types of ionizing radiation. (4)
 Alpha particles
 Beta particles
 X-rays
 Gamma rays
 Radon
 Neutrons

10.Identify the possible chronic health effects of ionizing radiation. (4)

 Cancer
 Genetic mutation
 Birth defects
 Anaemia
 Eye cataracts
 Skin damage and death.

11. Outline the main principle of control measures of ionizing radiation.

(4)
 Time of exposing should be minimum
 Segregation by distance reduces the risk to health
 Shielding, enclosures, ranging from concrete and/ lead to cardboard
 Correct disposal of radiation materials
 Training and supervision
 Good hygiene practice
 PPE whole body radiation suits.

12.Identify the non-ionizing radiation.

 Ultra-violet
 Infrared
 Microwaves
 Radio frequencies
 Lasers

13. Identify four possible health effects of non- ionizing radiation. (4)
 Skin burns, arc eye skin cancer
 Temporary blindness
 Redness and skin burns, retinal burns, cataracts

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  Internal heating
 Organ damage
 Interval heating
 Organ damage.

14. Give the meaning of term stress.

STRESS
The consequences of the failure of a human body to respond
appropriately.
An adverse and excessive pressure placed on them known as stress.

15. Outline the factor that may lead to occupational stress amongst
workers.
 Culture - of the organization and how it approaches work related stress
eg- communication, consultation, staff support system, working hours.
 Demands - Workload to high or too low, shift work and unsocial hours,
excessive overtime.
 Control - how much control the person has in the way they do their work,
eg- work planning.
 Relationship between employees, eg- physical violence, threatened or
actual, verbal abuse such as repeated shouting and swearing.
 Change - Organizational changes is managed and communicated in the
organisation, eg- new technology, unclear objectives.
 Role - job insecurity, fear of redundancy, being unclear about role,
responsibilities, and expectations, conflicting roles.
 Individual skills not matched to the task, inadequate training, and unclear
job description.
 Environment - Inadequate lighting, problems with glare, extremes of
temperature and humidity, inadequate ventilation, high noise and
vibration levels, inadequate welfare facilities and poor weather
conditions for those working outside.

“A worker is using a hand held, powered rotary grinding tool

the manufacturing of large steel waste containers. And this
work creates high level of noise and vibration.”

16. Outline the health effects that could be suffered the worker from
this exposure.
 Muscular tension

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  Tightening of blood vessels
 Raised heart rate and effects on the digestive system
 Incurable hearing damage


“A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand held grinder and

expose to vibration.”
17. Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this
exposure. (2)
 Pain
 Tingling
 Vascular disorders in fingers blood vessel
 Neurological disorders
 Muscle and tendon damage
 Bone and joint dislocation
 White and numb fingers after prolonged usages.

18. Outline six control measures that can be used to reduce the risk from
vibration. (6)
 Identify the sources of high vibration and eliminate it wherever possible
 Install vibration arrestors in the sources of high vibration if eliminations is
not possible.
 Encourage the use of PPEs like anti vibration gloves
 Maintain tools and equipment to avoid excessive vibration
 Take action immediately if exposure action value and exposure limit value
exceeds the pre- defined value.
 Provide information, instruction and training to enhance the safe working
practices
 Organize medical check-up camp to predict early indicators of adverse
health effects.
 Introduce job rotational shifts to reduce exposure.

“A hospital has installed an x-ray facility”

19. Identify the principle health effects associated with exposures to x-
ray radiation. (4)
 Erythema reddening of the skin
 Radiation sickness- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
 Hair loss

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  Eye cataracts, skin damage.

20. Identify the control measures that could be taken to reduce the risk
to the operator. (4)
 Time of exposing should be minimum
 Segregation by distance reduces the risk to health
 Correct disposal of radiation materials
 Training and supervision
 Good hygiene practice
 PPE whole body radiation suits

21.Outline the factors to be considered when assessing the risk of HAVS

developing among the workers. (6)
 Type of vibration.
 Duration of vibration.
 Exposure limit or action value.
 Temperature and humidity.
 Information from health surveillance.
 The effectiveness of existing control measures.
 Previous ill health data and sickness record.

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