INTRODUCTION

TO OPERATING
SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: EFEZA BINTI CHE
APANDEY
SESI I: 2021/2022
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 Definition

Basic Function

Structure Of OS

Architecture Of OS

Product

Concepts

Components

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 DEFINITION OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
✔ An operating system is the most important ✔ The goal of operating systems is:
software that runs on a computer ○ PRIMARY: to make the
✔ An operating system is an integrated set of computer system convenient to
programs that acts as an intermediary
use in an efficient manner.
between the user and computer hardware.
○ SECOND: to manage the
✔ It is considered the backbone of a computer, resource of a computer system.
managing both software and hardware resources.

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 DEFINITION OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
✔ Operating systems are responsible for everything from the control and
allocation of memory to recognizing input from external devices and
transmitting output to computer displays.

✔ They also manage files on computer hard drives and control peripherals,
like printers and scanners.

✔ Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

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The Basic Function Of OS

Running
Managing User
Applicatio
Resources Interface
ns

Control
Utilities
Hardware

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 The Basic Function Of OS
Managing Resources
Devices connected to a computer
system, such as memory, storage, I/O
devices etc. are called resources of the
computer. Operating system controls
these resources and enables efficient
use of available resources so that the
system never runs out of its resources.
Operating system not only controls
these resources but also detect
malfunctioning of the resources,
checks status and connects resources
to each other.
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User Interface Running
User interface is such a part of an Applications
operating system that creates a
These programs load and runs
platform for users and other
applications such as Word
applications running on the
Processor, Database , Spreadsheet
operating systems to communicate
with each other. User interface of
an operating system facilitates the
user to control other software and
provides ease of use. User
interface can be of 3 main types;
command controlled, menu driven
and graphical user interface.
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 The Basic Function Of OS
Utilities Control Hardware
Operating system provides various utilities Operating system sits between the
to the user and other programs such as
programs and the Basic Input
defragmenting files, data compression,
data backup and recovery, anti-virus Output System (BIOS).
utilities etc.

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 Operating System Structure
Monolithics : Layered : Microkernel : Network/ Distributed

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 MONOLITHIC
 The components of monolithic operating system are organized haphazardly and any
module can call any other module without any reservation
 Applications in monolithic OS are separated from the operating system itself
 The operating system code runs in a privileged processor mode (referred to as kernel
mode), with access to system data and to the hardware; applications run in a non-
privileged processor mode (called as user mode), with a limited set of interfaces
available and with limited access to system data.

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 MONOLITHIC

When a user-mode program calls a system service, the processor traps the call and then switches the calling thread to
kernel mode. Upon completion, thread switched back to the user mode, by the operating system and allows the caller
to continue.

It delivers better application performance, but extending such a system can be difficult work because modifying a
procedure can introduce bugs in seemingly unrelated of the system. The example of this structure like a MS-DOS.

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 LAYERED
• The components of layered OS are organized into modules and layers them on top of
the other
• Each module provide a set of functions that other module can call
• Interface functions at any particular level can invoke services provided by lower
layers but not the other way around
• A layer does not need to know how these services are implemented, it needs to know
only what the service do.

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 LAYEREDAdvantage of layered structure:
• Each layer is given access to only lower-level interfaces (Nth layer
can access services provided by N-1 th layer and provide services o
N+1 th layer
• Allow the OS to be debugged starting at the lowest layer
• Easier to enhance the OS, one entire layer can be replaced without
affecting other parts of the system

Disadvantage of layered structure:

• Delivers low application performance in comparison to monolithic
OS

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 LAYERED

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 MICROKERNEL/CLIENT-
SEVER MODEL
 Moves as much from kernel into “user” space
 The main function of the microkernel is to provide communication facility between the client
program and the various services that are also running in user space
 Communication takes place between user modules using message passing
 If the client program wishes to access a file, it must interact with the server
 The client program and the service never interact directly, they communicate indirectly by
exchanging messages with microkernel

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 MICROKERNEL/CLIENT-
SEVER
Benefits:
MODEL
 Easier to extend microkernel
 Easier to port the operating system to new architecture
 More reliable (less code running in kernel mode)
 More secure
Example : Windows NT

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 NETWORK/ DISTRIBUTED

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 NETWORK/ DISTRIBUTED

Loosely-coupled operating system for heterogeneous multi-computers

(LAN and WAN).
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 NOS: CHARACTERISTICS
Network Operating System
 extension of centralized operating systems
 offer local services to remote clients
 each processor has own operating system
 user owns a machine, but can access others (e.g. rlogin, telnet)
 no global naming of resources
 system has little fault tolerance
 e.g. UNIX, Windows NT, 2000

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 DISTRIBUTED

DOS • Distributed Operating System

• Tightly-coupled operating system

Description for multi-processors and
homogeneous multicomputers

• Hide and manage

Main goal
hardware resources
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 DISTRIBUTED

Tightly-coupled operating system for multi-processors and homogeneous

multi-computers .
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 DOS: CHARACTERISTICS
 Distributed Operating Systems
 Allows a multiprocessor multicomputer network resources to be integrated as
a single system image
 Hide and manage hardware and software resources
 provide heterogeneity support
 control network in most effective way
 remote file and device access
 synchronization and deadlock avoidance
 resource allocation and protection
 global resource sharing
 deadlock avoidance
 communication security
 no examples in general use but many research systems: Amoeba, Chorus etc.

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 COMPARISON

DOS NOS
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 Take A
Break! Any questions?

!!
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 Operating Systems
Architecture

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 SINGLE CLUSTE
MULTIPROCESSO
PROCESSO RED
R
R
SYSTEM SYSTE
SYSTEM
M

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 • A single processor system
contains only one
processor.

• Only one process can be

executed at a time and
then the process is selected
from the ready queue.

SINGLE PROCESSOR
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 • A computer system in which two or
more CPUs

• System have long been used in

systems that need a lot of processing
power.

• All processors are considered peers

and run independently of one
another.

• Expensive and not needed office

users.by normal home or

MULTIPROCESSOR
SYSTEM
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 CLUSTERED
SYSTEM

• Multiple-CPU system
• Gather together multiple CPUs to accomplish computational
work.
• Composed of two or more individual system (single processor
@multi processor system)

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