INTRODUCTION to FLUID POWER SYSTEMS

Module - I

Department of
Mechanical Engineering

www.cambridge.edu.in
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 FLUID POWER ENGINEERING

Module 1: Introduction to fluid power systems

Module 2: Pumps and actuators
Module3: Components and hydraulic circuit design
Module4: Pneumatic power systems
Module5: Pneumatic control circuits

2
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 TEXT BOOKS

1. Anthony Esposito, “Fluid Power with applications”, Pearson

edition,2000 .
2. Majumdar S.R., “Oil Hydraulics”, Tala McGRaw HllL, 2002 .
3. Majumdar S.R., “Pneumatic systems - Principles and
Maintenance”, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2005

3
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 REFERENCE BOOKS

1. John Pippenger, Tyler Hicks, “Industrial Hydraulics”, McGraw Hill International

Edition, 1980.
2. Andrew Par, Hydraulics and pneumatics, Jaico Publishing House, 2005.
3. FESTO, Fundamentals of Pneumatics, Vol I, II and III.
4. Herbert E. Merritt, “Hydraulic Control Systems”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
5. Thomson, Introduction to Fluid power, Prentcie HaIl, 2004
6. John Watton, “Fundamentals of fluid power control”, Cambridge University press,
2012

4
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems
• Fluid power system: components, advantages and applications.
• Transmission of power at static and dynamic states. Pascal’s law and its
applications.
• Fluids for hydraulic system: types, properties, and selection. Additives, effect of
temperature and pressure on hydraulic fluid.
• Seals, sealing materials, compatibility of seal with fluids.
• Types of pipes, hoses, and quick acting couplings. Pressure drop in hoses/pipes.
• Fluid conditioning through filters, strainers; sources of contamination and
contamination control; heat exchangers

5
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Learning assignment
(compulsory)
Group A: Experiments on hydraulic trainer
a. Speed control circuit using metering in and metering out technique
b. Regenerative and sequencing circuits.
c. Extend-Retract and Stop system of a linear actuator
d. Rapid Traverse and Feed circuit.
Group B: Experiments on pneumatic trainer
a. Automatic reciprocating circuit
b. Speed control circuit
c. Pneumatic circuit involving shuttle valve/ quick exhaust valve
d. Electro pneumatic valves and circuit

6
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Learning assignment
(compulsory)
• Students should build up the above circuits on computer using software and
simulate the flow of fluid during the operation.
• Afterwards, they themselves can physically connect the circuit on the
hydraulic/pneumatic trainer and run the circuit.
• Record of experiments shall be submitted in the form of journal/Report.
• 5 Marks will be decided based on this exercise.
• Last date to submit is : 15th October 2018

• List of Open Source Software/learning website:

1. Simulink
2. SimHydraulics

7
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

WHAT IS FLUID POWER?

• Technology that deals with regeneration, control and transmission of
power using pressurised fluids
• Fluid power is used to push, pull, regulate or drive virtually all the
machines of modern industry.
• Ex: Power steering, power brakes, spacecraft launch, earth movers,
airplane control, drive machine tools
• Fluid power : Hydraulics and pneumatics
• Hydraulic systems: Petroleum oils, water, synthetic oils
• Pneumatic systems: Air

8
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems
WHAT IS FLUID POWER?

• Two types of fluid power: Fluid Transport and Fluid Power

• Fluid Transport: Delivery of fluid from one location to other
• Fluid Power: Designed to perform a specific work

9
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

ADVANTAGES OF FLUID POWER

• Transmission of power: Electrical, Mechanical and Fluid power
• Fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater
distances than mechanical systems
• Versatility and manageability

10
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

ADVANTAGES OF FLUID POWER

1. Ease and accuracy of control
2. Multiplication of forces
3. Constant force or torque
4. Simplicity, safety, economy

11
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

APPLICATIONS OF FLUID POWER

• Fluid power drives high-wire overhead tram
• Fluid power is applied to harvest corn
• Hydraulics power brush drives
• Fluid power positions and holds parts for welding
• Fluid power performs bridge maintenance
• Fluid power is the muscle in industrial life trucks
• Fluid power drives front end loaders
• Fluid power preserves the heartbeat of life

12
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

TYPES OF FLUID POWER CONTROL SYSTEMS

1. Closed-loop control system

2. Open-loop control system
3. Electrical control system
4. Fluid logic control system
5. Programmable logic control system

13
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

FLUIDS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS - TYPES

1. Petroleum base fluids

2. Synthetic fluids

14
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

PETROLEUM BASE FLUIDS

• Commonly used
• Hydrocarbon fluids
• Additives are added
• Additives: To inhibit rust and oxidation, reduce foaming and to increase
viscosity index and lubricity

15
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

SYNTHETIC HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

• Have excellent fire resistant properties

• May be used at high temperatures
• Phosphate ester base fluids – Used in aircraft and industrial applications
• Thermal stability is poor but excellent lubricity
• Used as solvents for paints and seals
• Silicate ester base fluids : Excellent thermal stability, poor hydrolytic
stability

16
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

SYNTHETIC HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

• Chlorinated hydrocarbons and fluorinated hydrocarbons : excellent

thermal and oxidative stability, high freezing point
• Silicone base fluids : excellent viscosity-temperature characteristics
• Water base fluids : Fire resistant and compatible with standard seal
materials
• Thermal stability is poor but excellent lubricity
• Used as solvents for paints and seals

17
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

COMPONENTS OF A FLUID POWER SYSTEM

1. A tank – Reservoir- To hold hydraulic oil

2. A pump – To force the oil through the system
3. An electric motor – To drive the pump
4. Valves – To control oil direction, pressure, and flow rate
5. An actuator – To convert the pressure of the oil into mechanical force
or torque to do useful work
6. Piping – To carry oil from one location to another

18
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

COMPONENTS OF A FLUID POWER SYSTEM

19
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

COMPONENTS OF A FLUID POWER SYSTEM

20
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

COMPONENTS OF A FLUID POWER SYSTEM

21
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

COMPONENTS OF A FLUID POWER SYSTEM

22
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

PASCAL’S LAW

• Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all

directions throughout the fluid and acts perpendicular to the surfaces in
contact with the fluid.

• A glass bottle filled with a liquid can break if a stopper is forced into its
open end.

23
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

PASCAL’S LAW – SIMPLE HYDRAULIC JACK

100 N

10 N 10 m2
1m 2

24
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

PASCAL’S LAW – SIMPLE HYDRAULIC JACK

25
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

PASCAL’S LAW – ANALYSIS- SIMPLE HYDRAULIC JACK

26
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

PASCAL’S LAW – SIMPLE HYDRAULIC JACK

27
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Module 1
Introduction to fluid power systems

PASCAL’S LAW – AIR-TO-HYDRAULIC BOOSTER

28
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
TYPES

1. Solids and Fluids (Liquids and Gases)

2. Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid
3. Distinction between a Gas and a Liquid

29
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

1. Density
2. Specific Weight
3. Specific Volume and
4. Specific Gravity

30
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Density

31
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Density

32
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Specific Weight

33
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Specific Volume

34
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Specific Gravity

35
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Pressure

36
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Pressure

37
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Atmospheric Pressure and Absolute Pressure

• Gauge pressure and absolute pressure

38
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FLUID PROPERTIES

• Pressure

39
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

• Bulk modulus is a measure of the compressibility of a liquid

• Required when it is desired to calculate oil volume changes for
high pressure and large system volumes such as forging pressures

40
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
IDEAL FLUID

• Viscosity

41
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
IDEAL FLUID
• Viscosity Index

• L is the viscosity in SUS (Saybolt universal viscosity)of a 0 VI oil at 100°F

• U is the viscosity in SUS of an unknown VI oil at 100°F
• H is the viscosity in SUS of a 100 VI oil at 100 °F.
42
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
IDEAL FLUID

• Viscosity Index

43
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FUNCTIONS OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

1. Power transmission: To transmit power, which is the primary

function.
2. Lubrication: To lubricate various parts, so as to avoid metal-to-
metal contact and reduce friction, wear and heat generation.
3. Sealing: To seal the moving elements to avoid leakage.
4. Cooling: To carry away the heat generated in the system and to
dissipate the heat through a reservoir or a heat exchanger.
5. Contaminant removal: To carry along the contaminations to the
tank, where they can be removed through filters
44
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL HYDRAULIC FLUID

1.Ideal viscosity.
2. Good lubrication capability.
3. Demulsibility.
4. Good chemical and environmental stability.
5. Incompressibility.
6. Fire resistance.
7. Low flammability.

45
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL HYDRAULIC FLUID

8. Foam resistance.
9. Low volatility.
10. Good heat dissipation.
11. Low density.
12. System compatibility.

46
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL HYDRAULIC FLUID

Ideal Viscosity
High Viscosity

47
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL HYDRAULIC FLUID

Ideal Viscosity

48
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL HYDRAULIC FLUID

Lubrication Capability
• To prevent friction and wear between the closely fitted working
parts such as vanes of pumps, valve spools, piston rings and
bearings.
• Wear is the removal of surface material due to the frictional force
between two metal-to-metal contact of surfaces.

49
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL HYDRAULIC FLUID

Demulsibility
• The ability of a hydraulic fluid to separate rapidly from moisture
and successfully resist emulsification
• If an oil emulsifies with water, the emulsion
promotes the destruction of lubricating and sealant properties

50
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL HYDRAULIC FLUID
Good Chemical and Environmental Stability
Fluids are vulnerable to oxidation, as they come in contact with
oxygen in air.
• The oxidation products are highly soluble in oil and being acidic in
nature they can easily corrode metallic parts
• The soluble acidic products cause corrosion, whereas insoluble
products make the operation sluggish.
• Oxidation leads to deterioration in the chemical nature of fluid
51
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Fluids for hydraulic system MODULE -1

ADDITIVES IN HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

• Pour point depressant
• Viscosity index improvers
Polymethacrylates
• Defoamers(anti-foam
Polyacrylates
long-chain additives)
polymers
• Oxidation silicon
inhibitors
alkalated naphthalene
polymer
• Corrosion They
long-chain
cause polymer
inhibitors or extremeofpressure
a rapid breakdown (EP)
the foam by
• Anti-wear removing
additives the entrained air bubbles.
• Load-carrying capacity

52
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

1. Petroleum-based fluids
• Possess most of the desirable characteristics
2. Emulsions
• Water-in-oil
Emulsions
Oil-in-water
• Easily availableare emulsions:
and aare
mixture of two fluids that do not chemically react with others
economical
3. • •Most
Water
• Offer glycol
Emulsions
Emulsions
oil dilution
popularisare
of a mixture
petroleum-based
limited,
fire-resistant
about ofhydraulic
two
5%; oilfluids that do
andfluids.
water arenot chemically
commonly react with others
used
the best lubrication ability, least corrosion problems
•They
AnEmulsions of petroleum-based oil andemulsion,
water areinwhich
commonly used
4. Synthetic
• poor
• Compatible fluids
emulsifier
viscosity,
exhibit
with more
isleading
most normally
of anto
seal oil-like
leakage
addedcharacteristic;
materials to problems,
the loss
hence, volumetric
they
keeps
have
liquid
efficiency
goodasviscosity
small
and poor
droplets
and and
•lubrication
remains
• Flammability suspended
properties.
An emulsifier
- Pose isfire in the other
normally
hazards, added liquid.
mainly to from
the emulsion, which
the leakages, in keeps liquid as small droplets and
high-temperature
5. Vegetable
properties.
environments oils
Two types such
remains
• Commonly of
used asemulsion
suspended
emulsionssteel
in industries,
the other
arehas
in use: etc. of 60% oil and 40% water.
liquid.
a dilution
Mineral oils are good for operating temperatures below 50°C
6. Biodegradable
•
•• •can
Twobetypes
overcome
Oil-in-water of hydraulic
by
emulsions
emulsions: usingare certain fluids
additives.
in use:
At higher temperatures, these oils lose their chemical stability and form acids, varnishes,
•• •Used
etc. in high-displacement,
Oil-in-water emulsions: low-speed pumps
Water-in-oil emulsions:
• All these lead to the
• Water-in-oil loss of lubrication characteristics, increased wear and tear, corrosion
emulsions:
and related problems.
53
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

1. Petroleum-based fluids
• Water glycol
2. Emulsions
• •Commonly
Synthetic used
fluidsin aircraft hydraulic systems
3. • Vegetable oils
Water• glycol
•Has
Based onlubrication
a low phosphateability
ester as compared to mineral oils
• Biodegradable and are environmental safe
4. Synthetic
• •Not fluids
Popular fire-resistant
suitable fluid
for high-temperature applications
• Have good lubrication
Biodegradable properties,
hydraulic fluids moderate viscosity and are less expensive.
5. •
• Water
Vegetable It isoils
suitable for in
and glycol high-temperature
the ratio of 1:1. applications
• Formulated
Use sunflower, to have good fire
rapeseed, resistance
soybean, characteristics
etc., as
asthe base oil with
highcertain additives.
• Notgood
Very for low-temperature
compatible with commonapplications
sealing materialsit possesses
such as nitrile
6. Biodegradable
antifreeze
• Vegetable hydraulic
characteristics
Carry similaroilsproperties
fluids
need goodasinhibitors
that of a to minimize
mineral oxidation
oil–based problems
anti-wear hydraulic fluid
• Expensive, atacks aluminum and paints.

54
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SELECTION OF A FLUID
1. Operating pressure of the system.
2. Operating temperature of the system and its variation.
3. Material of the system and its compatibility with oil used.
4. Speed of operation.
5. Availability of replacement fluid.
6. Cost of transmission lines.
7. Contamination possibilities.
8. Environmental condition (fire proneness, extreme atmosphere like in mining, etc.).
9. Lubricity.
10. Safety to operator.
11. Expected service life

55
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluids for hydraulic system
SEALS
Internal Leakage
External Leakage

56
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
FUNCTIONS OF SEALS
1. They prevent leakage – both internal and external.
2. They prevent dust and other particles from entering into the
system.
3. They maintain pressure.
4. They enhance the service life and reliability of the hydraulic
system

57
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
CLASSIFICATIONS

• According to the method of sealing

• Positive
• Static
• According
• O-Ring
to the relative motion existing between the seals and other
• Non
parts Positive
• Dynamic
• V-Ring or U-Ring
• According to the geometrical cross-section
• T-Ring
• According
• Piston
to theRings
type of seal material used
• Wiper Rings

58
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
SEALING MATERIAL
• leather, cork and impregnated fibers – Old ones
• Plastic and synthetic rubber materials(elastomers )
• Natural rubber is rarely used as a seal material because it swells
and deteriorates with time in the presence of oil
• Synthetic rubber materials are compatible with most oils
• The most common types of materials used for seals are leather,
Buna-N, silicone, neoprene, tetrafluoroethylene, viton

59
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
O-RING

60
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
V-RING

61
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
SEALING MATERIAL

Leather
• Rugged and inexpensive
• Tends to squeeze when dry
• cannot operate above 90C
• Leather does not operate well at cold temperatures to about -50C
.

62
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 seals MODULE -1

SEALING MATERIAL

Buna-N
• Rugged and inexpensive and wears well
• Wide operating temperature range (-45–110C) during which it
maintains its good sealing characteristics.

63
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
SEALING MATERIAL

Silicone
• This elastomer has an extremely wide temperature range (-65–
232C).
• widely used for rotating shaft seals and static seals
• Not used for reciprocating seal applications(low tear resistance.)

64
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
SEALING MATERIAL

Neoprene
• Has a temperature range of 50–120C
• Unsuitable above 120C (tendency to vulcanize.)

65
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 seals MODULE -1

SEALING MATERIAL
Tetrafluoroethylene
• Most widely used plastic for seals of hydraulic systems.
• Tough, chemically inert, waxy solid
• Excellent resistance to chemical breakdown up to temperatures of 370C.
Extremely low coefficient of friction
• Tendency to flow under pressure, forming thin, feathery films
• Can be greatly reduced by the use of filler materials such as graphite, metal
wires, glass fibers and asbestos.
66
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
seals
SEALING MATERIAL

Viton
• Contains about 65% fluorine
• Become almost a standard material for elastomer-type seals for
use at elevated temperatures up to 240C
• Its minimum operating temperature is 28C.

67
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Filters and strainers MODULE -1

NEED

• Oil cleanliness
• Very sensitive to contamination
• The cause of majority of hydraulic system failures can be traced
back to contamination
• Strainers and filters are designed to remove foreign particles from
the hydraulic fluid.

68
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
filters
FUNCTIONS
Retention of insoluble contaminants from fluid
Used to pick up smaller contaminant particles
Filter consists of fabricated steel housing with an inlet and an outlet
The filter elements are held in position by springs or other retaining devices.
Dirty filters discarded and replaced by a new one
Particle sizes removed by filters are measured in microns
The smallest sized particle that can be removed is as small as 1 µm.
69
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
strainers
FUNCTIONS
• A coarse filter
• Fluid flows more or less straight through it.
• Constructed of a fine wire mesh screen or of screening consisting
of a specially processed wire of varying thickness wrapped around
metal frames.
• Does not provide as fine a screening action as filters

70
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
strainers
FUNCTIONS
• Offers less resistance to flow and is used in pump suction lines
where pressure drop must be kept to a minimum
• A strainer should be as large as possible or wherever this is not
practical, two or more may
be used in parallel.
• The smallest sized particle that can be removed by a strainer is as
small as 0.15 mm or 150 µm
71
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Fluid contamination
CAUSES
• Contaminants left in the system during assembly or subsequent
maintenance work.
• Contaminants generated when running the system such as wear
particles, sludge and varnish due to fluid oxidation and rust and
water due to condensation.
• Contaminants introduced into the system from outside. These
include using the wrong fluid when topping up and dirt particles
introduced by contaminated tools or repaired components
72
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
filters
TYPES OF FILTERS

• According to the filtering methods

Mechanical
• According filters
to the size of pores in the material
Absorption
Surface filtersfilters
• According to the location of filters
Adsorbent
Depth on
filtersfilters
Intake
• Depending or inline
the filtersof(suction
amount strainers)
oil filtered by a filter
Pressure
Full line filters (high-pressure filters)
flow filters
Return line filters
Proportional filters(low-pressure
(bypass filters) filters)

73
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 filters MODULE -1

INTAKE OR INLINE FILTERS (SUCTION STRAINERS)

• Protects the pump from dirt in the reservoir. Because the
suction filter is outside the reservoir, an indicator telling when
the filter element is dirty can be used.
• The filter element can be serviced without dismantling the
suction line or reservoir (easy to maintain).

• A suction filter may starve the pump if not sized properly

74
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
filters
PRESSURE LINE FILTERS (HIGH-PRESSURE FILTERS)
• Can filter very fine contaminants because the system pressure is
available to push the fluid through the element.
• Can protect a specific component from the harm of
deteriorating particles generated from an upstream component.

• The housing of a pressure filter must be designed for high

pressure because it operates at full system pressure. This makes
the filter expensive.
• If pressure differential and fluid velocity are high enough, dirt
can be pushed through the element
or the element may tear or collapse.

75
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
filters
RETURN LINE FILTERS (LOW-PRESSURE FILTERS)
• Catches the dirt in the system before it enters the reservoir.
• The filter housing does not operate under full system pressure
and is therefore less expensive than a pressure filter

• No direct protection for circuit components

• In return line full flow filters, flow surges from discharging
cylinders, actuators and accumulators
must be considered when sizing.

76
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 filters MODULE -1

FULL FLOW FILTER

77
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 filters MODULE -1

PROPORTIONAL FILTERS (BYPASS FILTERS)

78
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
filters
BETA RATIO OF FILTERS

79
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Heat exchangers
FUNCTIONS
• No component can operate at 100% efficiency
• Sources of heat include the pump, pressure-relief valves and flow control
valves
• Heat can cause the hydraulic fluid temperature to exceed its normal
operating range of 35–700C
• Excessive temperature hastens the oxidation of the hydraulic oil and causes
it to become too thin.
• This promotes deterioration of seals and packing and accelerates wear
between closely fitting parts of hydraulic components of valves, pumps and
actuators.
• Heaters and coolers
80
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 MODULE -1
Heat exchangers
TYPES

• Liquid-to-Liquid

• Liquid-to-Air

81
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in
 Thank You…

82
Department of Mechanical Engineering www.cambridge.edu.in