EDEXCEL A Level Protein Synthesis

PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
EDEXCEL A LEVEL
EDEXCEL AS / A LEVEL BIOLOGY A (SNAB)
EDEXCEL AS / A LEVEL BIOLOGY B
All EDEXCEL AS / A Level Specifications Points:
1) Understand the formation of polypeptide and proteins

(amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds in
condensation reactions).
All EDEXCEL AS / A Level Specifications Points:
1) Understand the formation of polypeptide and proteins (amino acid

monomers linked by peptide bonds).
Amino Acids
Protein
Protein
Synthesis
Peptide
bond
Polymer
Monomers
EDEXCEL AS / A Level Biology A Specification Points:
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis

(transcription) including the role of RNA polymerase,
translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomes and
the role of start and stop codons.
2) Understand the roles of the DNA template (antisense)
strand in transcription, codons on messenger RNA and
anticodons on transfer RNA.
EDEXCEL AS / A Level Biology B Specification Points:
1) Know that a gene is a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding

for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
2) Know the structure of mRNA including nucleotides, the sugar
phosphate backbone and the role of hydrogen bonds.
3) Know the structure of tRNA, including nucleotides, the role of
hydrogen bonds and the anticodon.
4) Understand the process of transcription in the nucleus and
translation at the ribosome, including the role of sense and anti-sense
DNA, mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes.
5) Understand the nature of the genetic code, including triplets coding
for amino acids, start and stop codons.
EDEXCEL AS / A Level Biology B Specification Points
1) Know that a gene is a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain.
Sequence of bases = code
TAC C GAT G C GAC T C G CA
] Gene
Amino acid sequence
Polypeptide chain - Protein
DNA
2) Know the structure of mRNA including nucleotides, the sugar phosphate backbone and the
role of hydrogen bonds.
mRNA structure:
mRNA • Sugar-phosphate backbone forms the nucleic
strand acid structure composed of nucleotides.
• Backbone composed of alternating sugar and
phosphate groups; defines directionality of the
molecule.
• mRNA has codons (triplets of bases) that code
for specific amino acids.
• Hydrogen bonds form between DNA bases
and mRNA bases during transcription.
AUGCGAUGCGAC
3) Know the structure of tRNA, including nucleotides, the role of hydrogen bonds and the
anticodon.
tRNA (transfer RNA)

Structure Folded with 3 hairpin
loops – cloverleaf.
Amino
acid
binding Nucleotides
site
Hydrogen bonds
U A C Anticodon
EDEXCEL AS / A Level Biology A Specification Points
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription).
4) Understand the process of transcription in the nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including
the role of sense and anti-sense DNA, mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes.
Hydrogen bonds DNA strands separate

between DNA
strands break
Enzyme
(DNA helicase*)
Sense Anti-sense
*Check with (coding) (non-coding/
teacher as to
whether you need DNA molecule DNA template)
to know DNA
helicase for
protein synthesis
unwinds strand DNA strand
or only for DNA
replication.
DNA
Transcription (Nucleus)
2) Understand the roles of the DNA template (antisense) strand in transcription.
Antisense (Non- Antisense strand

coding/ Template) used for copying of
DNA strand code to mRNA
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription) including the role of RNA polymerase & mRNA.
4) Understand the process of transcription in the nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including the role of
sense and anti-sense DNA, mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes.
RNA polymerase lines up T A

free complementary RNA A U
nucleotides alongside
C G
DNA’s template strand.
Hydrogen bonds form G C
between the bases. Antisense C G
Bases DNA  RNA
strand T A
A T
A=U
T=A ]
2 hydrogen bonds
C G
G=C ]
C = G 3 hydrogen bonds
G C
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription) including the role of RNA polymerase & messenger RNA.
4) Understand the process of transcription in the nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including the role of sense and
anti-sense DNA, mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes.
T A
A U Hydrogen bonds
C G between the bases
G C mRNA break & RNA
Antisense C G strand = polymerase joins
strand T A copy of mRNA nucleotides
A U gene forming the (pre-)
C G mRNA strand.
G C
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis incl. the role of translation, messenger RNA and ribosomes.
4) Understand the process of transcription in the nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including the role of sense and
anti-sense DNA, mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes.
mRNA attaches to
ribosome in
cytoplasm
Translation (cytoplasm)
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription) incl. the role of ribosomes.
Ribosome
Ribosome role during translation:

• Site of protein synthesis
• Attaches mRNA whilst tRNA
brings amino acids to form
polypeptide
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription) incl. the role of translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomes and the
role of start and stop codons.
2) Understand the roles of codons on messenger RNA and anticodons on transfer RNA.
4) Understand the process of transcription in the nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including the role of sense and anti-sense DNA,
mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes.
5) Role of start & stop codons.
Ribosome tRNA carrying

corresponding amino
acid complementary
U AC base pairs to start codon
AU G CGAU G CGACUAG (AUG) on mRNA
strand with its
anticodon (UAC).
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription) including the roles of translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomes.
4) Understand the process of transcription in the nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including the role of sense and anti-sense DNA, mRNA, tRNA and the
ribosomes.
Ribosome
A second tRNA
carrying corresponding
amino acid
U AC G C U
AU G C GAU G C GAC UAG complementary base
pairs to second codon
on mRNA strand with
its anticodon.
1) Understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription) incl. the roles of translation, mRNA, transfer RNA, ribosomes.
4) Understand the process of transcription in the nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including the role of sense and anti-sense DNA,
mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes.
5) Role of start & stop codons.
Ribosome
This continues
until tRNA
reaches a stop
codon and the A UC
polypeptide chain AU G C GAU G CGACUAG
]
of amino acids
Stop
detaches from the
codon
ribosome.
5) Understand the nature of the genetic code, including triplets coding for amino acids, start and stop
codons.
Made up of bases
AT G C Three base
]
sequence = code
for particular
Gene amino acid
Triplet code
TAC C GAT G C GAC T C G
]
]
]
]
]
Amin
o
Acids 5
1 2 3 4
EDEXCEL Biology A (SNAB) Questions
Question 1: (EDEXCEL Biology A (SNAB) A Level Paper 1 2018)
Answer:
Question 2: (EDEXCEL Biology A (SNAB) A Level Paper 2 2018)
Answer:
Question 3: (EDEXCEL Biology A (SNAB) A Level Paper 1 Sample Assessment)
Answer:
Question 4: (EDEXCEL Biology A (SNAB) AS Level Paper 1 2016)
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
EDEXCEL Biology B Questions
Question 7: (EDEXCEL Biology B A Level Paper 1 2018)
Answer:
Question 8: (EDEXCEL Biology B AS Level Paper 1 2017)
Answer:
Question 9: (EDEXCEL Biology B AS Level Paper 1 2017)
Answer:
Question 10: (EDEXCEL Biology B A Level Paper 3 2017)
Answer:
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PROTEIN

1) Understand the formation of polypeptide and proteins

1) Understand the formation of polypeptide and proteins (amino acid

1) Understand the process of protein synthesis

1) Know that a gene is a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding

Polypeptide chain - Protein

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Hydrogen bonds DNA strands separate

Antisense (Non- Antisense strand

RNA polymerase lines up T A

Ribosome role during translation:

Ribosome tRNA carrying

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