TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS :

SOURCES AND REMOVAL

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

DR. URMILA BRIGHU DEEPAK SAINI
2020PCE5143
Definition
• Total dissolved solids refers to sum of all
inorganic and organic dissolved substances
present in water.
• Small enough to pass through a filter paper of
2µm.
• May be present in molecular, ionized, micro-
granular colloidal suspended form.
Why does it matter?
• Used as an indication of aesthetic characteristics
of drinking water

• Not generally considered as a primary pollutant

• Aggregate indicator of the presence of a broad

array of chemical contaminants
Why does it matter?
Practical implications :

o Hard water

o Water aesthetics

o Health purposes
Sources of TDS
Inorganic Sources:
o surface waters come from the solvent action of
water in contact with minerals in the earth,
agricultural and residential runoff, leaching of
soil contamination

o used water from industrial or sewage treatment

plants.
Sources of TDS
Organic Sources:

o High concentrations can accumulate over time

through the constantly reoccurring process of
precipitation and infiltration
o Groundwater usually has high concentration of
TDS
o Decaying organisms(plants and animals)
o Municipal effluent discharges
Measuring Methods
• In lab TDS is determined by filter a measured
volume of water sample, and then evaporate it at
180° C in a pre-weighed dish until the weight of the
dish no longer changes. The increase in weight of
the dish represents the TDS.

• The TDS of a water sample can also be estimated

fairly accurately from the electrical conductivity
of the sample via a linear correlation equation
dependent upon specific conductivity.
Removal Methods
 Reverse Osmosis (R.O.)
Reverse Osmosis removes TDS by forcing the water, under
pressure, through a synthetic membrane. As the molecules of
dissolved metals and salts are large compared to the water
molecules, water squeezes through the membrane leaving the
metals and salts behind.

Distillation
The process involves boiling water to produce water vapor. The
water vapor rises to a cool surface where it is condensed back
into the liquid form. The dissolved salts are unable to vaporize
and remain in the boiling solution.
Removal Methods
Deionisation (DI)
In this process, water is passed through a positive
and negative electrode. The ion-selective
membranes enable the positive ions to separate
from the water and move towards the negative
electrode. The end result is de-ionized
water with high purity.
Drinking water TDS Chart
TDS Level in parts per Rating
million(ppm)
50-150 Excellent for drinking
150-250 Good
250-300 Fair
300-500 Poor
Above 1200 Unacceptable
Permissible Limits
• According to the Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS), the upper limit of TDS level in water is
500 ppm.
• The TDS level recommended by WHO, however,
is 300 ppm.
THANK YOU