Lecture 2

Business Statistics
By
Jahangir Tanveer
Ungrouped Data
• Ungrouped data is raw data. This means that it has just been
collected but not sorted into any group or classes.
Grouped Data
• On the other hand, grouped data is data that has been organized into
groups from the raw data.
How to Construct a Frequency Distribution
Table
• Step 1: Sort the data in ascending order.
• Step 2: Calculate the range of data. (Max-Min)
• Step 3: Decide on the number of class intervals in the frequency
distribution. (This may be given in the question)
• Step 4: Determine the intervals.
• (Size of Intervals=Range/No.of Class Intervals)
• Step 5: Tally and count the observations under each interval.
Sample Question
• Construct a frequency distribution with the suitable class interval size
of marks obtained by 50 students of a class, which are given below:
• 23, 50, 38, 42, 63, 75, 12, 33, 26, 39, 35, 47, 43, 52, 56, 59, 64, 77, 15,
21, 51, 54, 72, 68, 36, 65, 52, 60, 27, 34, 47, 48, 55, 58, 59, 62, 51, 48,
50, 41, 57, 65, 54, 43, 56, 44, 30, 46, 67, 53

Add Class Marks , Cumulative Frequency & Relative Frequency Column

Use 7 as No of Classes
Solution
• Arrange the marks in ascending order as
• 12, 15, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 43, 44, 46,
47, 47, 48, 48, 50, 50, 51, 51, 52, 52, 53, 54, 54, 55, 56, 56, 57, 58, 59,
59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 65, 67, 68, 72, 75, 77

• Minimum Value = 12  Maximum = 77

• Range = Maximum Value – Minimum Value = 77–12= 65
• Number of Classes= 7
Graphical
Representation of Data
• A picture is said to be more meaningful
than words for describing a particular
thing
• A graphical representation is the
geographic image of a set of data.
• It is a mathematical picture.
• It enables you to think about a statistical
problem in visual terms.
• It is used to make the data
understandable for a common person.
Types of Graphs
• Bar Chart
• Histogram
• Line Graph
• Frequency Polygon
• Frequency Curve
• Ogive
• Pie Chart
 Bar Chart

Y-Axis= Frequency

X-Axis = Class Intervals

 Histogram
• Y-Axis = Frequency
• X-Axis = Class
Boundries
Frequency Polygon

• Y-Axis = Frequency
• X-Axis = Mid-Points

• Starting Point= Subtract

the difference b/w two
mid points from the first
mid-point
• Add the same difference
at the last point.
Ogive
• Y-Axis=
Cummulative
Frequency
• X-Axis= Class
Boundries
Pie Chart
How to Construct a Pie Chart
• Step 1 • Step 2
How to Construct a Pie Chart (Continued)
• Step 3 • Step 4
How to Construct a Pie Chart (Continued)
• Step 5 • Step 6
 How to Construct a Pie Chart (Continued)
• Step 7 • Step 8
How to Construct a Pie Chart (Continued)
• Step 9
Question
Data
Blood Type No. of Patients
A 10
B+ 15
O 12
AB 25

Construct a Pie Chart using the above Data.

Question
Data
Disease No. of Patients
2018 2019
Typhoid 200 180
Malaria 120 250
Whooping Cough 150 190
Measels 80 50
Question
Corona Virus Cases in Pakistan

• Total confirmed cases: 4,033

• Sindh: 986
• Punjab: 2030
• KP: 500
• Balochistan: 204
• Islamabad Capital Territory: 83
• Gilgit-Baltistan: 212
• AJK: 18

Construct a Pie Chart & Bar Chart