Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AND
GRAPHICAL / TABULAR
REPRESENTATION
INFORMATION
Collected data should be
• Accurate (i.e. Measures true value of what is
under study)
• Valid( i.e. Measures only what is supposed to
measure)
• Precise(i.e. Gives adequate details of the
measurement)
• Reliable(i.e. Should be repeatable)
Types of DATA
• Qualitative/ Quantitative
• Discrete/ Continuous/ Interval/ Ratio
• Primary/ Secondary
• Nominal/ Ordinal
Quantitative data: Qualitative data:
Continuous data :
• It can take any value possible to measure or
possibility of getting fractions
• Ex: Hb level, Ht, Wt.
WHAT IS IMPORTANT???
Interval:
• Has values of equal intervals that mean
something. For example, a thermometer might
have intervals of ten degrees
• Ex: Celsius Temperature, IQ (intelligence scale)
Ratio:
• Exactly the same as the interval scale except that
the zero on the scale means: does not exist
• Ex: Age, Weight, Height
Primary data:
• Data collected by the investigator himself/ herself for a
specific purpose
• Ex: Data collected by a student for his/her thesis or
research project
• Advantages:
– The investigator collects data specific to the problem
under study.
– There is no doubt about the quality of the data collected
(for the investigator).
– If required, it may be possible to obtain additional data
during the study period.
Secondary data:
• Data collected by someone else for some other purpose
(but being utilized by the investigator for another
purpose)
• Ex: Census data being used to analyze the impact of
education on career choice and earning
• Advantages of using Secondary data:
– The data’s already there- no hassles of data collection
– It is less expensive
– The investigator is not personally responsible for the
quality of data (“I didn’t do it”)
Nominal data:
• The information or data fits into one of the
categories, but the categories cannot be ordered
• Categories without order
• Ex: Colour of eyes, Race, Gender
Ordinal data:
• A rank or order
• Here the categories can be ordered, but the
space or class interval between two categories
may not be the same
• Ex: Ranking in the class or exam, SES
QUESTION
Quantitative Qualitatitive
• Bar Diagram
• Histogram
• Frequency polygon
• Cumulative frequency curve/ Ogive
• Scatter diagram
• Line diagram
• Pie diagram
• Pictogram
• Stem and Leaf Plot
BAR DIAGRAM
• Bar charts are used for qualitative type of variable in which the variable
studied is plotted in the form of bar along the X-axis (horizontal) and the
height of the bar is equal to the percentage or frequencies which are
plotted along the Y-axis (vertical).
• The width of the bars is kept constant for all the categories
• The space between the bars also remains constant throughout.
• The number of subjects along with percentages in bracket written on the
top of each bar
• Types:
– Simple
– Compound
– Component
SIMPLE BAR CHART
• When we draw bar charts with only one
variable or a single group it is called as simple
bar chart
COMPOUND BAR CHART
• When two variables or two groups are considered it is called as multiple/
compound bar chart
• In multiple bar chart the two bars representing two variables are drawn
adjacent to each other and equal width of the bars is maintained
COMPONENT BAR CHART
• Bar chart wherein we have two qualitative variables which are further
segregated into different categories or components is called component
bar chart
• In this the total height of the bar corresponding to one variable is further
sub-divided into different components or categories of the other variable
HISTOGRAM
• A histogram is used for quantitative continuous
type of data where, on the X-axis, class intervals
and on the Y-axis we plot the frequencies
• It is very similar to the bar chart with the
difference that the rectangles or bars are
adherent (without gaps)
• It is used for presenting class frequency table
(continuous data)
• Diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is
proportional to the frequency of a variable and
whose width is equal to the class interval
EXERCISE